Jacob Neusner, The Rabbinic Traditions about the Pharisees before 70 (3 vols.; Leiden: Brill, 1971), vol. 3, p. 188; idem, A History of the Mishnaic Law of Purities (22 vols.; sjla, 6; Leiden: Brill, 1974–1977), vol. 22, pp. 106, 108; idem, From Politics to Piety: The Emergence of Pharisaic Judaism (2nd ed.; New York: ktav, 1979), p. 14.

 Jacob Neusner, The Rabbinic Traditions about the Pharisees before 70 (3 vols.; Leiden: Brill, 1971), vol. 3, p. 188; idem, A History of the Mishnaic Law of Purities (22 vols.; sjla, 6; Leiden: Brill, 1974–1977), vol. 22, pp. 106, 108; idem, From Politics to Piety: The Emergence of Pharisaic Judaism (2nd ed.; New York: ktav, 1979), p. 14.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

 Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 184; idem, Judaism: Practice and Belief 63 bce-66 ce (London: scm, 1992), pp. 218–219, 229–230, 245–246.

 Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 184; idem, Judaism: Practice and Belief 63 bce-66 ce (London: scm, 1992), pp. 218–219, 229–230, 245–246.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

 Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 441.

 Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 441.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

 Sanders, Jewish Law, pp. 149–151, 160–163, 174–175, 232–234.

 Sanders, Jewish Law, pp. 149–151, 160–163, 174–175, 232–234.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

 Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 135.

 Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 135.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

 Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 233.

 Sanders, Jewish Law, p. 233.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

 Cecilia Wassén, ‘The Jewishness of Jesus and Ritual Purity’, Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 27 (2016), pp. 11–36; quotation from p. 31.

 Cecilia Wassén, ‘The Jewishness of Jesus and Ritual Purity’, Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 27 (2016), pp. 11–36; quotation from p. 31.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

 Cf. Kazen, ‘Purity and Persia’, pp. 445–460.

 Cf. Kazen, ‘Purity and Persia’, pp. 445–460.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

 Adler, ‘Tosefta Shabbat 1:14’, p. 70 and p. 73, fig. 3, from David Amit, Hagit Torgü, and Peter Gendelman, ‘Ḥorvat Burnat: A Jewish Village in the Lod Shephelah during the Hellenistic and Roman Periods’, Qadmoniot 136 (2008), pp. 96–107. The site plan gives an excellent example of what has been found to be the case in numerous other sites as well. Another example with a large concentration of stepped pools, mentioned by Adler, from the period 70–135 ce, is Shu’afat (‘Tosefta Shabbat 1:14’, p. 69).

 Adler, ‘Tosefta Shabbat 1:14’, p. 70 and p. 73, fig. 3, from David Amit, Hagit Torgü, and Peter Gendelman, ‘Ḥorvat Burnat: A Jewish Village in the Lod Shephelah during the Hellenistic and Roman Periods’, Qadmoniot 136 (2008), pp. 96–107. The site plan gives an excellent example of what has been found to be the case in numerous other sites as well. Another example with a large concentration of stepped pools, mentioned by Adler, from the period 70–135 ce, is Shu’afat (‘Tosefta Shabbat 1:14’, p. 69).)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

 Miller, Intersection, pp. 95–98, 151–183

 Miller, Intersection, pp. 95–98, 151–183)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

 Adler, Archaeology, pp. 71–72.

 Adler, Archaeology, pp. 71–72.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

 Cf. Sanders, Jesus, pp. 297–298, pp. 228–230; Judaism, pp. 237–238. Similarly, Friedrich Avemarie claims that impurity of hands is not strong enough to contaminate food, and that Jesus anyway does not consider defilement by impure food as existing (‘Jesus and Purity’, in Reimund Bieringer et al. (eds.), The New Testament and Rabbinic Literature (Supjsj, 136; Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2010), pp. 255–279 (here pp. 266–267). Peter S. Zaas, ‘What Comes Out of a Person is What Makes a Person Impure: Jesus as Sadducee’, in E. A. Goldman (ed.), Jewish Law Association Studies viii: The Jerusalem 1994 Conference Volume (Atlanta, ga: Scholars Press, 1996), pp. 217–226, also suggests that the chain of contagion from hands to food and eater was not biblical (p. 224).

 Cf. Sanders, Jesus, pp. 297–298, pp. 228–230; Judaism, pp. 237–238. Similarly, Friedrich Avemarie claims that impurity of hands is not strong enough to contaminate food, and that Jesus anyway does not consider defilement by impure food as existing (‘Jesus and Purity’, in Reimund Bieringer et al. (eds.), The New Testament and Rabbinic Literature (Supjsj, 136; Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2010), pp. 255–279 (here pp. 266–267). Peter S. Zaas, ‘What Comes Out of a Person is What Makes a Person Impure: Jesus as Sadducee’, in E. A. Goldman (ed.), Jewish Law Association Studies viii: The Jerusalem 1994 Conference Volume (Atlanta, ga: Scholars Press, 1996), pp. 217–226, also suggests that the chain of contagion from hands to food and eater was not biblical (p. 224).)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

 Kazen, Jesus, pp. 67–85; Issues, pp. 113–135; Scripture, pp. 162–176.

 Kazen, Jesus, pp. 67–85; Issues, pp. 113–135; Scripture, pp. 162–176.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

 Furstenberg, ‘Defilement’, pp. 192–198.

 Furstenberg, ‘Defilement’, pp. 192–198.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

 Kazen, Issues, pp. 130–134; Scripture, pp. 184–188.

 Kazen, Issues, pp. 130–134; Scripture, pp. 184–188.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

 Kazen, Scripture, pp. 179–182.

 Kazen, Scripture, pp. 179–182.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation