See Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth: Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1995).

See Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth: Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1995).)| false
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See esp. Martin Hengel, “Zeloten und Sikarier: Zur Frage nach der Einheit und Vielfalt der jüdischen Befreiungsbewegung 6-74 nach Christus,” in Josephus-Studien: Untersuchungen zu Josephus, dem antiken Judentum und dem Neuen Testament, Otto Michel zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet, ed. Otto Betz, Klaus Haacker, and Martin Hengel (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1974), 175-96; Martin Hengel, Die Zeloten: Untersuchungen zur jüdischen Freiheitsbewegung in der Zeit von Herodes I. bis 70 n. Chr., agsu 1 (Leiden: Brill, 1961); Yigael Yadin, Masada: Herod’s Fortress and the Zealot’s Last Stand (New York: Random House, 1966).

See esp. Martin Hengel, “Zeloten und Sikarier: Zur Frage nach der Einheit und Vielfalt der jüdischen Befreiungsbewegung 6-74 nach Christus,” in Josephus-Studien: Untersuchungen zu Josephus, dem antiken Judentum und dem Neuen Testament, Otto Michel zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet, ed. Otto Betz, Klaus Haacker, and Martin Hengel (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1974), 175-96; Martin Hengel, Die Zeloten: Untersuchungen zur jüdischen Freiheitsbewegung in der Zeit von Herodes I. bis 70 n. Chr., agsu 1 (Leiden: Brill, 1961); Yigael Yadin, Masada: Herod’s Fortress and the Zealot’s Last Stand (New York: Random House, 1966).)| false
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See Kirsopp Lake, “Appendix A: The Zealots,” in The Beginnings of Christianity, ed. Kirsopp Lake and Frederick J. Foakes-Jackson (London: Macmillan, 1920), 421-46; Solomon Zeitlin, “Zealots and Sicarii,” jbl 81 (1962): 395-98; Zeitlin, “The Sicarii and Masada,” jqr 57 (1967): 251-70; Morton Smith, “Zealots and Sicarii: Their Origins and Relation,” htr 64 (1971): 1-19; Richard A. Horsley, “The Zealots: Their Origin, Relationships and Importance in the Jewish Revolt,” NovT 28 (1986): 159-92.

See Kirsopp Lake, “Appendix A: The Zealots,” in The Beginnings of Christianity, ed. Kirsopp Lake and Frederick J. Foakes-Jackson (London: Macmillan, 1920), 421-46; Solomon Zeitlin, “Zealots and Sicarii,” jbl 81 (1962): 395-98; Zeitlin, “The Sicarii and Masada,” jqr 57 (1967): 251-70; Morton Smith, “Zealots and Sicarii: Their Origins and Relation,” htr 64 (1971): 1-19; Richard A. Horsley, “The Zealots: Their Origin, Relationships and Importance in the Jewish Revolt,” NovT 28 (1986): 159-92.)| false
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See among others, Trude Weiss-Rosmarin, “Masada and Yavneh,” Jewish Spectator 31 (1966): 4-7; Sidney B. Hoenig, “The Sicarii in Masada: Glory or Infamy,” Tradition 11 (1970): 5-30; Valentin Nikiprowetzky, “La mort d’Eléazar fils de Jaïre et les courants apologétiques dans De Bello Judaico de Flavius Josèphe,” in Hommages à André Dupont-Sommer, ed. André Caquot and Marc Philonenko (Paris: Maisonneuve, 1971), 461-90; Louis H. Feldman, “Masada: A Critique of Recent Scholarship,” in Christianity, Judaism and Other Greco-Roman Cults, Studies for Morton Smith at Sixty, Part 3: Judaism Before 70, ed. Jacob Neusner, sjla 12 (Leiden: Brill, 1975), 218-48; David J. Ladouceur, “Masada: A Consideration of the Literary Evidence,” grbs 21 (1980): 245-60; Shaye J.D. Cohen, “Masada: Literary Tradition, Archaeological Remains, and the Credibility of Josephus,” jjs 033 (1982): 385-405; Ladouceur, “Josephus and Masada,” in Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity, ed. Louis H. Feldman and Gohei Hata (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987), 95-113; Raymond R. Newell, “The Forms and Historical Value of Josephus’ Suicide Accounts,” in Josephus, the Bible, and History, ed. Louis H. Feldman and Gohei Hata (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1989), 278-94; Jonathan P. Roth, “The Length of the Siege of Masada,” Scripta Classica Israelica 14 (1995): 87-110; Israel Shatzman, “The Roman Siege of Masada,” in The Story of Masada: Discoveries from the Excavation, ed. Gila Hurvitz (Provo: byu Studies, 1997), 105-20; Kenneth Atkinson, “Noble Deaths at Gamla and Masada? A Critical Assessment of Josephus’ Accounts of Jewish Resistance in Light of Archaeological Discoveries,” in Making History: Josephus and Historical Method, ed. Zuleika Rodgers, JSJSup 110 (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 349-71; Nicolas Wiater, “Reading the Jewish War: Narrative Technique and Historical Interpretation in Josephus’s Bellum Judaicum,” md 64 (2010): 145-86; Jodi Magness, “A Reconsideration of Josephus’ Testimony About Masada,” in The Jewish Revolt against Rome: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, ed. Mladen Popović, JSJSup 154 (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 343-60.

