Philip A. Harland, Associations, Synagogues, and Congregations: Claiming a Place in Ancient Mediterranean Society (Minnesota: Fortress, 2003), 28-29; John S. Kloppenborg, “Collegia and Thiasoi: Issues in Function, Taxonomy and Membership,” in Voluntary Associations in the Graeco-Roman World, ed. John S. Kloppenborg and Stephen G. Wilson (London: Routledge, 1996), 16-30, esp. 23. See section 4 below for discussion.

Philip A. Harland, Associations, Synagogues, and Congregations: Claiming a Place in Ancient Mediterranean Society (Minnesota: Fortress, 2003), 28-29; John S. Kloppenborg, “Collegia and Thiasoi: Issues in Function, Taxonomy and Membership,” in Voluntary Associations in the Graeco-Roman World, ed. John S. Kloppenborg and Stephen G. Wilson (London: Routledge, 1996), 16-30, esp. 23. See section 4 below for discussion.)| false
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Josephus, Ant. 14.213-216, 225-227, 235, 244-246, 256-261; 16.42-3, 162-165, 300-305. For a full list of synagogue references in Josephus’s writings, see the index in Runesson et al., Ancient Synagogue, 322.

Josephus, Ant. 14.213-216, 225-227, 235, 244-246, 256-261; 16.42-3, 162-165, 300-305. For a full list of synagogue references in Josephus’s writings, see the index in Runesson et al., Ancient Synagogue, 322.)| false
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Samuel Krauss, Synagogale Altertümer (Berlin: Harz, 1922), 103.

Samuel Krauss, Synagogale Altertümer (Berlin: Harz, 1922), 103.)| false
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Krauss, Synagogale, 102.

Krauss, Synagogale, 102.)| false
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Krauss, Synagogale, 182. Krauss’s comprehensive (by 1922) study does, however, include mention of Jewish trade guilds in Palestine (pp. 200-201, 209) and Alexandria (pp. 261-65), but these do not shape Krauss’s understanding of the “synagogue” institution as one which cut through ᾽Ιουδαϊσµός.

Krauss, Synagogale, 182. Krauss’s comprehensive (by 1922) study does, however, include mention of Jewish trade guilds in Palestine (pp. 200-201, 209) and Alexandria (pp. 261-65), but these do not shape Krauss’s understanding of the “synagogue” institution as one which cut through ᾽Ιουδαϊσµός.)| false
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Schürer, History, 138.

Schürer, History, 138.)| false
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Schürer, History, 141.

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Victor Tcherikover, Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1959).

Victor Tcherikover, Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1959).)| false
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Tcherikover, Hellenistic Civilization, 354; cf. 344-77.

Tcherikover, Hellenistic Civilization, 354; cf. 344-77.)| false
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Tcherikover, Hellenistic Civilization, 297; cf. 344-55, 299-303 (emphasis added).

Tcherikover, Hellenistic Civilization, 297; cf. 344-55, 299-303 (emphasis added).)| false
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James Tunstead Burtchaell, From Synagogue to Church: Public Services and Offices in the Earliest Christian Communities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 201-27.

James Tunstead Burtchaell, From Synagogue to Church: Public Services and Offices in the Earliest Christian Communities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 201-27.)| false
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Barclay, Jews, 117.

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Barclay, Jews, 26.

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Barclay, Jews, 27.

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Barclay, Jews, 27.

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Erich S. Gruen, Diaspora: Jews amidst Greeks and Romans (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), 126.

Erich S. Gruen, Diaspora: Jews amidst Greeks and Romans (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), 126.)| false
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Gruen, Diaspora, 126.

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Gruen, Diaspora, 121.

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Gruen, Diaspora, 105.

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Gruen, Diaspora, 105-23.

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Gruen, Diaspora, 105.

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Levine, Ancient Synagogue, 170. Levine, though, understands the “synagogue” to have served Judean populations specifically. This may have been the case in the early formation of Judean immigrant populations. But Gideon Bohak has shown that such immigrant populations may not have continued to exist as bounded communities for many generations after the initial establishment of the settlement. See Gideon Bohak, “Ethnic Continuity in the Jewish Diaspora in Antiquity,” in Jews in the Hellenistic and Roman Cities, ed. John R. Bartlett (New York: Routledge, 2002), 175-92.

Levine, Ancient Synagogue, 170. Levine, though, understands the “synagogue” to have served Judean populations specifically. This may have been the case in the early formation of Judean immigrant populations. But Gideon Bohak has shown that such immigrant populations may not have continued to exist as bounded communities for many generations after the initial establishment of the settlement. See Gideon Bohak, “Ethnic Continuity in the Jewish Diaspora in Antiquity,” in Jews in the Hellenistic and Roman Cities, ed. John R. Bartlett (New York: Routledge, 2002), 175-92.)| false
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Levine, Ancient Synagogue, 170.

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Claussen, Versammlung, 222.

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Runesson, “Placing paul,” 48.

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Runesson, “Placing paul,” 43.

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Runesson, “Placing paul,” 48.

