During the first years of life, sensory modalities communicate with each other. This process is fundamental for the development of unisensory and multisensory skills. The absence of one sensory input impacts on the development of other modalities. Since 2008 we have studied these aspects and developed our cross-sensory calibration theory. This theory emerged from the observation that children start to integrate multisensory information (such as vision and touch) only after 8–10 years of age. Before this age the more accurate sense teaches (calibrates) the others; when one calibrating modality is missing, the other modalities result impaired. Children with visual disability have problems in understanding the haptic or auditory perception of space and children with motor disabilities have problems in understanding the visual dimension of objects. This review presents our recent studies on multisensory integration and cross-sensory calibration in children and adults with and without sensory and motor disabilities. The goal of this review is to show the importance of interaction between sensory systems during the early period of life in order to correct perceptual development to occur.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Aglioti S., Desouza J. F., Goodale M. A. (1995). Size-contrast illusions deceive the eye but not the hand, Curr. Biol. 5, 679–685.
Alais D., Burr D. (2004). The ventriloquist effect results from near-optimal bimodal integration, Curr. Biol. 14, 257–262.
Alary F., Duquette M., Goldstein R., Elaine Chapman C., Voss P., La Buissonniere-Ariza V., Lepore F. (2009). Tactile acuity in the blind: a closer look reveals superiority over the sighted in some but not all cutaneous tasks, Neuropsychologia 47, 2037–2043.
Atkinson J. (2000). The Developing Visual Brain. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA.
Bahrick L. E. (2001). Increasing specificity in perceptual development: infants’ detection of nested levels of multimodal stimulation, J. Exp. Child Psychol. 79, 253–270.
Bahrick L. E., Lickliter R. (2000). Intersensory redundancy guides attentional selectivity and perceptual learning in infancy, Dev. Psychol. 36, 190–201.
Bahrick L. E., Lickliter R. (2004). Infants’ perception of rhythm and tempo in unimodal and multimodal stimulation: a developmental test of the intersensory redundancy hypothesis, Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 4, 137–147.
Bahrick L. E., Flom R., Lickliter R. (2002). Intersensory redundancy facilitates discrimination of tempo in 3-month-old infants, Dev. Psychobiol. 41, 352–363.
Barutchu A., Crewther D. P., Crewther S. G. (2009). The race that precedes coactivation: development of multisensory facilitation in children, Dev. Sci. 12, 464–473.
Barutchu A., Danaher J., Crewther S. G., Innes-Brown H., Shivdasani M. N., Paolini A. G. (2010). Audiovisual integration in noise by children and adults, J. Exp. Child Psychol. 105, 38–50.
Bedny M., Konkle T., Pelphrey K., Saxe R., Pascual-Leone A. (2010). Sensitive period for a multimodal response in human visual motion area MT/MST, Curr. Biol. 20, 1900–1906.
Berkeley G. (1709/1963). An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision. Bobbs-Merril, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Betts J., Mckay J., Maruff P., Anderson V. (2006). The development of sustained attention in children: the effect of age and task load, Child Neuropsychol. 12, 205–221.
Bremner A. J., Holmes N. P., Spence C. (2008). Infants lost in (peripersonal) space? Trends Cogn. Sci. 12, 298–305.
Bresciani J. P., Ernst M. O. (2007). Signal reliability modulates auditory-tactile integration for event counting, Neuroreport 18, 1157–1161.
Burr D., Gori M. (2012). Multisensory integration develops late in humans, in: The Neural Bases of Multisensory Processes, Murray M. M., Wallace M. T. (Eds), pp. 345–363. Boca Raton, FL, USA.
Burr D., Banks M. S., Morrone M. C. (2009). Auditory dominance over vision in the perception of interval duration, Exp. Brain Res. 198, 49–57.
Carlson V. R. (1962). Size-constancy judgments and perceptual compromise, J. Exp. Psychol. 63, 68–73.
Casile A., Dayan E., Caggiano V., Hendler T., Flash T., Giese M. A. (2009). Neuronal encoding of human kinematic invariants during action observation, Cereb. Cortex 20, 1647–1655.