See among others, Trude Weiss-Rosmarin, “Masada and Yavneh,” Jewish Spectator 31 (1966): 4-7; Sidney B. Hoenig, “The Sicarii in Masada: Glory or Infamy,” Tradition 11 (1970): 5-30; Valentin Nikiprowetzky, “La mort d’Eléazar fils de Jaïre et les courants apologétiques dans De Bello Judaico de Flavius Josèphe,” in Hommages à André Dupont-Sommer, ed. André Caquot and Marc Philonenko (Paris: Maisonneuve, 1971), 461-90; Louis H. Feldman, “Masada: A Critique of Recent Scholarship,” in Christianity, Judaism and Other Greco-Roman Cults, Studies for Morton Smith at Sixty, Part 3: Judaism Before 70, ed. Jacob Neusner, sjla 12 (Leiden: Brill, 1975), 218-48; David J. Ladouceur, “Masada: A Consideration of the Literary Evidence,” grbs 21 (1980): 245-60; Shaye J.D. Cohen, “Masada: Literary Tradition, Archaeological Remains, and the Credibility of Josephus,” jjs 033 (1982): 385-405; Ladouceur, “Josephus and Masada,” in Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity, ed. Louis H. Feldman and Gohei Hata (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987), 95-113; Raymond R. Newell, “The Forms and Historical Value of Josephus’ Suicide Accounts,” in Josephus, the Bible, and History, ed. Louis H. Feldman and Gohei Hata (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1989), 278-94; Jonathan P. Roth, “The Length of the Siege of Masada,” Scripta Classica Israelica 14 (1995): 87-110; Israel Shatzman, “The Roman Siege of Masada,” in The Story of Masada: Discoveries from the Excavation, ed. Gila Hurvitz (Provo: byu Studies, 1997), 105-20; Kenneth Atkinson, “Noble Deaths at Gamla and Masada? A Critical Assessment of Josephus’ Accounts of Jewish Resistance in Light of Archaeological Discoveries,” in Making History: Josephus and Historical Method, ed. Zuleika Rodgers, JSJSup 110 (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 349-71; Nicolas Wiater, “Reading the Jewish War: Narrative Technique and Historical Interpretation in Josephus’s Bellum Judaicum,” md 64 (2010): 145-86; Jodi Magness, “A Reconsideration of Josephus’ Testimony About Masada,” in The Jewish Revolt against Rome: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, ed. Mladen Popović, JSJSup 154 (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 343-60.)| false
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Steve Mason, Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary, Volume 1B: Judean War 2 (Leiden: Brill, 2008), n. 1604 (fjtc, 1b); Mark A. Brighton, The Sicarii in Josephus’s Judean War: Rhetorical Analysis and Historical Observations, ejl 27 (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2009).

