Barbara John, “An Examination of the Origins and Development of the Legend of the Jewish Mass Poisoner,” in Honouring the Past and Shaping the Future: Religious and Biblical Studies in Wales; Essays in Honour of Gareth Lloyd Jones, ed. Robert Pope (Leominster: Gracewing, 2003), 183–184; Jeffrey Richards, Sex, Dissidence and Damnation: Minority Groups in the Middle Ages (London, New York, ny: Routledge, 1990), 103; James Carroll, Constantine’s Sword: The Church and the Jews: A History (Boston, ma: Houghton Mifflin, 2001), 277; Gabriel Wilensky, Six Million Crucifixions: How Christian Teachings About Jews Paved the Road to the Holocaust (San Diego, ca: qwerty Publishers, 2010), 35.

Barbara John, “An Examination of the Origins and Development of the Legend of the Jewish Mass Poisoner,” in Honouring the Past and Shaping the Future: Religious and Biblical Studies in Wales; Essays in Honour of Gareth Lloyd Jones, ed. Robert Pope (Leominster: Gracewing, 2003), 183–184; Jeffrey Richards, Sex, Dissidence and Damnation: Minority Groups in the Middle Ages (London, New York, ny: Routledge, 1990), 103; James Carroll, Constantine’s Sword: The Church and the Jews: A History (Boston, ma: Houghton Mifflin, 2001), 277; Gabriel Wilensky, Six Million Crucifixions: How Christian Teachings About Jews Paved the Road to the Holocaust (San Diego, ca: qwerty Publishers, 2010), 35.)| false
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Nicolaus Pol, Jahrbücher der Stadt Breslau (Breslau: Graß and Barth, 1813), 50–51.

Nicolaus Pol, Jahrbücher der Stadt Breslau (Breslau: Graß and Barth, 1813), 50–51.)| false
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Pol, Jahrbücher der Stadt Breslau, 50–51; Grünhagen, Breslau unter den Piasten, 85; Bächtold-Stäubli, Handwörterbuch, 4:825; Dvorský and Bondy, Zur Geschichte der Juden, 1:8–9; gj 1:64.

Pol, Jahrbücher der Stadt Breslau, 50–51; Grünhagen, Breslau unter den Piasten, 85; Bächtold-Stäubli, Handwörterbuch, 4:825; Dvorský and Bondy, Zur Geschichte der Juden, 1:8–9; gj 1:64.)| false
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Hájek z Libočan, Kronika česká, 3:229–231.

Hájek z Libočan, Kronika česká, 3:229–231.)| false
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Hájek z Libočan, Kronika česká, 3:229–231; for a full translation of these passages, see the appendix to this article, below.

Hájek z Libočan, Kronika česká, 3:229–231; for a full translation of these passages, see the appendix to this article, below.)| false
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Laura A. Smoller, “Of Earthquakes, Hail, Frogs, and Geography: Plague and the Investigation of the Apocalypse in the Later Middle Ages,” in Last Things: Death and Apocalypse in the Middle Ages, ed. Caroline Walker Bynum and Paul Freedman (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000), 172–174; Joseph Shatzmiller, Jews, Medicine, and Medieval Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 2–14, 78–90; Guerchberg, “The Controversy over the Alleged Sowers of the Black Death,” 209–211; Horrox, The Black Death, 158–194.

Laura A. Smoller, “Of Earthquakes, Hail, Frogs, and Geography: Plague and the Investigation of the Apocalypse in the Later Middle Ages,” in Last Things: Death and Apocalypse in the Middle Ages, ed. Caroline Walker Bynum and Paul Freedman (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000), 172–174; Joseph Shatzmiller, Jews, Medicine, and Medieval Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 2–14, 78–90; Guerchberg, “The Controversy over the Alleged Sowers of the Black Death,” 209–211; Horrox, The Black Death, 158–194.)| false
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Hájek z Libočan, Kronika česká, 2:316–318; Hájek z Libočan, Böhmische Chronica VVenceslai Hagecij, 156r–v. There are a few similarities between this story and the one about the plot of 1161, but in this case well poisoning is indeed presented as the major cause for the plague, rather than poisoning by Jewish doctors.

