Affect was an essential component of the Arab uprisings, and it remains an important medium for shaping everyday politics in the Middle East and beyond. Yet while affect is beginning to be conceived as integral to studies of social movements, endeavors to control individual and collective affect in the praxis of statecraft remain understudied—despite robust evidence that affect and emotion are intimately entwined with political behavior and decision-making on a wide range of issues spanning voter preference to foreign policy. This article examines how such control takes effect, situating the sensory body as a bridge and key site of interaction and contestation for diverse projects that seek to influence behavioral outcomes via the manipulation of public space. From among the bodily senses, it singles out the auditory realm as a particularly potent generator of affect and examines the entanglement of sound, hearing, and power to foreground ways the sensory body is routinely engaged in state projects. Drawing on examples from the protests that ricocheted across the Middle East from 2010–2012, and framing these with historical antecedents from original archival work, this article bridges phenomenological experience and political outcomes to reveal how sensory inputs such as sound, wielded by elite and subaltern actors alike, are engineered for political effect. In so doing, I argue that a necessary prerequisite for grasping the role of affect and emotion in politics is a better understanding of technologies and modalities of control that go into the structuring of the sensory environment.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Archives Nationales d’Outre-Mer (anom), Aix-en-Provence
Gouvernement Général d’Algérie (gga)
Sous-série HAffaires Indigènes
Algérie. Préfecture d’Oran
Sous-série IAdministration des Indigènes
3040/1Haut-parleurs
#Jan 25 (2011-01-25) at Downtown, Cairo. American University Cairo online archives. https://858.ma/AUC/player.
#YouStink chant to tune of “Yalla Irhal Ya Bashar,” Beirut, August 29, 2015. YouTube, posted by Alex Rowell. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_v4WRjI3GQ.
Ali Randa .“Egypt’s Revolution Continues: One Chant at a Time,” Ahram Online, January 23, 2012. http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/114/32335/Egypt/-January-Revolution-continues/Egypts-Revolution-continues-One-Chant-at-a-Time.aspx.
Amara Mahfoud . “Football Sub-Culture and Youth Politics in Algeria.” Mediterranean Politics 17, no. 1 (2012): 41-58.
Anderson Benedict . Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso, 1983.
Bargu Banu . Starve and Immolate: The Politics of Human Weapons. New York: Columbia University Press, 2014.
Barker Anne . “Beirut Protestors Demand End to Sectarianism.” Australian Broadcast Corporation, March 6, 2011. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-03-07/beirut-protesters-demand-end-to-sectarianism/1968926.
Barney Jay and Felin Teppo . “What are Microfoundations?” The Academy of Management Perspectives 27, no. 2 (2013): 138-55.
Bayat Asef . Street Politics: Poor People’s Movement in Iran. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
Bispham Jon . “Rhythm in Music: What is it? Who Has It? And Why?” Music Perception 24, no. 2 (2006): 125-34.
Bleiker Roland , and Hutchinson Emma . “Fear No More: Emotions and World Politics.” Review of International Studies 34 (2008): 115-35.
Bouzouita Kerim . “Music of Dissent and Revolution.” Middle East Critique 22, no. 3 (2013): 281-92.
Butler Judith . “Bodies in Alliance and the Politics of the Street.” Lecture held in Venice, September 7, 2011, by the Office for Contemporary Art Norway. Available online at the European Institute for Progressive Politics. http://eipcp.net/transversal/1011/butler/en.
Chomiak Laryssa . “Spectacles of Power: Locating Resistance in Ben Ali’s Tunisia.” Portal 9 (2013): 71-84.
Crawford Neta . “Institutionalizing Passion in World Politics: Fear and Empathy.” International Theory 6, no. 3 (2014): 535-57.
D’Aulaires’ Book of Greek Myths. “Orpheus.” New York. Delacourt Press, 1962.
Certeau De , Michel. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
Deleuze Gilles and Guatarri Felix . A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Translated by Brian Massumi. London: Continuum Press, 2003.
Dorsey James . The Turbulent World of Middle East Soccer . London: Hurst, 2016.
Durkheim Emile . Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Translated by Cosman Carol . Oxford: Oxford University Press, [1912] 2001.
Ehrenreich Barbara . Dancing in the Streets: A History of Collective Joy. New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Hold and Co, 2006.
