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 Jean-Francois Bayart, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly (London: Longman, 1993); Giorgio Blundo and Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan (eds), La Corruption au Quotidien en Afrique de l’Ouest (Marseille: Imprimerie France Document, 2001); Hans Krause Hansen, “Governmental Mismanagement and Symbolic Violence: Discourses on Corruption in the Yucatán of the 1990s,” Bulletin of Latin American Research 17, no. 3 (1998): 367–386; Jennifer Hasty, “The Pleasures of Corruption: Desire and Discipline in Ghanaian Political Culture,” Cultural Anthropology 20, no. 2 (2005): 271–301; Peter Larmour, “Corruption and Governance in the South Pacific,” Pacific Studies 20, no. 3(1997): 1–17; Achille Mbembe, On the Postcolony (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Steven L. Sampson, “Bureaucracy and Corruption as Anthropological Problems: A Case Study from Romania,” Folk 25 (1983): 63–96; Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan, “A Moral Economy of Corruption in Africa?,” Journal of Modern African Studies 37, no. 1 (1999): 25–52; Lawrence Rosen, The Culture of Islam: Changing Aspects of Contemporary Muslim Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002); Cynthia Werner, “Gifts, Bribes, and Development in Post-Soviet Kazakstan,” Human Organisation 59, no. 1 (2000): 11–22; Mayfair Mei-hui Yang, Gifts, Favors, and Banquets: The Art of Social Relationships in China (Ithaca, ny: Cornell University Press, 1994).)| false
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 Paul Heywood, Political Corruption (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1997), 1–2.

 Paul Heywood, Political Corruption (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1997), 1–2.)| false
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 Akhil Gupta, “Blurred Boundaries: The Discourse of Corruption, the Culture of Politics, and the Imagined State,” American Ethnologist 22, no. 2(1995): 393.

 Akhil Gupta, “Blurred Boundaries: The Discourse of Corruption, the Culture of Politics, and the Imagined State,” American Ethnologist 22, no. 2(1995): 393.)| false
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 Jeffrey, 2002: 39.

 Hansen, 1998: 369.

 Bedi̇rhanoğlu, 2007: 1240; Hansen, 1998: 368; Scott D. Taylor, “Divergent Politico-Legal Responses to past Presidential Corruption in Zambia and Kenya: Catching the 'Big Fish', or Letting Him off the Hook?,” Third World Quarterly 27, no. 2 (2006): 296–97.