Cattaneo L., Rizzolatti G. (2009). The mirror neuron system, Arch. Neurol. 66, 557–560.
Day R. H., McKenzie B. E. (1981). Infant perception of the invariant size of approaching and receding objects, Dev. Psychol. 17, 670–677.
Del Viva M. M., Igliozzi R., Tancredi R., Brizzolara D. (2006). Spatial and motion integration in children with autism, Vis. Res. 46, 1242–1252.
Dodd B. (1979). Lip reading in infants: attention to speech presented in- and out-of-synchrony, Cogn. Psychol. 11, 478–484.
Doucet M. E., Guillemot J. P., Lassonde M., Gagne J. P., Leclerc C., Lepore F. (2005). Blind subjects process auditory spectral cues more efficiently than sighted individuals, Exp. Brain Res. 160, 194–202.
Elbert T., Sterr A., Rockstroh B., Pantev C., Muller M. M., Taub E. (2002). Expansion of the tonotopic area in the auditory cortex of the blind, J. Neurosci. 22, 9941–9944.
Ellemberg D., Lewis T. L., Dirks M., Maurer D., Ledgeway T., Guillemot J. P., Lepore F. (2004). Putting order into the development of sensitivity to global motion, Vis. Res. 44, 2403–2411.
Elliott L. L. (1979). Performance of children aged 9 to 17 years on a test of speech intelligibility in noise using sentence material with controlled word predictability, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 66, 651–653.
Ernst M. O., Banks M. S. (2002). Humans integrate visual and haptic information in a statistically optimal fashion, Nature 415, 429–433.
Fabbri-Destro M., Rizzolatti G. (2008). Mirror neurons and mirror systems in monkeys and humans, Physiology (Bethesda) 23, 171–179.
Gallese V., Fadiga L., Fogassi L., Rizzolatti G. (1996). Action recognition in the premotor cortex, Brain 119(2), 593–609.
Gebhard J. W., Mowbray G. H. (1959). On discriminating the rate of visual flicker and auditory flutter, Am. J. Psychol. 72, 521–529.
Ghahramani Z., Wolpert D. M., Jordan M. I. (1997). Computational models of sensorimotor integration, in: Self-Organization, Computational Maps and Motor Control, Morasso P. G., Sanguineti A. V. (Eds), pp. 117–147. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Gibson E. J., Walker A. S. (1984). Development of knowledge of visual-tactual affordances of substance, Child Dev. 55, 453–460.
Goodale M. A., Pelisson D., Prablanc C. (1986). Large adjustments in visually guided reaching do not depend on vision of the hand or perception of target displacement, Nature 320, 748–750.
Gori M., Del Viva M., Sandini G., Burr D. (2008). Young children do not integrate visual and haptic form information, Curr. Biol. 18, 694–698.
Gori M., Sandini G., Martinoli C., Burr D. (2010). Poor haptic orientation discrimination in nonsighted children may reflect disruption of cross-sensory calibration, Curr. Biol. 20, 223–225.
Gori M., Mazzilli G., Sandini G., Burr D. (2011a). Cross-sensory facilitation reveals neural interactions between visual and tactile motion in humans, Front. Psychol. 2, 55.
Gori M., Sciutti A., Burr D., Sandini G. (2011b). Direct and indirect haptic calibration of visual size judgments, PLoS One 6, e25599. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0025599.
Gori M., Giuliana L., Sandini G., Burr D. (2012a). Visual size perception and haptic calibration during development, Dev. Sci. 15, 854–862.
Gori M., Sandini G., Burr D. (2012b). Development of visuo-auditory integration in space and time, Front. Integr. Neurosci. 6, 77.
Gori M., Squeri V., Sciutti A., Masia L., Sandini G., Konczak J. (2012c). Motor commands in children interfere with their haptic perception of objects, Exp. Brain Res. 223, 149–157.
Gori M., Tinelli F., Sandini G., Cioni G., Burr D. (2012d). Impaired visual size-discrimination in children with movement disorders, Neuropsychologia 50, 1838–1843.
Gori M., Sciutti A., Jacono M., Sandini G., Morrone C., Burr D. C. (2013). Long integration time for accelerating and decelerating visual, tactile and visuo-tactile stimuli, Multisens. Res. 26, 53–68.