El Gobashy Mona . “The Praxis of the Egyptian Revolution.” Middle East Report 258 People Power (Spring 2011): 2-13.
“Experimental Unified Adhan Applied in 113 Cairo Mosques,” Egypt Today, January 28, 2019. http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/66353/Experimental-unified-Adhan-applied-in-113-Cairo-mosques.
Feola Michael . “The Body Politic: Bodily Spectacle and Democratic Agency.” Political Theory 46, no. 2 (2018): 197-217.
Flam Helena and King Debra . Emotions and Social Movements. New York: Routledge, 2005.
Gershon Walter . “Vibrational Affect Sound Theory and Practice in Qualitative Research.” Cultural Studies Critical Methodologies 13, no. 4 (2013): 257-62.
Gibson James J. The Perception of the Visual World. Oxford: Houghton Mifflin, 1950.
Gibson James J. The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966.
Gibson James J. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. New York: Taylor and Francis, 1986.
Glassbeadian, “Rais LeBled—El General music video with English subtitles,” YouTube, January 28, 2011. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JupZw4SOwVQ&bpctr=1551388807.
Goodale Greg . Sonic Persuasion: Reading Sound in the Recorded Age. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2011.
Goodman Steve . Sonic Warfare: Sound, Affect, and the Ecology of Fear. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2012.
Goodwin James . Music, Mysticism, and Magic: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge, 1986.
Goodwin Jeff and Jasper James M. . Rethinking Social Movements: Structure, Meaning, and Emotion. New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2004.
Gould Deborah , “Passionate Political Processes: Bringing Emotions Back into the Study of Social Movements.” In Rethinking Social Movements: Structure, Meaning, and Emotion, edited by Goodwin Jeff and Jasper James , 155-176. New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers 2004.
Gould Deborah . Moving Politics: Affect, Emotions, and Shifting Political Horizons in the Fight Against aids . Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2009.
Graeber David . The Democracy Project: A History. A Crisis. A Movement. London: Allen Lane, 2013.
Gregory Derek . “Tahrir: Politics, Publics, and Performances of Space.” Middle East Critique 22, no. 3 (2013): 235-46.
Hall Todd . “We will Not Swallow This Bitter Fruit: Theorizing a Diplomacy of Anger.” Security Studies 20, no. 4 (2011): 521-55.
Hany Sara . “It Is Just…The Beginning.” In Voices of the Arab Spring, edited by Al-Saleh Asaad . New York: Columbia University Press, 2015.
Harkin James . “The Incredible Story Behind the Syrian Protest Singer Everyone Thought Was Dead.” GQ, December 7, 2016. https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/syria-civil-war.
Hawkins Simon . “Teargas, Flags and the Harlem Shake: Images of and for Revolution in Tunisia and the Dialectics of the Local in the Global.” In The Political Aesthetics of Global Protest: The Arab Spring and Beyond, edited by Werbner Pnina , Webb Martin and Spellman-Poots Kathryn . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2014.
Head Naomi . “Costly Encounters of the Empathetic Kind: A Typology.” International Theory 8, no. 1 (2016): 171-99.
Herrera Linda . Revolution in the Age of Social Media: The Egyptian Popular Insurrection and the Internet . London: Verso, 2014.
Hofman Ana . “The Affective Turn in Ethnomusicology.” Musicology 18 (2015): 35-54.
Honig Bonnie . Public Things: Democracy in Despair. New York: Fordham University Press, 2017.
Hutchison Emma and Bleiker Roland . “Theorizing Emotions in World Politics.” FORUM: Emotion in World Politics, International Theory 6, no. 3 (2014): 497-98.
“Interview 20121022,” American University Cairo Oral History Project.http://digitalcollections.aucegypt.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15795coll7/id/730/rec/1.
Iyengar Shanto , Lelkes Yphtach , Levendusky Matthew , Malhotra Neil , and Westwood Sean . “The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States.” Annual Review of Political Science 22 (2019): 129-46.
Iyengar Shanto , Sood Gaurav , and Lelkes Yphtach . “Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization.” Public Opinion Quarterly 76, no. 3 (2012): 405-31.
Jasper James . “The Doors that Culture Opened: Parallels Between Social Movement Studies and Social Psychology.” Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 20, No. 3 (2017): 285-302.
Jasper James . The Emotions of Protest. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2018.
