Sanders, Jesus and Judaism, p. 292.

 Sanders, Jesus and Judaism, p. 292.)| false
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 Sanders, Jesus and Judaism, pp. 209–10.

 Sanders, Jesus and Judaism, pp. 209–10.)| false
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 Sanders, Jesus and Judaism, p. 187 (Sanders’s italics).

 Sanders, Jesus and Judaism, p. 187 (Sanders’s italics).)| false
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 E.P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus (London: Penguin, 1993), p. 205.

 E.P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus (London: Penguin, 1993), p. 205.)| false
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 Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 40.

 Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 40.)| false
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 Ibid., pp. 30–31, 40, 90–91; cf. pp. 131–254.

 Ibid., pp. 41, 91.

 Cf. Paula Fredriksen, Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews: A Jewish Life and the Emergence of Christianity (London: Macmillan, 2000); Friedrich Avemarie, ‘Jesus and Halakhic Purity’, in Bieringer et al. (eds.), The New Testament and Rabbinic Literature, pp. 255–79; Wassén, ‘Jesus and the Hemorrhaging Woman’.

 Cf. Paula Fredriksen, Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews: A Jewish Life and the Emergence of Christianity (London: Macmillan, 2000); Friedrich Avemarie, ‘Jesus and Halakhic Purity’, in Bieringer et al. (eds.), The New Testament and Rabbinic Literature, pp. 255–79; Wassén, ‘Jesus and the Hemorrhaging Woman’.)| false
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 Fredriksen, Jesus of Nazareth, p. 206.

 Fredriksen, Jesus of Nazareth, p. 206.)| false
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 Cf. Sanders, Jesus and Judaism, pp. 294–318.

 Cf. Sanders, Jesus and Judaism, pp. 294–318.)| false
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 Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 135.

 Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 135.)| false
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 Ibid., p. 149.

 Ibid., p. 145.

 Ibid., p. 160, with a reference to Josephus, Ant. 3.261–62.

 Ibid., p. 233.

 Cf. Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 150. Sanders rhetorically asks whether the men had one week a month off.

 Cf. Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 150. Sanders rhetorically asks whether the men had one week a month off.)| false
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 For references, see Kazen, Jesus and Purity, p. 72 n. 187. Here, too, Sanders does mention contemporary societies separating menstruants, but argues that such practices would have left signs in legal texts (Jewish Law, pp. 350–51 n. 17). This supposition may, however, be questioned. The use of stone vessels is not much elaborated on in rabbinic texts, yet their abundance during the first century, evidenced by archaeological remains, suggests a significance that cannot be deduced merely from texts.

 For references, see Kazen, Jesus and Purity, p. 72 n. 187. Here, too, Sanders does mention contemporary societies separating menstruants, but argues that such practices would have left signs in legal texts (Jewish Law, pp. 350–51 n. 17). This supposition may, however, be questioned. The use of stone vessels is not much elaborated on in rabbinic texts, yet their abundance during the first century, evidenced by archaeological remains, suggests a significance that cannot be deduced merely from texts.)| false
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 Cf. Kazen, Issues, pp. 91–135.

 Cf. Kazen, Issues, pp. 91–135.)| false
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 Kazen, ‘Purity and Persia’, pp. 441–42.

 Kazen, ‘Purity and Persia’, pp. 441–42.)| false
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 Cf. Kazen, Jesus and Purity, pp. 177–79.

 Cf. Kazen, Jesus and Purity, pp. 177–79.)| false
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 Cf. Kazen, Jesus and Purity, pp. 147–50.

 Cf. Kazen, Jesus and Purity, pp. 147–50.)| false
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 Kazen, ‘Purity and Persia’, p. 441; cf. Reinhard Achenbach, Die Vollendung der Tora: Studien zur Redaktionsgeschichte des Numeribuches im Kontext von Hexateuch und Pentateuch (bzabr, 3; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2003), pp. 499–528, 598–628; Christophe Nihan, From Priestly Torah to Pentateuch: A Study of the Composition of the Book of Leviticus (fat, 2.25; Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck, 2007), pp. 554–55, 570–72; Christian Frevel, ‘Purity Conceptions in the Book of Numbers in Context’, in C. Frevel and C. Nihan (eds.), Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism (Dynamics in the History of Religion, 3; Leiden: Brill, 2013), pp. 369–411.

 Kazen, ‘Purity and Persia’, p. 441; cf. Reinhard Achenbach, Die Vollendung der Tora: Studien zur Redaktionsgeschichte des Numeribuches im Kontext von Hexateuch und Pentateuch (bzabr, 3; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2003), pp. 499–528, 598–628; Christophe Nihan, From Priestly Torah to Pentateuch: A Study of the Composition of the Book of Leviticus (fat, 2.25; Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck, 2007), pp. 554–55, 570–72; Christian Frevel, ‘Purity Conceptions in the Book of Numbers in Context’, in C. Frevel and C. Nihan (eds.), Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism (Dynamics in the History of Religion, 3; Leiden: Brill, 2013), pp. 369–411.)| false
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 Maccoby, Ritual and Morality, pp. 172–73.

