Apart from the debate about whether the comparative advantage is so evident under a free trade system, there are schools of political economy which consider unrestricted free trade in the current world trade system devastating, particularly for developing countries. See, for example, S. Amin, Capitalism in the Age of Globalization, Zed Books, London, 1997, at z45, 105-6. For negative views on accession held by some Chinese see, for example, H. Houben, China's Economic Reforms and Integration into the World Trading System, 33 J.W.T. 3, June 1999, at 3-4. 2 The texts of H.R. 4444, which became law on 10 October 2000, can be found at the U.S.-China Business Council Website: «www.USChina.org>. 3 The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), in Wro, The Legal Text: The Result of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations (hereinafter Text) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999, at 424-492.

' General Agreement on Trade in Services, in Text, ibid., at 284. 5 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intcllectual Property Rights, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 320. 6 Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Article n(2) and (3), in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 4-5. For a discussion of various agreements in the WTO, see generally, John Mo, International Commercial Law, second edition, Butterworths, Chatswood, Australia, 2000, at 575-584; John Jackson, The World Trading System: Law and Policy of International Economic Relations, second edition, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1997, at 46-48. 1 GATT, Article i, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 424-425. For an account of the history of GATT, see, for example, Jackson, supra, footnote 6, at 36-44; Robert Hudec, Enforcing International Trade Law, Butterworths Legal Pub., Salem, New Hampshire, 1993, at 3-12; Dominique Carreau, Thiebaut Flory and Patrick Juillard, Droit International Economique, third edition, Librairiegénérale de droit et de jurisprudence, Paris, 1990, at 95-100. 8 GATT, Article m, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 427. 1 For a description of China's position on this issue, see Chung-Chou Li, Resumption of China's Gait Membership, 21 J.W.T. 4, August 1987, at 25.

111 For a discussion of some of the difficulties facing China's admission into GATT 1947, see generally, Robert Herzstein, China and the GATT: Legal and Policy Issues Raised by China's Participation in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 18 L. Policy Int'l Bus., 1986, 371, at 374-77, 383-401. For discussions of what the United States should demand as conditions for China's accession to the WTO, see generally, R. O'Quinn, Beyond the MFN Debate: A Comprehensive Trade Strategy toward China, 1997, available at the Website: «www.heritage.org». �� According to a recent report on the accession of China, the Working Party had held eleven meetings up to the time of the report and had made significant progress in the preparation of the protocol. China reportedly had concluded market-access agreements with thirty-five out of the thirty-seven Members who made the original request: Meeting of the Working Party on the Accession of China, 27 July 2000, available at the WTO Website: «www.wto.org». 12 A copy of the U.S.-China Bilateral Market Access Agreement as released by the USTR on 14 March 2000 (hereinafter U.S.-China Market Access) is available at the U.S.-China Business Council Website: «www.uschina. orgr>. " GATT, Article XXXIII, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 467.

11 For a discussion of Taiwan's relationship with GATT, see Ya Qin, GATT Membership for Taiwan: An Analysis in International Law, 24 N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol., 1992, 1059, at 1067-73; Wen-Chen Shih, Multilateralism and the Case of Taiwan in the Trade Environment Nexus, 30 J.W.T. 3, June 1996, 109, at 119. According to one report, Taiwan had completed trade negotiations with all major players such as Japan, the United States and the EU in 1997 and 1998 and needed only further trade adjustments with countries such as Canada and Australia on minor issues: Issues Regarding Accession of China, Russia, Vietnam, Taiwan, and Saudi Arabia to the Wro, undated report (hereinafter Report), available at the Website: «www.miti.go.jp/report-elgot9926e». 11 GATT 1947, Article xxvi(5)(c) provides: "If any of the customs territories, in respect of which a contracting party has accepted this Agreement, possesses or acquires full autonomy in the conduct of its external commercial relations and of the other matters provided for in this Agreement, such territory shall, upon sponsorship through a declaration by the responsible contracting party establishing the above-mentioned fact, be deemed to be a contracting party." It has been stated that, therefore, China actually could not sponsor Taiwan either before or after the former becomes a contracting party: Qin, supra, footnote 14, at 1091. 'e Press release entitled China's W/'o Membership should come before Taiwan's, dated 13 August 1998, available at the Website: «www.china.embassy.org». 17 See, Report, supra, footnote 14.