Khalidi Rashid . “Preliminary Historical Observations on the Arab Revolutions of 2011.” In The Dawn of the Arab Uprisings: End of an Old Order? edited by Haddad Bassam , Bsheer Rosie , and Abu-Rish Ziad ,. London: Pluto Press, 2012.
Khalidi Rashid . “Reflections on the Revolution in Tunis and Egypt.” Foreign Policy , February 24, 2011. https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/02/24/reflections-on-the-revolutions-in-tunisia-and-egypt/.
Khondker Habibul Haque . “The Role of the New Media in the Arab Spring.” Globalizations 8, no. 5 (2011): 675-79.
Le Bon Gustave . The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. New York: MacMillan, 1896.
Lefebvre Henri . The Production of Space. Malden: Blackwell Publishers, 1991.
Levine Mark . “Theorizing Revolutionary Practice: Agendas for Research on the Arab Uprisings.” Middle East Critique 22, no. 3 (2013): 191-212.
Levine Mark . “When Art Is the Weapon: Culture and Resistance Confronting Violence in the Post-Uprisings Arab World.” In Religion and Violence, edited by Esposito John . Basel: MDPI, 2016.
LeVine Mark and Reynolds Bryan . “Theatre of Immediacy: Dissident Culture, Revolutionary Performance, and Transversal Movements in the Arab World.” Paper presented to the Islam and Popular Culture conference, Amsterdam, March 8–9, 2013.
Leys Ruth . “The Turn to Affect: A Critique.” Critical Inquiry 37, no. 3 (2011): 434-72.
Löwenheim Oded and Heimann Gadi . “Revenge in International Politics.” Security Studies 17, no. 4 (2008): 685-724.
Lynch Marc . “After Egypt: The Limits and Promise of Online Challenges to the Authoritarian Arab State.” Perspectives on Politics 9, no. 2 (2011): 301-10.
Lynch Marc . The Arab Uprisings: The Unfinished Revolutions of the New Middle East. New York: Public Affairs, 2012.
Lynch Marc . “Media, Old and New.” In The Arab Uprisings Explained: New Contentious Politics in the Middle East, edited by Lynch Marc . New York: Columbia University Press, 2014.
Maor Moshe and Gross James . “Emotion Regulation by Emotional Entrepreneurs: Implications for Political Science and International Relations.” Paper presented at the 73rd Annual mpsa Conference, 2015. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275831564_Emotion_Regulation_by_Emotional_Entrepreneurs_Implications_for_Political_Science_and_International_Relations.
Massumi Brian . Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation. Durham: Duke University Press, 2002.
Mattern Janice Bially , “On Being Convinced: An Emotional Epistemology of International Relations.” Forum: Emotion in World Politics, International Theory 6, no. 3 (2014): 589-94.
McDermott Rose . “The Body Doesn’t Lie: A Somatic Approach to the Study of Emotions in World Politics.” Forum: Emotion in World Politics. International Theory, 6, No. 3 (2014): 557-62.
McGarty Craig , Thomas Emma , Lala Girish , Smith Laura , and Bliuc Ana-Maria . “New Technologies, New Identities, and the Growth of Mass Opposition in the Arab Spring.” Political Psychology 35, no. 6 (2013): 725-40.
McNeill William H. Keeping Together in Time: Dance and Drill in Human History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Mercer Jonathan . “Emotional Beliefs.” International Organization 64, no. 1 (2010): 1-31.
Mercer Jonathan . “Feeling Like a State: Social Emotion and Identity.” International Theory 6, no. 3 (2014): 518-19.
Middle East Eye Staff Writer, “Egypt Allows Football Fans—But Not Ultras—Back into Stadiums.” Middle East Eye, September 2, 2018. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-allows-football-fans-not-ultras-back-stadiums.
MyFilmSpeech. “Syria New Song-Rami Kazoor Nehna rejalak ya Bashar.” YouTube, June 2, 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDkR2KG_7xo.
O’Keefe Sean . “Revolutionary Arab Rap: The Index.” http://revolutionaryarabraptheindex.blogspot.com/2011/08/el-general-rais-lebled.html.
Palencik Joseph . “William James and the Psychology of Emotion: From 1884 to the Present.” Transactions of the Charles S. Pierce Society 43, no. 4 (2007): 769-86.