Gori M., Sandini G., Martinoli C., Burr D. C. (2014). Impairment of auditory spatial localization in congenitally blind human subjects, Brain 137, 288–293.
Gottlieb G. (1971). Development of Species Identification in Birds: an Inquiry into the Prenatal Determinants of Perception. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA.
Gougoux F., Lepore F., Lassonde M., Voss P., Zatorre R. J., Belin P. (2004). Neuropsychology: pitch discrimination in the early blind, Nature 430, 309.
Gougoux F., Zatorre R. J., Lassonde M., Voss P., Lepore F. (2005). A functional neuroimaging study of sound localization: visual cortex activity predicts performance in early-blind individuals, PLoS Biol. 3, e27. DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030027.
Granrud C. E. (2004). Visual metacognition and the development of size constancy, in: Thinking and Seeing: Visual Metacognition in Children and Adults, Levin D. (Ed.), pp. 75–95. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Granrud C. E. (2006). Size constancy in infants: 4-month-olds’ responses to physical versus retinal image size, J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 32, 1398–1404.
Granrud C. E. (2009). Development of size constancy in children: a test of the metacognitive theory, Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 71, 644–654.
Granrud C. E., Schmechel T. T. (2006). Development of size constancy in children: a test of the proximal mode sensitivity hypothesis, Percept. Psychophys. 68, 1372–1381.
Hillis J. M., Watt S. J., Landy M. S., Banks M. S. (2004). Slant from texture and disparity cues: optimal cue combination, J. Vis. 4, 967–992.
Hubel D. H., Wiesel T. N. (1968). Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex, J. Physiol. (London) 195, 215–243.
Johnson C. E. (2000). Children’s phoneme identification in reverberation and noise, J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 43, 144–157.
Jusczyk P., Houston D., Goodman M. (1998). Speech Perception during the First Year. Psychology Press, London, UK.
Kanaka N., Matsuda T., Tomimoto Y., Noda Y., Matsushima E., Matsuura M., Kojima T. (2008). Measurement of development of cognitive and attention functions in children using continuous performance test, Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 62, 135–141.
King A. J., Carlile S. (1993). Changes induced in the representation of auditory space in the superior colliculus by rearing ferrets with binocular eyelid suture, Exp. Brain Res. 94, 444–455.
King A. J., Parsons C. H. (1999). Improved auditory spatial acuity in visually deprived ferrets, Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 3945–3956.
King A. J., Hutchings M. E., Moore D. R., Blakemore C. (1988). Developmental plasticity in the visual and auditory representations in the mammalian superior colliculus, Nature 332, 73–76.
Knill D. C., Saunders J. A. (2003). Do humans optimally integrate stereo and texture information for judgments of surface slant? Vis. Res. 43, 2539–2558.
Knudsen E. I., Brainard M. S. (1991). Visual instruction of the neural map of auditory space in the developing optic tectum, Science 253, 85–87.
Knudsen E. I., Knudsen F. (1985). Vision guides the adjustment of auditory localization in young bran owls, Science 230, 545–548.
Korte M., Rauschecker J. P. (1993). Auditory spatial tuning of cortical neurons is sharpened in cats with early blindness, J. Neurophysiol. 70, 1717–1721.
Kovács I., Kozma P., Fehér A., Benedek G. (1999). Late maturation of visual spatial integration in humans, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 12204–12209.
Landy M. S., Kojima H. (2001). Ideal cue combination for localizing texture-defined edges, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A: Opt. Image Sci. Vis. 18, 2307–2320.
Landy M. S., Banks M. S., Knill D. C. (2011). Ideal-observer models of cue integration, in: Book of Sensory Cue Integration, Trommershauser J. (Ed.), pp. 5–30. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Leibowitz H. W., Pollard S. W., Dickson D. (1967). Monocular and binocular size-matching as a function of distance at various age-levels, Am. J. Psychol. 80, 263–268.
Lessard N., Pare M., Lepore F., Lassonde M. (1998). Early-blind human subjects localize sound sources better than sighted subjects, Nature 395, 278–280.