18WhilePaper,TheTaiwanIssueandReunificationof China, August 1993, at 6. Copies of this and other Chinese government documents are available at the Website: «www.china.embassy.org». '`' White Pape�The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue, 21 February 2000, at 7. Available at «www.china.etubassy.org». 20 Although it may not be a model for Taiwan, for an example of the principle of "one country, two systems" in actual implementation, see generally, Guiguo Wang, The Investment Laws of Hong Kong under "One Country, Two Systems", 31 J.W.T. 6, December 1997, 99, at 100-104 and 120-122. 21 Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Article u (2), in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 4. For an account of the historical development in international investment regulations leading to the TRIMS Agreement, see M. Mashayekhi and M. Gibbs, Lessons from the Uruguay Round Negotiations on Investment, 33 J.W.T. 6, December 1999, at 4-5, 7-10; and P. Christy, Negotiating Investment in the G�rr: � Call for Functionalism, 12 Mich. J. Int'l., 1991, at 773-76.

22 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), The Multilateral Agreement on Investment: The Mm Negotiating Text as of 24 April 1998, Section n.2. This document and other OECD documents are available at the Website: «www.oecd.org�>. 23 WTO, Trade and Foreign Direct Investment, 9 October 1996, at 3-4, available at the WTO Website: «www.wto.orgo. 24 Carreau et al., supra, footnote 7, at 560-62. =5 GATS, Article �cvm(a), in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 305. In Indonesia-Autos, a dispute involving certain measures of Indonesia, the WTO Panel did not attack the issue of what constitutes an "investment measure" head on. Instead, it gave the following comments: "The measures are aimed at encouraging the development of a local manufacturing capability for finished motor vehicles and parts and components in Indonesia. Inherent to this objective is that these measures necessarily have a significant impact on investment in these sectors. For this reason, we consider that these measures fall within any reasonable interpretation of the term 'investment measures'.": Indonesia-Certain Measures Affecting Auto Industry, Report of the Panel, 2 July 1997, WT/D554/R, WT/D555/R, WT/D559/R, WT/D564/R, para. 14.80. In Canada-Automotive Industry, the Panel again did not define what constitutes an "investment measure": Canada-Certain Measures Affecting Automotive Industry, Report of the Panel, 11 February 2000, WT/DS139/R, WT/DS142/R, para. 6.406. Unless otherwise specified herein, all reports of Panels and Appellate Bodies, including dispute settlement reports under GATT 1947, are available at the WTO Website: «www.wto.org�>. Whenever possible, paragraphs, instead of page numbers, will be cited due to the fact that different computer document formats may produce different page numbers. 26 See Agreement on TRIMS, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 143.

27 Multilateral Agreement on Trade in Goods, Annex 1A, General Interpretative Note to Annex 1A, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 16. For Setvt text, see Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 231. zH In this particular case, Indonesia also argued that the TRIMs Agreement should not be lex specials because Indonesia wanted to keep the entire case under the Scnn: Indonesia-Autos, supra, footnote 25, para. 14.56. Application of the lex specialis concept also has been argued within the same treaty, see, for example, Turkey- Restrictions on Imports of Textiles and Clothing Products, Report of the Panel, 31 May 1999, WT/DS34/R, para. 9.88. 29 See, for example, Canada-Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals, Report of the Appellate Body, 30 July 1997, WT/DS31/AB/R; WTO, Dsa 1997:1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 2000, at 463-5. 3� Report of the Appellate Body, 9 September 1997, WT/DS27/AB/R, para. 220. 11 Agreement on Implementation of Article m of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 147.