Parks Robert P. “Voter Participation and Loud Claim Making in Algeria.” Middle East Report 281 (Winter 2016).
Pearlman Wendy . “Emotions and the Microfoundations of the Arab Uprisings.” Perspectives on Politics 11, no. 2 (2013): 387-409.
Protevi John . “Political Emotion.” In Collective Emotions: Perspectives from Psychology, Philosophy, and Sociology, edited by Von Scheve Christian and Salmela Mikko . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Rabat Nasser . “The Arab Revolution Takes Back the Public Space.” Critical Inquiry 39, no. 1 (August 2012): 198-208.
Racy A. J. “Domesticating Otherness: The Snake Charmer in American Popular Culture.” Ethnomusicology 60, no. 2 (2016): 197-232.
“Rais Lebled,” YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5H0QIM_blZg.
Ramdani Nabila . “Warda Gave Us a Soundtrack for the Arab Spring.” The Guardian, May 21, 2012.
Reus-Smit Christian . “Emotions and the Social.” Forum: Emotions and World Politics: International Theory 6, no. 3 (2014): 568-73.
Ross Andrew . Mixed Emotions: Beyond Fear and Hatred in International Conflict. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014.
Rua Wall Illan . “Policing Atmospheres: Crowds, Protests and ‘Atmotechnics.’” Theory, Culture & Society 36, no. 4, (2019): 143-62.
“Sa’ada Rallies Repeat: ‘The People Want the Fall of the Regime.’” National Yemen, 2011. https://nationalyemen.com/2011/02/26/sa%E2%80%99ada-rallies-repeat-the-people-want-the-fall-of-the-regime/.
Salama Hussam Hussein . “Tahrir Square: A Narrative of Public Space.” International Journal of Architectural Research—ijar 7, no. 1 (2013): 128-38.
Salama Vivian . “Algerian Singer Warda United the Arab World.” Newsweek, June 11, 2012. https://www.newsweek.com/algerian-singer-warda-united-arab-world-65165.
Saurette Paul . “You Dissin Me? Humiliation and Post-9/11 Global Politics.” Review of International Studies 32, no. 3 (2006): 495-522.
Scales Rebecca . Radio and the Politics of Sound in Interwar France, 1921–1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
Schwedler Jillian , “Routines and Ruptures in Anti-Israeli Protests in Jordan.” In Microfoundations of the Arab Uprisings: Mapping Interactions between Regimes and Protesters, edited by Volpi Frédéric and Jasper James M. . Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018.
Scott James, C. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
Siddique Haroon , Owen Paul , and Gabbatt Adam . “Protests in Egypt and Unrest in the Middle East—As It Happened.” The Guardian Newsblog, January 25, 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/global/blog/2011/jan/25/middleeast-tunisia.
“Silent Protest for Khalid Said.” YouTube, July 24, 2010. Posted by Daily News Egypt. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcNCSONwrz0.
Solomon Ty . “Ontological Security, Circulations of Affect, and the Arab Spring.” Journal of International Relations and Development 21, no. 2 (2017): 1-25.
“Songs of ‘Algerian Rose’ Soundtrack to Arab Spring.” Sydney Morning Herald, May 31, 2012. https://www.smh.com.au/national/songs-of-algerian-rose-soundtrack-to-arab-spring-20120530-1zjco.html.
Sprengel Darci . “’More Powerful than Politics’: Affective Magic in the diy Musical Activism after Egypt’s 2011 Revolution.” Popular Music 38, no. 1 (2019): 54-72.
“Standing Up for Said.” YouTube, June 26, 2010. TheMunchkinMann. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BrKi02AEYos.
Sullivan Larry E. , ed. “Cannon-Bard Theory,” sage Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences , 2009 .
“Syrian Revolutionary Dabke.” YouTube, Hama, Syria, June 27, 2011. Posted by freedomforeveryone20. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCS8SsFOBAI.
Tawil-Souri Helga . “It’s Still About the Power of Place.” Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 5, no. 1 (2012): 86-95.
Thompson Simon and Hoggett Paul . Politics and the Emotions: The Affective Turn in Contemporary Political Studies . New York: Continuum Publishing Group, 2012.
“Thousands gather at Bahrain’s ‘Tahrir Square.’” February 15, 2011. Channel 4 News.https://www.channel4.com/news/thousands-gather-at-bahrains-tahrir-square.