Steve Mason, Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary, Volume 1B: Judean War 2 (Leiden: Brill, 2008), n. 1604 (fjtc, 1b); Mark A. Brighton, The Sicarii in Josephus’s Judean War: Rhetorical Analysis and Historical Observations, ejl 27 (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2009).)| false
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Resp. Brighton, Sicarii, xiii; Mason, fjtc, 1b, n. 1604.

Resp. Brighton, Sicarii, xiii; Mason, fjtc, 1b, n. 1604.)| false
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Cf. Justinian, Inst. 4.18.5: “ ‘Sicarius,’ or assassin, is derived from ‘sica,’ a long steel knife” (trans. Moyle, 1913). For οἱ καλούµενοι σικάριοι and derived formulas, see Josephus, J.W. 2.254, 425; 4.400; Ant. 20.186. For basic definitions, see Josephus, J.W. 2.254, 425; Ant. 20.164 and 186. For a comparison between the sica and Persian scimitar, see Ant. 20.186. See also Brighton, Sicarii, 58.

Cf. Justinian, Inst. 4.18.5: “ ‘Sicarius,’ or assassin, is derived from ‘sica,’ a long steel knife” (trans. Moyle, 1913). For οἱ καλούµενοι σικάριοι and derived formulas, see Josephus, J.W. 2.254, 425; 4.400; Ant. 20.186. For basic definitions, see Josephus, J.W. 2.254, 425; Ant. 20.164 and 186. For a comparison between the sica and Persian scimitar, see Ant. 20.186. See also Brighton, Sicarii, 58.)| false
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See George A. Kennedy, A New History of Classical Rhetoric (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 115; Johannes Stroux, Römische Rechtswissenschaft und Rhetorik (Potsdam: Stichnote, 1949); John A. Crook, Legal Advocacy in the Roman World (London: Duckworth, 1995); Olga Tellegen-Couperus, “Roman Law and Rhetoric,” rbph 84 (2006): 59-75.

See George A. Kennedy, A New History of Classical Rhetoric (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 115; Johannes Stroux, Römische Rechtswissenschaft und Rhetorik (Potsdam: Stichnote, 1949); John A. Crook, Legal Advocacy in the Roman World (London: Duckworth, 1995); Olga Tellegen-Couperus, “Roman Law and Rhetoric,” rbph 84 (2006): 59-75.)| false
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See esp. Brent D. Shaw, “Bandits in the Roman Empire,” Past and Present 105 (1984): 3-52, esp. 21-23.

See esp. Brent D. Shaw, “Bandits in the Roman Empire,” Past and Present 105 (1984): 3-52, esp. 21-23.)| false
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See, e.g., Cicero, Cat. 1.1-2, 31-3, 2.24, etc. See also T.N. Habinek, The Politics of Latin Literature: Writing, Identity, and Empire in Ancient Rome (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 69-87.

See, e.g., Cicero, Cat. 1.1-2, 31-3, 2.24, etc. See also T.N. Habinek, The Politics of Latin Literature: Writing, Identity, and Empire in Ancient Rome (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 69-87.)| false
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See Thomas Grünewald, Bandits in the Roman Empire: Myth and Reality (London: Routledge, 2004), 91-109, esp. 100. Compare the career of John of Gischala, who was a man of considerable political weight during the revolt, see Uriel Rappaport, “John of Gischala: From Galilee to Jerusalem,” jjs 33 (1982): 479-93; Rappaport, “John of Gischala in Galilee,” in The Jerusalem Cathedra: Studies in the History, Archaeology, Geography and Ethnography of the Land of Israel, vol. 3, ed. Lee I. Levine (Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Institute, 1983): 46-57.