3'Guatemala-Anti-DumpingInvestigationRegardingPortlandCementfromMexico, Report ofthe Appellate Body, 2 November 1998, WT/DS60/AB/R, paras. 66-68. 33 EC-Bal1anas III, supra, footnote 30, para. 221. ;4 Indonesia-Autos, supra, footnote 25, para. 14.92. ss L. Chen, An Introduction to Contemporary International Law, Yale U. Press, New Haven, Conn., 1989, at 202-293. 11 See materials selected in Lawrence Ebb, Regulation and Protection of International Business, West Pub. Co., St. Paul, Minn., 1964, at 391. '� GATT, Article m, in 7i;x<, supra, footnote 3, at 427. 3g Carreau et al., supra, footnote 7, at 111.

3v GATT Annex 1, Ad Article Ill, para. 1, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 479. �° Sec, Japan-Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, Report of the Appellate Body, 1 November 1996, WT/DS8/AB/R, WT/DS10/AB/R, WT/DS11/AB/R; Wro. DSR 1996:1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 2000, at 111. As the Panel Report on Japan-Measures Affecting Consumer Photographic Film and Paper indicated, the original position of the Appellate Body on this issue is hard to read: 31 March 1998, WT/DS44/R, para. 10.370. For EC-Bananas 1tI, see supra, footnote 30, para. 216. l= Japan-Beverages, DSR 1996:1, supra, footnote 40, at 110 and 199, basically abandoned the "aims and effects" formula. 43 GATT, Annex 1, Ad Article III, para. 2, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 479. For a discussion of different meanings between "like products" in para. 1 and "directly competitive or substitutable products" in sentence 2 of para. 2, see, for example, Chile — Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, Report of the Panel, 15 June 1999, WT/DS87/R, WT/DS101/R, paras. 7.80-7.82. To see an increasing sophistication of analysis on this issue, compare with Spain- Tariff Treatment of Unroasted Coffee, Report of the Panel, 11 Junc 1981, GATT Doc. 45135, Bin 28S/102, paras. 4.7-4.9.

atItalianDiscriminationagainstImportedAgricultrtralMachinery, Report of the Panel, 23 October 1958, GATT Doc. L/833, BISD 7S/60, para. 12: cheaper credit facilities for purchasers of domestic machinery found discriminatory. In Canada-FIR-4, the only Panel Report under GATT 1947 involving an extensive treatment of issues of investment regulations, the Panel did find the measures establishing preference for foreign investors to buy Canadian domestic products, even competitively with foreign products, a violation of this paragraph: see Canada- Administration of the Foreign Investment Review Act, Report of the Panel, 7 February 1984, GATT Doc. L/5505, BISD 30S/140. 15 GATT Annex 1, Ad Article III, para. 5, in Text, sura, footnote 3, at 480. ;h Id. 47 See, supra, footnote 25 and the accompanying text. 48 Supra, footnote 28. 41 Ibid., Indonesia-Autos, supra, footnote 25, para. 14.73. 5" Ibid., para. 14.79. 5' Ibid., para. 14.81 (b).

52 Ibid., paras. 14.90-14.91. 1. 51 Canada-Automotive Industry, supra, footnote 25. s'� Ibid., para. 3.8. 55 Ibid., para. 10.87. ��� Mia Mikic, International Trade, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1998, at 325-332. 5� GATT, Article xi, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 437.

58 lid. 59 Japan-Restrictions on Imports of Certain Agricultural Products, Report of the Panel, 2 February 1988, GATT Doc. L/6253, Bisn 35S/163, para. 6.4. 6(l GATT, Article xx, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 455. s' GATT, Article xm, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 440. bz GATT, Article xm, para. 2, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 441. 63 For a discussion of what constitutes "representative period", see, for example, European Communities- Refunds on Exports of Sugar, Report of thc Panel, 6 November 1979, BISD 26S/290: a period of three previous years is a norm. t�^ Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures, Article 1 (2), in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 223.

<,s Japan argued in Canada-Automotive Industry that the Illustrative List did not mean to be an exhaustive prescription: supra, footnote 25, para. 6.439; accord, para. 10.89. �e Indonesia-Autos, supra, footnote 25, para. 14.90. (,7 TRIMS, Annex, para. l(a), in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 146. e$ TRIMS, Annex, para. l(b), in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 146.

