Boys-Stones, “Physiognomy,” 45.

Boys-Stones, “Physiognomy,” 45.)| false
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Richard Foerster, Inest Richardi Foersteri Dissertatio de translatione Latina Physiognomonicorum quae feruntur Aristotelis (Kiel: Libraria Academica, Schmidt & Klaunig, 1884), 284.

Richard Foerster, Inest Richardi Foersteri Dissertatio de translatione Latina Physiognomonicorum quae feruntur Aristotelis (Kiel: Libraria Academica, Schmidt & Klaunig, 1884), 284.)| false
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Evans, Physiognomics, 5.

Evans, Physiognomics, 5.)| false
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Popović, Reading the Human Body, 280.

Popović, Reading the Human Body, 280.)| false
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Werman, “Jubilees,” 140; Philip S. Alexander, “Notes on the ‘Imago Mundi’ of the Book of Jubilees,” jjs 33 (1982): 197-213. That Jubilees is using the Ionian map tradition has not gone undisputed. A partial critique of Alexander’s association of Jubilees with the Ionian map is given by James M. Scott, Paul and the Nations: The Old Testament and Jewish Background of Paul’s Mission to the Nations with Special Reference to the Destination of Galatians, wunt 84 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1995), 16-24. A response appears in S. Alexander, “Jerusalem as the Omphalos of the World: On the History of a Geographical Concept,” Judaism 46 (1997): 147-58. For several examples of drawing the map, see Daniel Machiela, The Dead Sea Genesis Apocryphon: A New Text and Translation with Introduction and Special Treatment of Columns 13-17, stdj 79 (Leiden: Brill, 2009), 105-6.

Werman, “Jubilees,” 140; Philip S. Alexander, “Notes on the ‘Imago Mundi’ of the Book of Jubilees,” jjs 33 (1982): 197-213. That Jubilees is using the Ionian map tradition has not gone undisputed. A partial critique of Alexander’s association of Jubilees with the Ionian map is given by James M. Scott, Paul and the Nations: The Old Testament and Jewish Background of Paul’s Mission to the Nations with Special Reference to the Destination of Galatians, wunt 84 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1995), 16-24. A response appears in S. Alexander, “Jerusalem as the Omphalos of the World: On the History of a Geographical Concept,” Judaism 46 (1997): 147-58. For several examples of drawing the map, see Daniel Machiela, The Dead Sea Genesis Apocryphon: A New Text and Translation with Introduction and Special Treatment of Columns 13-17, stdj 79 (Leiden: Brill, 2009), 105-6.)| false
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Werman, “Jubilees,” 136-41; Alexander, “Notes,” passim; Machiela, Genesis Apocryphon, 107-30.

Werman, “Jubilees,” 136-41; Alexander, “Notes,” passim; Machiela, Genesis Apocryphon, 107-30.)| false
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Translation adapted from Kennedy, Race and Ethnicity, 46. See also Pliny, Nat. 2.80: “It is not in doubt that the Ethiopians are burned by the heat of the sun, which is nearer to them and are born like burned people with their beards and hair frazzled. On the opposite and icy side of the world are peoples with white skin and light-colored hair. The latter races are wild because of the cold, the former lackluster because of the weather’s fickleness . . . But in the middle of the world there is a healthy mixture of hot and cold. The lands are fertile for all things, and the people’s bodies appear moderate in size and color because of this proper mixture. We find gentler customs, clear thoughts, and temperaments open and capable of understanding all of nature” (trans. C. Sydnor Roy, Race and Ethnicity, 48). Pliny rejects outright the science of physiognomy, apologizing vociferously on Aristotle’s behalf. That said, this text presents clearly the use of humors in connection with geography that other writers exploit in their physiognomic deductions.

Translation adapted from Kennedy, Race and Ethnicity, 46. See also Pliny, Nat. 2.80: “It is not in doubt that the Ethiopians are burned by the heat of the sun, which is nearer to them and are born like burned people with their beards and hair frazzled. On the opposite and icy side of the world are peoples with white skin and light-colored hair. The latter races are wild because of the cold, the former lackluster because of the weather’s fickleness . . . But in the middle of the world there is a healthy mixture of hot and cold. The lands are fertile for all things, and the people’s bodies appear moderate in size and color because of this proper mixture. We find gentler customs, clear thoughts, and temperaments open and capable of understanding all of nature” (trans. C. Sydnor Roy, Race and Ethnicity, 48). Pliny rejects outright the science of physiognomy, apologizing vociferously on Aristotle’s behalf. That said, this text presents clearly the use of humors in connection with geography that other writers exploit in their physiognomic deductions.)| false
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Livneh, “Can the Boar Change,” 80-81; Brin, “Esau’s Speech,” 20-21.

Livneh, “Can the Boar Change,” 80-81; Brin, “Esau’s Speech,” 20-21.)| false
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Brin, “Esau’s Speech,” 24.

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Livneh, “Can a Boar Change,” 87-88.

Livneh, “Can a Boar Change,” 87-88.)| false
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