Lewald J. (2007). More accurate sound localization induced by short-term light deprivation, Neuropsychologia 45, 1215–1222.
Lewis T. L., Maurer D. (2005). Multiple sensitive periods in human visual development: evidence from visually deprived children, Dev. Psychobiol. 46, 163–183.
Lewis T. L., Ellemberg D., Maurer D., Guillemot J.-P., Lepore F. (2004). Motion perception in 5-year-olds: immaturity is related to hypothesized complexity of cortical processing, J. Vis. 4, 30.
Lewkowicz D. J. (1986). Developmental changes in infants’ bisensory response to synchronous durations, Infant Behav. Dev. 163, 180–188.
Lewkowicz D. J. (1988a). Sensory dominance in infants 1: six-month-old infants’ response to auditory-visual compounds, Dev. Psychol. 24, 155–171.
Lewkowicz D. J. (1988b). Sensory dominance in infants 2: ten-month-old infants’ response to auditory-visual compounds, Dev. Psychol. 24, 172–182.
Lewkowicz D. J. (1992). Infants’ responsiveness to the auditory and visual attributes of a sounding/moving stimulus, Percept. Psychophys. 52, 519–528.
Lewkowicz D. J. (1996). Perception of auditory-visual temporal synchrony in human infants, J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 22, 1094–1106.
Lewkowicz D. J. (2000). The development of intersensory temporal perception: an epigenetic systems/limitations view, Psychol. Bull. 126, 281–308.
Lewkowicz D. J., Lickliter R. (1994). The Development of Intersensory Perception: Comparative Perspectives. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, USA.
Lewkowicz D. J., Turkewitz G. (1981). Intersensory interaction in newborns: modification of visual preferences following exposure to sound, Child Dev. 52, 827–832.
Lickliter R., Lewkowicz D. J., Columbus R. F. (1996). Intersensory experience and early perceptual development: the role of spatial contiguity in bobwhite quail chicks’ responsiveness to multimodal maternal cues, Dev. Psychobiol. 29, 403–416.
Mateeff S., Hohnsbein J., Noack T. (1985). Dynamic visual capture: apparent auditory motion induced by a moving visual target, Perception 14, 721–727.
McKenzie B. E., Tootell H. E., Day R. H. (1980). Development of visual size constancy during the 1st year of human infancy, Dev. Psychol. 16, 163–174.
Meltzoff A. N., Borton R. W. (1979). Intermodal matching by human neonates, Nature 282, 403–404.
Morrone M. C. (2010). Brain development: critical periods for cross-sensory plasticity, Curr. Biol. 20, R934–R936.
Morrongiello B. A., Humphrey G. K., Timney B., Choi J., Rocca P. T. (1994). Tactual object exploration and recognition in blind and sighted children, Perception 23, 833–848.
Morrongiello B. A., Fenwick K. D., Chance G. (1998). Cross-modal learning in newborn infants: inferences about properties of auditoryvisual events, Infant Behav. Dev. 21, 543–554.
Muchnik C., Efrati M., Nemeth E., Malin M., Hildesheimer M. (1991). Central auditory skills in blind and sighted subjects, Scand. Audiol. 20, 19–23.
Nardini M., Jones P., Bedford R., Braddick O. (2008). Development of cue integration in human navigation, Curr. Biol. 18, 689–693.
Nardini M., Bedford R., Mareschal D. (2010). Fusion of visual cues is not mandatory in children, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 17041–17046.
Nardini M., Begus K., Mareschal D. (2013). Multisensory uncertainty reduction for hand localization in children and adults, J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 39, 773–787.
Neil P. A., Chee-Ruiter C., Scheier C., Lewkowicz D. J., Shimojo S. (2006). Development of multisensory spatial integration and perception in humans, Dev. Sci. 9, 454–464.
Noordzij M. L., Zuidhoek S., Postma A. (2007). The influence of visual experience on visual and spatial imagery, Perception 36, 101–112.
Olsho L. W. (1984). Infant frequency discrimination as a function of frequency, Infant Behav. Dev. 7, 27–35.