6Y Trims Annex, para. 2, in 1'ext, supra, footnote 3, at 146. �° Canada-Ftu,4, supra, footnote 44, para. 6.2. 71 For a discussion of what "measures" or "requirements" mean, see, for example,Japan-Photographic Film and Paper, supra, footnote 41, para. 10.376. 72 TRIMS, Article 8, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 144. �3 In Text, supra, footnote 3, at 354. �a Dsu, Article 2, id. �5 Dsu, Articles 4 and 5, ibid., at 357-58. 76 Dsu, Article 2(1), ibid., at 354. " Dsu, Article 20, ibid., at 368.

11 GATT, Article xm, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 440. �9 GATT. Article xvn(1)(a), ibid., at 446. 811 TRIMS, Article 6(1), (2) and (3), in Text, suyra, footnote 3, at 145. 81 GATT, Article III(a), in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 428. 82 Agreement on Government Procurement, Articles I and m, copy available at «www.wto.org/English. tratop e/govoc.e/apmnr. At least Taiwan apparently has agreed to join this Agreement: USTR, 2000 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers, 382, available at the Website: «www.ustr.orgu. 13 GATT, Article ui.8(b), in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 428. 81 Indonesia-Autos, supra, footnote 25, paras. 5.13 et seq.

85 WTO, supra, footnote 23, at 1. sb Ibid., at 6. Since 1996, China ranked as the number two recipient of Fm in the world; see Houben, supra, footnote 1, at 15; and USTTR, supra, footnote 82, at 55. 11 For an earlier account of China's joint venture laws, see T. Huang, Joint Ventures with China: Problems and Prospecu, 24 Boston Bar J. 5, 1980. 88 Although the list of legislation does not mean to include laws and regulations relating to investment only, an earlier study of China's trade regime pertinent to accession to the WTO included twenty-six pieces of legislation, including joint venture and foreign direct investment laws: Li, supra, footnote 9, at 47-8. s9 For protocol language, see U.S.-China Market Access, snpra, footnote 12. Article 5 of the Tkims Agreement permits developed countries two years and developing countries five to seven years to bring their trade-related investment measures into conformity with WTO requirements: see Text, supra, footnote 3, at 144.

90 John Mo, China, the World Trade Organization, and the Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures, 30 J.W.T. 5, October 1996, at 108. See also supra, footnote 52 and the accompanying text. 91 Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures Law of the People's Republic of China (Puc) (hereinafter JVL) (zhonghua renmin gongheguo zhong wai heze jingying qiyiefa) Section 4(a), in Ma Yuan (ed.), Compilation of Economic Laws Related to Foreign Countries, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan (shewai shegangao she tai jing ji falu shouce) (hereinafter Compilation), People's Court Press, Beijing, 1999. '2 Regulations for the Implementation of the Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises Law of the PRC (hereinafter Rfoe) (zhonghua renmin gongheguo waize qiyiefa shishi xiche), Article 19, in Compilation, ibid., at 773. '" O. Nee, D. Liu and D. Goldstein (eds.), Business Operations in the People's Republic of China, Tax Management Inc., Washington, D.C., 2000, at A-18. 9r Certain Measures Concerning Establishment of Foreign-Invested Construction Business (guanyu sheli waishang touze jianchuyie de roganguiding) Article 2, in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 825. See also, U.S.-China Market Access, supra, footnote 12; and WTO, Working Party on the Accession of China: Communication from China, 4 December 1996, WT/Acc/CHN/4. 95 JvL, Article 4(2), supra, footnote 91, at 263. 9� Implementation Regulations on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures Law of the PRC (hereinafter JVLR) (zhonghua jenmin gonghogua zhong wai heze jingying qiyiefa shishi tigol1), Article 3(l)-(6), in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 266.