 Maccoby, Ritual and Morality, pp. 172–73.)| false
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 See Kazen, Jesus and Purity, pp. 54, 155–56; Poirier, ‘Purity Beyond the Temple’, especially pp. 259–65. Whether purity was observed mainly for the sake of the temple or for its own sake, as part of ‘household religion’, is a contested issue, but the evidence increasingly points to the latter. See for example Adler, ‘Between Priestly Cult’; Thomas Kazen, ‘A Perhaps Less Halakic Jesus and Purity: On Prophetic Criticism, Halakic Innovation, and Rabbinic Anachronism’, jshj 13 (2016), forthcoming.

 See Kazen, Jesus and Purity, pp. 54, 155–56; Poirier, ‘Purity Beyond the Temple’, especially pp. 259–65. Whether purity was observed mainly for the sake of the temple or for its own sake, as part of ‘household religion’, is a contested issue, but the evidence increasingly points to the latter. See for example Adler, ‘Between Priestly Cult’; Thomas Kazen, ‘A Perhaps Less Halakic Jesus and Purity: On Prophetic Criticism, Halakic Innovation, and Rabbinic Anachronism’, jshj 13 (2016), forthcoming.)| false
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 Kazen, Jesus and Purity, pp. 185–89; idem, Issues, pp. 81–89, 98–101, cf. 101–104; idem, Scripture, pp. 146–48, cf. 157–61.

 Kazen, Jesus and Purity, pp. 185–89; idem, Issues, pp. 81–89, 98–101, cf. 101–104; idem, Scripture, pp. 146–48, cf. 157–61.)| false
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 Philo, Special Laws 1.261.

 Philo, Special Laws 1.261.)| false
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 Philo, Special Laws 3.205–206.

 Philo, Special Laws 3.205–206.)| false
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 Sanders, Jewish Law, pp. 263–71.

 Sanders, Jewish Law, pp. 263–71.)| false
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 Cf. Regev, ‘Pure Individualism’, pp. 177–81.

 Cf. Regev, ‘Pure Individualism’, pp. 177–81.)| false
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 Josephus, J.W. 6.290; Jn 11.55. Sanders (Judaism, pp. 132–35 and notes) explains how ­Josephus’s counting is evidence for the same waiting period.

 Josephus, J.W. 6.290; Jn 11.55. Sanders (Judaism, pp. 132–35 and notes) explains how ­Josephus’s counting is evidence for the same waiting period.)| false
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 Sanders, Jewish Law, pp. 157–60.

 Sanders, Jewish Law, pp. 157–60.)| false
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 Ibid., p. 160.

 Ibid., p. 157; Maccoby, Ritual and Morality, p. 36; cf. Kazen, Jesus and Purity, pp. 113–14, 156.

 Ibid., p. 157; Maccoby, Ritual and Morality, p. 36; cf. Kazen, Jesus and Purity, pp. 113–14, 156.)| false
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 Cf. Baumgarten, ‘D. Tohorot’, p. 104.

 Cf. Baumgarten, ‘D. Tohorot’, p. 104.)| false
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 Kazen, Jesus and Purity, p. 160, see especially n. 371. Cf. Sanders, Jewish Law, pp. 155–56.

 Kazen, Jesus and Purity, p. 160, see especially n. 371. Cf. Sanders, Jewish Law, pp. 155–56.)| false
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 Hannah K. Harrington, The Purity Texts (Companion to the Qumran Scrolls, 5; London and New York: T & T Clark International, 2004), pp. 21, 76–77; cf. Hanan Eshel, ‘cd 12:15–17 and the Stone Vessels Found at Qumran’, in J.M. Baumgarten et al. (eds.), The Damascus Document: A Centennial of Discovery (Leiden: Brill, 2000), pp. 45–52.

 Hannah K. Harrington, The Purity Texts (Companion to the Qumran Scrolls, 5; London and New York: T & T Clark International, 2004), pp. 21, 76–77; cf. Hanan Eshel, ‘cd 12:15–17 and the Stone Vessels Found at Qumran’, in J.M. Baumgarten et al. (eds.), The Damascus Document: A Centennial of Discovery (Leiden: Brill, 2000), pp. 45–52.)| false
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 Kazen, Scripture, pp. 164–74; cf. Himmelfarb, ‘Polemic’.

 Kazen, Scripture, pp. 164–74; cf. Himmelfarb, ‘Polemic’.)| false
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 E.g., m. Ber. 8.2.

 E.g., m. Ber. 8.2.)| false
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 Sanders, Jewish Law, pp. 173–76.

 Sanders, Jewish Law, pp. 173–76.)| false
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 Lev. 21.1-3; Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 187.

 Lev. 21.1-3; Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 187.)| false
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 Sanders, Jewish Law, pp. 148, 163–66, 200–205.

 Sanders, Jewish Law, pp. 148, 163–66, 200–205.)| false
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 Sanders, Jewish Law, pp. 205–206, 232, 234, 258.

 Sanders, Jewish Law, pp. 205–206, 232, 234, 258.)| false
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 Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 205.

 Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 205.)| false
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 See Kazen, Jesus and Purity, pp. 269–73, for further discussion.

 See Kazen, Jesus and Purity, pp. 269–73, for further discussion.)| false
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 Ibid., pp. 44–48.

 Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 197.

 Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 197.)| false
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 See further Kazen, Issues, pp. 119–23; idem, Scripture, pp. 171–72.

 See further Kazen, Issues, pp. 119–23; idem, Scripture, pp. 171–72.)| false
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 Sanders, Jesus and Judaism, p. 340.

 Sanders, Jesus and Judaism, p. 340.)| false
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