I Convention on International Civil Aviation, opened for signature at Chicago on 7 December 1944, entered into force on 4 April 1947. See ICAO Doc. 7300/7, seventh edition, 1997. 2 Ibid., Preamble, at p. 1. 3 Ibid., Article 44(a).

; ITA Press 284, 1-5 April 1997, at p. 10. 5 The World of Civil Aviation 1998-2001, ICAO Doc. 275, Table 5-6. 6 Olltlookfor Air Transport to the Year 2005, ICAO Circular 270-AT/111, p. 37. See also A32-WP/105, at p. 4. 7 James Ott, Alliances Spawn a Web of Global Networks, Aviation Week and Space Technology, 23 August 1999, at p. 53. 8 Adam M. Pilarski, Columnist Bureaucrats and the Transition to the Market Economy, in Neil Garston (ed.), Bureaucracy: Three Paradigms, Kluwer Academic Publishing, Boston, 1993, pp. 205-221, at p. 207.

'' Adam M. Pilarski, Airline Privatization: As a Response to Globalization, in Darryl Jenkins (ed.), The Handbook of Airline Economics, first edition, Aviation Weekly Group, Washington, D.C., 1999, p. 201, at p. 204. See also Maxim Boycko, A. Shleifer and R. Vishney, A 77ieory of Privatization, Howard University Press, Boston, 1993, at p. 1. 10 Harry P. Hatry, Privatization: T7te Provisions of Public Services by the Private Sector, McFarland & Company Inc., Jefferson, N.C., 1999, at p. 263. 11 Id. 12 Update, Airport Privatization, Airports Council International, No. 6, September 1998, at p. 4. t3 Ibid., at p. 3.

�4 See Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Comparative Experiences urith Privatization on its Second Session, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva, 1993, at p. 12.

15 Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador and Panama. 16 ICAO Assembly Working Paper A31-WP/73, EX/26, at p. 2.

17 ICAO Convention, supra, footnote 1, sixth edition.

18 See ICAO Assembly Working Paper A29-WP/39, EX/8, Appendix, at p. 8. 19 See R.I.R. Abeyratne, Airnaft Engine Emissions and Noise, Environmental Policy and Law, Vol. 24, No. 5, September 1994, at pp. 238-250. See also by the same author, General Principles of Liability of States as Providers of Space Technology in the Field of Air Navigation, European Transport Law, Vol. xxiv, No. 5, 1994, at pp. 553-569; Tlre Evollltiol1 from Fans to Cns/Atm and Prodllcts Liability of Technology Producers of the United States, Zeitschrift fur Luft-und Weltraumrecht (German Journal of Air and Space Law), Vol. 43, No. 2, June 1994, at pp. 156-186; The Liberalization of Air Transport Services with GATT-Some Legal Issues, Trading Law and Trading Law Reports, January-February 1994, at pp. 165-181; TIle Challenge ofAirports and Planning Laws, Environmental Policy and Law, Ios Press, Vol. 23, No. 2, April 1993, at pp. 262-274; Legal Aspects of the Unlat�fiil Interference with International Civil Aviation, Air and Space Law, Kluwer, Vol. xvm, No. 6, 1993, at pp. 262-274; 7lte Effects of Unlawfullnterference with Civil Aviation on World Peace and the Social Order, Transportation Law Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3, Spring 1995, at pp. 449-494; The Air Traffic Rights Debate-A Legal Study, Annals of Air and Space Law, McGill, Vol. xvm, Part 1, 1993, at pp. 3-44; The Economic Relevance of the Chicago Convention-A Retrospective Swdy, Annals of Air and Space Law, Vol. xix, Part u, 1994, at pp. 3-80; The World-Wide Air Transport Conference and Air Traffic Rights-A Contntentary, European Transport Law, Vol. xxx, No. 2, 1995 at pp. 131-147; and Tobacco Smocking in Aircraft-A Fog of Legnl Rhetoric? Air and Space Law, Kluwer, Vol. XVIII, No. 2, 1993, at pp. 50-60.

2" See A31-WP/206, EX/87, September 1995, Corrigendum, 2 October 1995. 21 Annual Report of the Council, 1996, ICAO Doc. 9685, at p. 2.

== See ICAO Secretariat, Ic,4o Projects L.ong-Term Moderate Traffic Growth of 5 per cent per Year, ICAO Journal, December 1994, at p. 20. =3 Saeed A. AI-Ghamdi, Alternative Approach to Implementation of CNSlATM Systems would impose User Charge, ICAO Journal, April 1993, p. 19, at p. 20. Za Id.

2õ Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization-the predecessor of Icao. '10 Report on the Conference on Air Navigation Services in Iceland, Geneva, 8-26 June 1948, ICAO Doc. 7000- JS/550, at p. 7. 27 Ibid., at p. 8. 2H Ibid., Article 44. 21 Ibid., Article 44(c). '° Ibid., Article 69. 3� Ibid., Article 72.

3= Ibid., Article 74. 33 Ibid., Article 23. 3� Ibid., Article 76. 3s Agreement on the Joint Financing of Certain Air-Navigation Services in Iceland, 1956, ICAO Doc. 9586-JS/682. 36 Id. 3� Ibid., Article W (1). 3x Ibid., Article VII (1). 39 Assembly Resolution A16-20.

4° Gerald F. Fitzgerald, Icno and the Joint Financing of Certain Air Navigation Services, XII Annals Air and Space L., 1987, at pp. 57, 59 and 60.

41 See Airline Business, March 1998, at p. 35.

azReportontheConferenceonAirportandRouteFacilityManagement, ICAO Doc. 9579—CARFM, 1991. Recommendation 2/24, at p. 38. 43 Statements by the Council to Contracting States on Charges for Airports and Air Navigation Services, fifth edition, 1997, Doc. 9082/5, paras. 32-33, at p. 10.

44 ICAO Doc. 9161/3, 1997, third edition.

45 Id. ''fit Icno Doc. 9562, 1991, first edition. 47 Supra, footnote 43. 41 Report of the Conference of the Economic of Airports and Air Navigation Services, Icao Doc. 9764 AtvsConf 2000, Recommendation 22, at p. 36.

4vResultsof theCor ferenceontheEconomicsofAirportsandAirNavigationServices (ANsConf 2000), Doc. C- WP/11402, 12 October 2000.