97 Ibid., Article 5(3) and (5). '8 R.FOE. Article 3(1) and (2), in Compilation, supra, footnote 92, at 769. 99 Ibid., Articles 4 and 5. ""' Directive for Foreign Investments of 1998 (waishang touze chanyie zhidao mulu), in Cnmpilation, supra, footnote 91, at 791-809. 1111 JVL, Article 9, in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 264;JVLR, Article 57, in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 277. 102 Provisional Regulations on Sino-Foreign Co-operative Design of Engineering Projects (zhongwai dtezuo shegi gongcheng xiangmtt chanxingguiding), Article 2(2), in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 319.

'°3 FOE, Article 16, in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 767; andJVL, Article 8(4), in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 264. 104 JVL, Articles 60 and 61, in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 278. 105 Rfor, Article 45, in Compilation, serpra, footnote 91, at 777-78. 106 JVLR, Article 71(d), in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 280. 107 A. Tait and K. Li, Trade Regimes and China's Accession to the World Trade Organization, 31 J.W.T. 3, June 1997, at 100. 108 JVLR, Article 63, in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 278. 10" Id., Article 64. 110 Ibid., Article 10, at 264-65.

111 Ibid., Article 75, at 281. See also Sino-Foreign Contractual Jointy Venture Law of the PRC (zhonghua jenmin gonghegua zhongwai hezuo jingying qiyiefa), Article 20, in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 304. 112 Foe, Article 56, in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 780. "3 Regulations Related to Encouragement of Investment by Overseas Chinese and Hong Kang and Macao Compatriots (quanyu guli huaqiao he xianggang aoman tongbao touze de JiuidinJi), Article 3(2), in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 751. 114 Notice Concerning Certain Issues on the Implementation of "Regulations for the Encouragement of Investment by Taiwan Compatriots" (quanyu shixing '�uli taiwan tongbao tottxe de guiding" ruogan wenti de tongzhi), Section 4, in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 762. "5 Decision of State Council Concerning Certain Issues ofMore Development of Cross-Strait Economic Relations (guanyu jinyibu fazhan haixia liangan jingii guanxi roganwenti de jueding), Section 2(5), in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 1029. 116 WTO, Working Party on the Accession of Chinese-Taipei: Communication from Chinese-Taipei, 17 June 1997, WT/Acc/Tn.KM/7.

Statute forInvestmentbyForeignNationals(waikuojentoiltztitiaoli), Article 5(1) and (2), in Tao Pai-chuan (ed.), New Compilation of Laws (tztli hsin liotlfa chtlan shu), Sanmin Pub., Taipei, Taiwan, 1980, at 778. ��e P. Hsu and M. Yeh (eds.), Business Operations in the Republic of China (Taiwan), Tax Management Inc., Washington, D.C., 1998, at A-Z. For occasional reports on changes in investment laws in Taiwan, see, for example, Change of Laws and Regulations Affecting Foreign Business in Taiwan (Roc) at the Website: «www.hg.org». 119 Hsu and Yeh (eds.), ibid., at A-2, A-22. 1211 Rules for Establishment and Management of Science /Industrial Parks (ke hstieh hung yeh yuan chii she li ktlan li tiao li), Article 3.3, in Laws and Regulations on International Trade, (wai mao fa kwei) (hereinafter Code), Wunan Publishing Co., revised edition, 1999, at 276. 121 Ibid., Article 29, at 283-84.

122Rules forManagementof ExportProcessingZones(chiakungchitkoiichushechihkllanlitiaoli), Article 3, in Code, supra, footnote 120, at 323. 123 Measures on Establishment and Regulation of Bonded Warehouses (pao sui chang ku she li chi kuan li pan fa), Article 5, in Code, supra, footnote 120, at 418. 124 Measures Permitting Trade between Taiwan and Mainland China (Taiwan ti chll yu ta III ti chu mao yi hsu ke pan fa), 26 April 1993, as amended 20 October 1996, Article 5, in Code, supra, footnote 120, at 174. �z5 Ibid., Article 7(l)-(7), at 175. �zfi Measures Permitting Investment or Technological Co-oyeration in Mainland China (tzai ta lit ti chu tsun shu toll tzu ho chi shu ho tso hsu ke pan fa) (hereinafter MITC), 1 March 1993, Article 4, in Code, stipra, footnote 120, at 182. 127 Bureau of International Trade, Measures on Application for Import of Processed Cloth from Mainland China by Firms (chang shang shen ching shu ju wei tuo ta In chia kung chi cheng yi chu li yao tien), 10 December 1997, Articles 1-16, in Code, supra, footnote 120, at 192-94. 128 Measures for Review of Investment or Technology Transfer to Hong Kong and Macao (ttii hsianggang ao men ton tzu ho chi shu ho tzo shen ho chu li yan fa), 1 July 1997, Article 7, in Code, supra, footnote 120, at 216.