See Thomas Grünewald, Bandits in the Roman Empire: Myth and Reality (London: Routledge, 2004), 91-109, esp. 100. Compare the career of John of Gischala, who was a man of considerable political weight during the revolt, see Uriel Rappaport, “John of Gischala: From Galilee to Jerusalem,” jjs 33 (1982): 479-93; Rappaport, “John of Gischala in Galilee,” in The Jerusalem Cathedra: Studies in the History, Archaeology, Geography and Ethnography of the Land of Israel, vol. 3, ed. Lee I. Levine (Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Institute, 1983): 46-57.)| false
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See Cloud, “Leges de sicariis,” 114-55.

See Cloud, “Leges de sicariis,” 114-55.)| false
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See Josephus, J.W. 2.254, 425; 4.400, 516; 7.253, 254, 262, 275, 297, 311, 410, 412, 415, 437, 444; Ant. 20.186, 204, 208, 210.

See Josephus, J.W. 2.254, 425; 4.400, 516; 7.253, 254, 262, 275, 297, 311, 410, 412, 415, 437, 444; Ant. 20.186, 204, 208, 210.)| false
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See, e.g., Thucydides, Hist. 1.42 and Polybius, Hist. 2.21.2. See Mader, Josephus and the Politics of Historiography, 70-73; Arthur M. Eckstein, “Josephus and Polybius: A Reconsideration,” Classical Antiquity 9 (1990): 175-208, esp. 192-94; and Mason, fjtc, 1b, n. 1409.

See, e.g., Thucydides, Hist. 1.42 and Polybius, Hist. 2.21.2. See Mader, Josephus and the Politics of Historiography, 70-73; Arthur M. Eckstein, “Josephus and Polybius: A Reconsideration,” Classical Antiquity 9 (1990): 175-208, esp. 192-94; and Mason, fjtc, 1b, n. 1409.)| false
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See also Brighton, Sicarii, 77.

See also Brighton, Sicarii, 77.)| false
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See also Josephus, J.W. 2.434. “Aspiring to regnum or tyranny” is a common locus for ad hominem invective in Greco-Roman rhetoric, see Craig, “Audience Expectations, Invective, and Proof in Cicero’s Judicial Speeches,” 190-91.

See also Josephus, J.W. 2.434. “Aspiring to regnum or tyranny” is a common locus for ad hominem invective in Greco-Roman rhetoric, see Craig, “Audience Expectations, Invective, and Proof in Cicero’s Judicial Speeches,” 190-91.)| false
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Cf., e.g., 4 Macc 16:14; see Brighton, Sicarii, 135.

Cf., e.g., 4 Macc 16:14; see Brighton, Sicarii, 135.)| false
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Stephen Usher, “Apostrophe in Greek Oratory,” Rhetorica 28 (2010): 351-62, at 362.

Stephen Usher, “Apostrophe in Greek Oratory,” Rhetorica 28 (2010): 351-62, at 362.)| false
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See esp. Mader, Josephus and the Politics of Historiography, 99-100.

See esp. Mader, Josephus and the Politics of Historiography, 99-100.)| false
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Cf. Josephus, J.W. 2.117-118.

Cf. Josephus, J.W. 2.117-118.)| false
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Steve Mason, “What Josephus Says About the Essenes in His Judean War,” in Text and Artifact in the Religions of Mediterranean Antiquity: Essays in Honour of Peter Richardson, ed. Stephen G. Wilson and Michel Desjardins, Studies in Christianity and Judaism / Études sur le christianisme et le judaïsme(Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2000), 434-67. See also John J. Collins, “Josephus on the Essenes: The Sources of His Information,” in Rodgers et al., A Wandering Galilean, 51-72.

Steve Mason, “What Josephus Says About the Essenes in His Judean War,” in Text and Artifact in the Religions of Mediterranean Antiquity: Essays in Honour of Peter Richardson, ed. Stephen G. Wilson and Michel Desjardins, Studies in Christianity and Judaism / Études sur le christianisme et le judaïsme (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2000), 434-67. See also John J. Collins, “Josephus on the Essenes: The Sources of His Information,” in Rodgers et al., A Wandering Galilean, 51-72.)| false
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Cf. Rappaport, “Who Were the Sicarii?” 330-34.

Cf. Rappaport, “Who Were the Sicarii?” 330-34.)| false
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