Tilly Charles . “Does Modernization Breed Revolution?” Comparative Politics 5, no. 3 (1973): 425-47.
Tova Benski and Langman Lauren . “The Effects of Affects: The Place of Emotions in the Mobilizations of 2011.” Current Sociology 61, no. 4 (2013): 525-40.
Tripp Charles . “The Art of Resistance in the Middle East.” Asian Affairs xliii, no. iii, (2012): 393-409.
Tufekci Zeynep and Wilson Christopher . “Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations from Tahrir Square.” Journal of Communication 62, no. 2 (2012): 363-79.
Turino Thomas . Music as Social Life: The Politics of Participation. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2008.
“Unified Call to Prayer Planned in Cairo.” Middle East Economic Digest 48, no. 40, September 25, 2004.
Van Zomeren Martijn and Louis Winnifred . “Culture Meets Collective Action: Exciting Synergies and Some Lessons to Learn for the Future.” Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 20, No. 3 (2017): 277-84.
Volpi Frédéric and Jasper James M. , ed. Microfoundations of the Arab Uprisings: Mapping Interactions between Regimes and Protesters . Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018.
Wahdan Dalia , “Singing the Revolt in Tahrir Square: Euphoria, Utopia, and Revolution.” In The Political Aesthetics of Global Protest: The Arab Spring and Beyond, edited by Werbner Pnina , Webb Martin , and Spellman-Poots Kathryn . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2014.
Walt Vivienne . “El General and the Rap Anthem of the Mideast Revolution.” Time Magazine, February 15, 2011. http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2049456,00.html.
Wedeen Lisa . Peripheral Visions: Publics, Power, and Performance in Yemen . Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2008.
Wedeen Lisa . Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria . Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2015.
Weitzel Michelle D. , “Amplifying Frenchness: Sound Regulation as Nation-Making in Colonial Algeria, 1937–1962.” Paper presented at the annual American Political Science Association conference, 2017.
Weitzel Michelle D. “Audializing Migrant Bodies: Sound and Security at the Border.” Security Dialogue 49, no. 6 (2018): 421-37.
Williams Raymond . Marxism and Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1977.
Wiltermuth Scott and Heath Chip . “Synchrony and Cooperation.” Psychological Science 20, no. 1 (2009): 1-5.
Winegar Jessica . “A Civilized Revolution: Aesthetics and Political Action in Egypt.” American Ethnologist 43, no. 4 (2016): 609-22.
Woltering Robert . “Unusual Suspects: ‘Ultras’ as Political Actors in the Egyptian Revolution.” Arab Studies Quarterly 35, no. 3 Special Issue: Perspectives on the Arab Uprisings (2013): 290-304.
Young Lauren . “The Psychology of State Repression: Fear and Dissent Decisions in Zimbabwe.” American Political Science Review 113, no. 1 (2019): 140-55.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1205 | 197 | 39 |
Full Text Views | 98 | 4 | 2 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 165 | 12 | 6 |
Affect was an essential component of the Arab uprisings, and it remains an important medium for shaping everyday politics in the Middle East and beyond. Yet while affect is beginning to be conceived as integral to studies of social movements, endeavors to control individual and collective affect in the praxis of statecraft remain understudied—despite robust evidence that affect and emotion are intimately entwined with political behavior and decision-making on a wide range of issues spanning voter preference to foreign policy. This article examines how such control takes effect, situating the sensory body as a bridge and key site of interaction and contestation for diverse projects that seek to influence behavioral outcomes via the manipulation of public space. From among the bodily senses, it singles out the auditory realm as a particularly potent generator of affect and examines the entanglement of sound, hearing, and power to foreground ways the sensory body is routinely engaged in state projects. Drawing on examples from the protests that ricocheted across the Middle East from 2010–2012, and framing these with historical antecedents from original archival work, this article bridges phenomenological experience and political outcomes to reveal how sensory inputs such as sound, wielded by elite and subaltern actors alike, are engineered for political effect. In so doing, I argue that a necessary prerequisite for grasping the role of affect and emotion in politics is a better understanding of technologies and modalities of control that go into the structuring of the sensory environment.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1205 | 197 | 39 |
Full Text Views | 98 | 4 | 2 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 165 | 12 | 6 |