121 Ibid., Article 6(2)(6). 1311 Hong Kong-Macao Relations Act (hsiang kang ao men kuan hsi tiao li), 17 June 1998, Article 41, in Code, supra, footnote 120, at 203-4. Taiwan is aware of the potential problems of these laws under WTO treaties and apparently has tried to come up with some safeguard measures. See Taiwan to Continue Mainland Capital Ban, 7 August 2000, at the Website: «www.th.gio.gov.tw». t3' See WTO, press release entitled Taiwan into the WTO, 11 March 1998, available at the Website: «www.wto.org». z Taiwan, Mainland to Enter Wro Minutes Apart, China Times, 30 November 1999, at the Website: awww.taiwanheadlines.gov.tw». '33 See supra, footnote 19 and the accompanying text. 134 H.R. 4444, supra, footnote 2, Section 601.

135 Nancy Tucker, The Taiwan Factor in the Vote on Permanent Normal Trade Relations for China and its WTO Accession, 2000, available at the Nat'l Bureau of Asian Res. Website: awww.nbr.org» at 4-5. 13(, Wro Agreement, Article xm, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 12. According to this Article, the timing for the opt-out becomes critical. China or Taiwan must give notice of their opt-out intention to the Ministerial Conference before the approval of the terms of Taiwan's accession, if China indeed becomes a Member ahead of Taiwan. GATT contains a similar provision in Article xxxv, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 467. '3� Jackson, supra, footnote 6, at 334-36. '3H Wro Agreement, Article XV, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 13.

139 GATT, Article xxv(5), in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 461. 1411 Jackson, supra, footnote 6, at 192. For China and Taiwan domestic trade laws, see infra, Section V.C. 'a' See supra, footnote 136 and the accompanying text. 142 Tucker, supra, footnote 135, at 7. 143 Rule-oriented adjudication is a concept in contrast to power-oriented diplomacy. See Jackson, supra, footnote 6, at 109. For a classic treatment of the role of power in international law, see Charles De Visscher, Theory and Reality in Public International Law, Corbett Trans., Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1957. �aa The Tiananmen incident of 1989 is one of the best examples in which the Chinese Government resorted to the arguments of "domestic jurisdiction". A classic expression of the contradiction between the concepts of"domestic jurisdiction" and "international standards" or "international community," can be found in Article 15, Paragraph 8 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, which prohibits the Council to act on matters "which by international law [are] solely within the domestic jurisdiction of [a] party." Called upon to answer this issue, the Permanent Court of International Justice expressed the opinion that whether "a certain matter is or is not solely within the domestic jurisdiction of a State is an essentially relative question; it depends upon the development of international relations.": Tunis-Morocco Nationality Decree, 1923 P.C.I J., Ser. B, No. 4, Advisory Opinion of 7 February.