Hájek z Libočan, Kronika česká, 2:316–318; Hájek z Libočan, Böhmische Chronica VVenceslai Hagecij, 156r–v. There are a few similarities between this story and the one about the plot of 1161, but in this case well poisoning is indeed presented as the major cause for the plague, rather than poisoning by Jewish doctors.)| false
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Grayzel, The Church and the Jews, 2:249–271.

Grayzel, The Church and the Jews, 2:249–271.)| false
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Jeremias Simon, Eilenburgische Chronica (Leipzig: Lanckisch, 1696), 532; Bächtold-Stäubli cites Johann Jakob Schudt, Jüdische merckwürdigkeiten (Frankfurt: W.C. Multzen, 1718), 4:294–295; Schudt cites Simon.

Jeremias Simon, Eilenburgische Chronica (Leipzig: Lanckisch, 1696), 532; Bächtold-Stäubli cites Johann Jakob Schudt, Jüdische merckwürdigkeiten (Frankfurt: W.C. Multzen, 1718), 4:294–295; Schudt cites Simon.)| false
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Simon, Eilenburgische Chronica, 532; there seems to be no other sources which suggest that the Jews of Eilenburg were persecuted at this time: gj 2:194.

Simon, Eilenburgische Chronica, 532; there seems to be no other sources which suggest that the Jews of Eilenburg were persecuted at this time: gj 2:194.)| false
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Adolf Neubauer and Moritz Stern, eds., Hebräische Berichte über die Judenverfolgungen während der Kreuzzüge (Berlin: Simion, 1892), x, xiv–xv.

Adolf Neubauer and Moritz Stern, eds., Hebräische Berichte über die Judenverfolgungen während der Kreuzzüge (Berlin: Simion, 1892), x, xiv–xv.)| false
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Haverkamp, Hebräische Berichte, 159–163, 281–283; Haverkamp tends to accept Bresslau’s position that the text mentioning well poisoning is a later addition. For Christian documentation of the massacre of the Jews, see: Albert of Aachen, Historia Ierosolimitana, ed. and trans. Susan Edgington (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007), 50–53; Bernoldi Chronicon, m.g.h ss 5:464–465; Sigebertus Auctarium Aquicinense, m.g.h ss 6:394; Gesta Treverorum, m.g.h ss 8:190–191; Annaies Sancti Disibodi, m.g.h ss 17:16; Ekkehard of Aura, Ekkehardi Chronicon Universale, m.g.h ss 6:208.

Haverkamp, Hebräische Berichte, 159–163, 281–283; Haverkamp tends to accept Bresslau’s position that the text mentioning well poisoning is a later addition. For Christian documentation of the massacre of the Jews, see: Albert of Aachen, Historia Ierosolimitana, ed. and trans. Susan Edgington (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007), 50–53; Bernoldi Chronicon, m.g.h ss 5:464–465; Sigebertus Auctarium Aquicinense, m.g.h ss 6:394; Gesta Treverorum, m.g.h ss 8:190–191; Annaies Sancti Disibodi, m.g.h ss 17:16; Ekkehard of Aura, Ekkehardi Chronicon Universale, m.g.h ss 6:208.)| false
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Trachtenberg, The Devil and the Jews, 97–108; Baron, A Social and Religious History, 11:158–164; Robert Chazan, God, Humanity, and History: The Hebrew First Crusade Narratives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 33; Israel Jacob Yuval, Two Nations in Your Womb: Perceptions of Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Tel-Aviv: ʿAlma/ʿAm ʿOved, 2000), 194–195.

Trachtenberg, The Devil and the Jews, 97–108; Baron, A Social and Religious History, 11:158–164; Robert Chazan, God, Humanity, and History: The Hebrew First Crusade Narratives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 33; Israel Jacob Yuval, Two Nations in Your Womb: Perceptions of Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Tel-Aviv: ʿAlma/ʿAm ʿOved, 2000), 194–195.)| false
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Collard, The Crime of Poison, 50–54.

Collard, The Crime of Poison, 50–54.)| false
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Ekkehard of Aura, Ekkehardi Chronicon Universale, 219. For alleged conspiracy in 1321 and 1348: Nirenberg, Communities of Violence, 52–68; Bériac, “La Persécution des lépreux,” 203–205; Barber, “Lepers, Jews and Moslems,” 1–17; Ginzburg, Ecstasies, 33–53, 63–68; Horrox, The Black Death, 207, 211–222; Graus, Pest, Geissler, Judenmorde, 299–334.