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Harland, Associations, 28-29; Kloppenborg, “Collegia and Thiasoi,” 23.

Harland, Associations, 28-29; Kloppenborg, “Collegia and Thiasoi,” 23.)| false
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Krauss, Synagogale, 205.

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Krauss, Synagogale, 205.

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Mendelsohn, “Guilds,” 17.

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Mendelsohn, “Guilds,” 20.

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Krauss, Synagogale, 200; cf. y. Meg. 3.73d; b. Ketub. 105a.

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See Josephus, War 6.114-115; cf. Miller, “Number of Synagogues,” 62.

See Josephus, War 6.114-115; cf. Miller, “Number of Synagogues,” 62.)| false
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Midrash Tehillim 12; cf. Mendelsohn, “Guilds,” 19.

Midrash Tehillim 12; cf. Mendelsohn, “Guilds,” 19.)| false
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Though see Magness, “Date of the Sardis Synagogue,” 443-47.

Though see Magness, “Date of the Sardis Synagogue,” 443-47.)| false
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Robert, Nouvelles, 46-47; cf. Applebaum, “Organization,” 480.

Robert, Nouvelles, 46-47; cf. Applebaum, “Organization,” 480.)| false
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Kroll, “Greek Inscriptions,” 9.

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Trebilco, Jewish Communities, 45.

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Kroll, “Greek Inscriptions,” 19.

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Applebaum, “Organization,” 480.

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Kroll, “Greek Inscriptions,” 13, 15.

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Kroll, “Greek Inscriptions,” 15.

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Harland, North Coast, 273.

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See Trebilco, Jewish Communities, 30; and Harland, “Acculturation,” 223-27. Only twenty-three Judean epitaphs have been located in Hierapolis, but this does not suggest a small Judean population; there are less than 400 ancient epitaphs in total from the city. For the Judean inscriptions, see now, Miranda, “La comunità giudaica,” 109-55. For other inscriptions from Hierapolis, see Walther Judeich, “Inschriften,” in Altertümer von Hierapolis, ed. Carl Humann et al., JdI 4 (Berlin: Reimer, 1898), 67-181; and Fabrizio A. Pennacchietti, “Nuove iscrizioni di Hierapolis Frigia,” Atti della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino: ii classe di scienze morale storiche e filologiche 101 (1966-1967): 287-328.

See Trebilco, Jewish Communities, 30; and Harland, “Acculturation,” 223-27. Only twenty-three Judean epitaphs have been located in Hierapolis, but this does not suggest a small Judean population; there are less than 400 ancient epitaphs in total from the city. For the Judean inscriptions, see now, Miranda, “La comunità giudaica,” 109-55. For other inscriptions from Hierapolis, see Walther Judeich, “Inschriften,” in Altertümer von Hierapolis, ed. Carl Humann et al., JdI 4 (Berlin: Reimer, 1898), 67-181; and Fabrizio A. Pennacchietti, “Nuove iscrizioni di Hierapolis Frigia,” Atti della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino: ii classe di scienze morale storiche e filologiche 101 (1966-1967): 287-328.)| false
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For the dating, see Ameling, Kleinasien, 416.

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Translation from Harland, North Coast, 167.

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Tullia Ritti, “Nuovi dati su una nota epigrafe sepolcrale con stefanotico da Hierapolis di Frigia,” Scienze dell’antichità storia archeologia antropologia 6-7 (1992-1993): 41-68, esp. 59-60; Ameling, Kleinasien, 422.

Tullia Ritti, “Nuovi dati su una nota epigrafe sepolcrale con stefanotico da Hierapolis di Frigia,” Scienze dell’antichità storia archeologia antropologia 6-7 (1992-1993): 41-68, esp. 59-60; Ameling, Kleinasien, 422.)| false
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Ameling, Kleinasien, 422.

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Miranda, “La comunità giudaica,” 136.

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Translation from Harland, North Coast, 175.

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Erich Ziebarth, Das griechische Vereinswesen (Stuttgart: Hirzel, 1896), 129; Applebaum, “Organization,” 480-83; Miranda, “ ‘La comunità giudaica,’ ” 140-45.

Erich Ziebarth, Das griechische Vereinswesen (Stuttgart: Hirzel, 1896), 129; Applebaum, “Organization,” 480-83; Miranda, “ ‘La comunità giudaica,’ ” 140-45.)| false
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Harland, “Acculturation,” 237. For the inscriptions from the architraves, see Tullia Ritti, Fonti letterarie ed epigrafiche, Hierapolis scavi e ricerche 1 (Rome: Bretschneider, 1985), 108-13.

Harland, “Acculturation,” 237. For the inscriptions from the architraves, see Tullia Ritti, Fonti letterarie ed epigrafiche, Hierapolis scavi e ricerche 1 (Rome: Bretschneider, 1985), 108-13.)| false
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Harland, “Acculturation,” 236.

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Harland, “Acculturation,” 237.

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Harland, “Acculturation,” 238; cf. Trebilco, Jewish Communities, 178-79.

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