14' For a discussion of laws of State succession, see, for example, Chen, suyra, footnote 35, at 41 for29. 116 Confidential communications to this writer. �'� See, for example, China Says it Wants Peaceful Taiwan Reunification, 26 April 2000, available at the Website: «www.asia2000.org.nz/news» . 148 Jackson, supra, footnote 6, at 124. In a dispute concerning Sections 301-310 of the U.S. Trade Act of 1974, the EU advanced as one of its complaints that these laws are inconsistent with obligations under the WTO, particularly under Article 23 of the Dsu. The EU argued that these laws require the U.S. Trade Representative to make unilateral determinations irrespective of Dsu procedures. It thus strongly suggested that the Dsu should be the exclusive mechanism for settling WTO-related trade disputes between Members: United States-Sections 301-310 oft Trade Act of 1974, Report of the Panel, 22 December 1999, WT/DS152/R, paras. 7.4-7.92. While acknowledging the importance of the Dsu, the Panel stopped short of outlawing the U.S. Trade Act of 1974 in dealing with trade disputes in view of several safeguard provisions preserving multilateral Dsu procedures: paras. 7.106-7.109.

14'1 Jackson, supra, footnote 6, at 126. 1511 iyp Report, 8 November 1952, in Hudec, supra, footnote 7, at 17. 151 Hong Kong Special Administrative District Basic Law of the PRC (hereinafter Basic Law) (zhonghua renmin gongheguo xianggan tebie xingzhengqu ji banfa), Article 13.3, in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 43. is= Ibid., Articlc 152.2. rs3 Foreign Trade Law of the PRC (hereinafter FTL) L) (zhonghiiajetimiti gonghegiio duiwai maoyifa), in Compilation, supra, footnote 19, at 910-918. 154 Ibid., Article 29, at 915. 155 Id., Articles 30 and 31.

iss Ibid., Articles 30, 31 and 43, at 917. �s� Anti-Dumping and Anti-Subsidy Regulations of the PRC (hereinafter ADASR) (zhonghua renmin gongheguo fanqinyxiao he fanbutie tiaoli), in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 918-24. 158 Ibid., Articles, 11, 13, 14 and 22, at 920, 921. 15C) Ibid., Article 40, at 924. 1(,1) FT�, Article 16(4), in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 913. 161 Trade Act (mao yi fa) (hereinafter TA), in Code, supra, footnote 120, at 3-10. 162 Ibid., Article 6, at 3-4. '6' Ibid., Article 18, at 6. 164 Id., Article 19.

115 Concerns have already been expressed over Taiwan's attempts to take anti-dumping measures against imports of semiconductor products: see Greg Mastel, 1'aiwan in the WTO: An Economic and Policy Analysis: Part 3, 2000, available at the Website: "www.news.imehca.net/article/MasteI.gm-papcrTaiwanh), at 3. 166 Tucker, supra, footnote 135, at 6. 167 Asian Air Forum, Taiwanese Favour Cltina Investments, at the Website: <<www.goldsea.com/Asiagate/00.02/ 29/taiwan_china�>. r�R Provisions of the State Council Concerning the Encouragement of Investments by Compatriots from Taiwan (giiowiiyiiatigiiatiyiigtili Taiwan tcmgbao touze deguiding), Article 5, in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 758. 11" See supra, footnote 114 and the accompanying text. 170 Constitution of the PRC of 1982 (zho/1g/lIIa re/1l1li/1 gO/1gheguo xianf_ a), Articles 4 and 33, in Compilation, supra, footnote 91, at 5 and 11.

�%� See generally, Willem van Kemenade, China, Hong KOI1<,?, Taiwan, Inc.: Tlie Dynanurs oj (1 ¡\Tell Expire, Vintage Books, New York, 1997. r- See Eiitry Could Cost Taiwan USS 5.3 Billion, 29 November 1999, at the Website: «www. taiwanheadlines.gov.lw». Despite so much fanfare surrounding China's accession to the Wio, the latter report estimated that China may only achieve a surplus fuss 5 billion.

173 GA) Article XXIV, in Text, supra, footnote 3, at 457-60; John Jackson, William Davey and Alan Sykes, Regal Problems of International Etannruit Relations, third edition, West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1995, at 464. 171 For discussion of welfare effects of regional integration, see, for example, Mikic, supra, footnote 56, at 441-78. 17S See, for example, the comments of Greg Mastel in China and the World Trade Organisation: Moving Fnnnard without Slidiug I3acku�ard, 31 L. & Policy Int'l Bus., 2000, at 981.