Olsho L. W., Koch E. G., Carter E. A., Halpin C. F., Spetner N. B. (1988). Pure-tone sensitivity of human infants, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84, 1316–1324.
Pasqualotto A., Newell F. N. (2007). The role of visual experience on the representation and updating of novel haptic scenes, Brain Cogn. 65, 184–194.
Patterson M. L., Werker J. F. (2002). Infants’ ability to match dynamic phonetic and gender information in the face and voice, J. Exp. Child Psychol. 81, 93–115.
Paus T. (2005). Mapping brain development and aggression, Can. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Rev. 14, 10–15.
Petrini K., Remark A., Smith L., Nardini M. (2014). When vision is not an option: children’s integration of auditory and haptic information is suboptimal, Dev. Sci. 17, 376–387.
Petrus E., Isaiah A., Jones A. P., Li D., Wang H., Lee H. K., Kanold P. O. (2014). Crossmodal induction of thalamocortical potentiation leads to enhanced information processing in the auditory cortex, Neuron 81, 664–673.
Poirier C., Collignon O., Devolder A. G., Renier L., Vanlierde A., Tranduy D., Scheiber C. (2005). Specific activation of the V5 brain area by auditory motion processing: an fMRI study, Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 25, 650–658.
Postma A., Zuidhoek S., Noordzij M. L., Kappers A. M. (2008). Haptic orientation perception benefits from visual experience: evidence from early-blind, late-blind, and sighted people, Percept. Psychophys. 70, 1197–1206.
Recanzone G. H. (1998). Rapidly induced auditory plasticity: the ventriloquism aftereffect, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 869–875.
Renier L., De Volder A. G. (2005). Cognitive and brain mechanisms in sensory substitution of vision: a contribution to the study of human perception, J. Integr. Neurosci. 4, 489–503.
Rentschler I., Jüttner M., Osman E., Müller A., Caelli T. (2004). Development of configural 3D object recognition, Behav. Brain Res. 149, 107–111.
Rizzolatti G., Fadiga L., Gallese V., Fogassi L. (1996). Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions, Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 3, 131–141.
Roder B., Teder-Salejarvi W., Sterr A., Rosler F., Hillyard S. A., Neville H. J. (1999). Improved auditory spatial tuning in blind humans, Nature 400, 162–166.
Rose S. A. (1981). Developmental changes in infants’ retention of visual stimuli, Child Dev. 52, 227–233.
Rose S. A., Ruff H. A. (1987). Cross-modal abilities in human infants, in: Handbook of Infant Development, Osofsky J. D. (Ed.), pp. 318–362. Wiley, New York, NY, USA.
Sann C., Streri A. (2007). Perception of object shape and texture in human newborns: evidence from cross-modal transfer tasks, Dev. Sci. 10, 399–410.
Sciutti A., Burr D., Saracco A., Sandini G., Gori M. (2014). Development of context dependency in human space perception, Exp. Brain Res. 232, 3965–3976.
Shams L., Kamitani Y., Shimojo S. (2000). Illusions. What you see is what you hear, Nature 408, 788.
Shipley T. (1964). Auditory flutter-driving of visual flicker, Science 145, 1328–1330.
Slater A., Mattock A., Brown E. (1990). Size constancy at birth: newborn infants’ responses to retinal and real size, J. Exp. Child Psychol. 49, 314–322.
Smith S. E., Chatterjee A. (2008). Visuospatial attention in children, Arch. Neurol. 65, 1284–1288.
Squeri V., Sciutti A., Gori M., Masia L., Sandini G., Konczak J. (2012). Two hands, one perception: how bimanual haptic information is combined by the brain, J. Neurophysiol. 107, 544–550.
Stein B. E., Labos E., Kruger L. (1973). Sequence of changes in properties of neurons of superior colliculus of the kitten during maturation, J. Neurophysiol. 36, 667–679.
Streri A. (2003). Cross-modal recognition of shape from hand to eyes in human newborns, Somatosens. Mot. Res. 20, 13–18.
Streri A., Lhote M., Dutilleul S. (2000). Haptic perception in newborns, Dev. Sci. 3, 319–327.