Ekkehard of Aura, Ekkehardi Chronicon Universale, 219. For alleged conspiracy in 1321 and 1348: Nirenberg, Communities of Violence, 52–68; Bériac, “La Persécution des lépreux,” 203–205; Barber, “Lepers, Jews and Moslems,” 1–17; Ginzburg, Ecstasies, 33–53, 63–68; Horrox, The Black Death, 207, 211–222; Graus, Pest, Geissler, Judenmorde, 299–334.)| false
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Yuval, Two Nations in Your Womb, 181–187, 192–218; Mentgen, Studien zur Geschichte der Juden, 421–428; Langmuir, Toward a Definition of Anti-Semitism, 209–298; Baron, A Social and Religious History, 11:146–150; Trachtenberg, The Devil and the Jews, 124–139; Poliakov, The History of Antisemitism, 1:56–64. Only in two cases, in Norwich in 1144 and in Valréas in 1247, was the murder linked to a universal conspiracy, and this claim had played only a limited role in the formation of the accusations: Langmuir, Toward a Definition of Anti-Semitism, 225–226, 265. Interestingly, host desecration allegations, which were common in the later Middle Ages, tended to produce waves of mass violence quite similar to accusations of well poisoning. See Miri Rubin, Gentile Tales: The Narrative Assault on Late Medieval Jews (New Haven, ct: Yale University Press, 1999), 48–56; Mentgen, Studien zur Geschichte der Juden, 350–360, 428–434; gj, map at the end of vol. ii/1.

Yuval, Two Nations in Your Womb, 181–187, 192–218; Mentgen, Studien zur Geschichte der Juden, 421–428; Langmuir, Toward a Definition of Anti-Semitism, 209–298; Baron, A Social and Religious History, 11:146–150; Trachtenberg, The Devil and the Jews, 124–139; Poliakov, The History of Antisemitism, 1:56–64. Only in two cases, in Norwich in 1144 and in Valréas in 1247, was the murder linked to a universal conspiracy, and this claim had played only a limited role in the formation of the accusations: Langmuir, Toward a Definition of Anti-Semitism, 225–226, 265. Interestingly, host desecration allegations, which were common in the later Middle Ages, tended to produce waves of mass violence quite similar to accusations of well poisoning. See Miri Rubin, Gentile Tales: The Narrative Assault on Late Medieval Jews (New Haven, ct: Yale University Press, 1999), 48–56; Mentgen, Studien zur Geschichte der Juden, 350–360, 428–434; gj, map at the end of vol. ii/1.)| false
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Haverkamp, Hebräische Berichte, 153–163; Neubauer and Stern, Hebräische Berichte über die Judenverfolgungen, x, xiv–xv.

Haverkamp, Hebräische Berichte, 153–163; Neubauer and Stern, Hebräische Berichte über die Judenverfolgungen, x, xiv–xv.)| false
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Shatzmiller, Recherches sur la communauté juive, 133–135.

Shatzmiller, Recherches sur la communauté juive, 133–135.)| false
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Nirenberg, Communities of Violence, 52–56, 93–97; Bériac, “La Persécution des lépreux,” 204–221; Barber, “Lepers, Jews and Moslems,” 3–4, 6–9; Ginzburg, Ecstasies, 33–34, 39–44.

Nirenberg, Communities of Violence, 52–56, 93–97; Bériac, “La Persécution des lépreux,” 204–221; Barber, “Lepers, Jews and Moslems,” 3–4, 6–9; Ginzburg, Ecstasies, 33–34, 39–44.)| false
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Yuval, Two Nations in Your Womb, 194–195; Chazan, God, Humanity, and History, 33; Trachtenberg, The Devil and the Jews, 97–98, 103–104, 107; Bächtold-Stäubli, Handwörterbuch, 4:825; Caro, Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Juden, 2:188–189.

Yuval, Two Nations in Your Womb, 194–195; Chazan, God, Humanity, and History, 33; Trachtenberg, The Devil and the Jews, 97–98, 103–104, 107; Bächtold-Stäubli, Handwörterbuch, 4:825; Caro, Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Juden, 2:188–189.)| false
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