Streri A., Gentaz E., Spelke E., Van de Walle G. (2004). Infants’ haptic perception of object unity in rotating displays, Q. J. Exp. Psychol. A 57, 523–538.
Streri A., Lemoine C., Devouche E. (2008). Development of inter-manual transfer of shape information in infancy, Dev. Psychobiol. 50, 70–76.
Striano T., Bushnell E. (2005). Haptic perception of material properties by 3-month-old infants, Infant Behav. Dev. 28, 266–289.
Striem-Amit E., Amedi A. (2014). Visual cortex extrastriate body-selective area activation in congenitally blind people “seeing” by using sounds, Curr. Biol. 24, 687–692.
Sunanto J., Nakata H. (1998). Indirect tactual discrimination of heights by blind and blindfolded sighted subjects, Percept. Mot. Skills 86, 383–386.
Tassinari H., Hudson T. E., Landy M. S. (2006). Combining priors and noisy visual cues in a rapid pointing task, J. Neurosci. 26, 10154–10163.
Tomassini A., Gori M., Burr D., Sandini G., Morrone M. C. (2011). Perceived duration of visual and tactile stimuli depends on perceived speed, Front. Integr. Neurosci. 5, 51.
Trehub S. E., Schneider B. A., Henderson J. L. (1995). Gap detection in infants, children, and adults, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 98, 2532–2541.
Trommershäuser J., Körding K., Landy M. S. (Eds) (2011). Sensory Cue Integration. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA.
Ungar S., Blades M., Spencer C. (1995). Mental rotation of a tactile layout by young visually impaired children, Perception 24, 891–900.
Vercillo T., Burr D., Sandini G., Gori M. (2014). Children do not recalibrate motor-sensory temporal order after exposure to delayed sensory feedback, Dev. Sci. DOI:10.1111/desc.12247.
Wallace M. T., Stein B. E. (1997). Development of multisensory neurons and multisensory integration in cat superior colliculus, J. Neurosci. 17, 2429–2444.
Wallace M. T., Stein B. E. (2001). Sensory and multisensory responses in the newborn monkey superior colliculus, J. Neurosci. 21, 8886–8894.
Wallace M. T., Stein B. E. (2007). Early experience determines how the senses will interact, J. Neurophysiol. 97, 921–926.
Warren D. H., Welch R. B., Mccarthy T. J. (1981). The role of visual-auditory “compellingness” in the ventriloquism effect: implications for transitivity among the spatial senses, Percept. Psychophys. 30, 557–564.
Weeks R., Horwitz B., Aziz-Sultan A., Tian B., Wessinger C. M., Cohen L. G., Hallett M., Rauschecker J. P. (2000). A positron emission tomographic study of auditory localization in the congenitally blind, J. Neurosci. 20, 2664–2672.
Zeigler H. P., Leibowitz H. (1957). Apparent visual size as a function of distance for children and adults, Am. J. Psychol. 70, 106–109.
Zwiers M. P., Van Opstal A. J., Paige G. D. (2003). Plasticity in human sound localization induced by compressed spatial vision, Nat. Neurosci. 6, 175–181.
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 4361 | 1170 | 82 |
Full Text Views | 638 | 103 | 1 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 626 | 184 | 1 |
During the first years of life, sensory modalities communicate with each other. This process is fundamental for the development of unisensory and multisensory skills. The absence of one sensory input impacts on the development of other modalities. Since 2008 we have studied these aspects and developed our cross-sensory calibration theory. This theory emerged from the observation that children start to integrate multisensory information (such as vision and touch) only after 8–10 years of age. Before this age the more accurate sense teaches (calibrates) the others; when one calibrating modality is missing, the other modalities result impaired. Children with visual disability have problems in understanding the haptic or auditory perception of space and children with motor disabilities have problems in understanding the visual dimension of objects. This review presents our recent studies on multisensory integration and cross-sensory calibration in children and adults with and without sensory and motor disabilities. The goal of this review is to show the importance of interaction between sensory systems during the early period of life in order to correct perceptual development to occur.
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 4361 | 1170 | 82 |
Full Text Views | 638 | 103 | 1 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 626 | 184 | 1 |