See page 146 and note 126. In 1605, Pedro Teixeira reported only fourteen Venetian merchant houses in Aleppo, but the number seems low (Pedro Teixeira, The Travels of Pedro Teixeira, trans. and annotated by William F. Sinclair, with further notes and an introduction by Donald Ferguson [London, 1902], 118).

 See Janet Starkey, “The Continuity of Social Space: Khan al-Jumruk within the Bazaars of Aleppo,” in The Bazaar in the Islamic City: Design, Culture, and History, ed. Mohammad Gharipour (Cairo, 2012), 115–47, at 133–37; Annika Rabo, “Enchanted Sites, Prosaic Interests: Traders of the Bazaar in Aleppo,” in Thinking through Tourism, ed. Julie Scott and Tom Selwyn (Oxford, 2010), 117–38.

 See Janet Starkey, “The Continuity of Social Space: Khan al-Jumruk within the Bazaars of Aleppo,” in The Bazaar in the Islamic City: Design, Culture, and History, ed. Mohammad Gharipour (Cairo, 2012), 115–47, at 133–37; Annika Rabo, “Enchanted Sites, Prosaic Interests: Traders of the Bazaar in Aleppo,” in Thinking through Tourism, ed. Julie Scott and Tom Selwyn (Oxford, 2010), 117–38. )| false
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 In Aleppo in 1602, spices and silk were traded on what the Venetian consul called the piazetta, the diminutive form of piazza; Biblioteca Correr (hereafter BC), Codice Cicogna 3154, Relazione di Aleppo, f. 24–28.

 See Starkey, “Continuity of Social Space,” 129.

 See Starkey, “Continuity of Social Space,” 129. )| false
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 Constable, Housing the Stranger, 10.

 Constable, Housing the Stranger, 10.)| false
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 See Concina, Fondaci, 238–39; Giorgia Scattolin, Le case-fondaco sul Canal Grande. Contributo allo studio dell’architettura civile veneziana dal IX al XIII secolo (Venice, 1961).

 See Concina, Fondaci, 238–39; Giorgia Scattolin, Le case-fondaco sul Canal Grande. Contributo allo studio dell’architettura civile veneziana dal IX al XIII secolo (Venice, 1961).)| false
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 Constable, Housing the Stranger, 6. Fernand Braudel’s famous book is The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2 vols. (New York, 1972).

 Constable, Housing the Stranger, 6. Fernand Braudel’s famous book is The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2 vols. (New York, 1972). )| false
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 Apellániz, “Funduqs of Damascus,” 267.

 Apellániz, “Funduqs of Damascus,” 267. )| false
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 Valérian, “Les marchands latins,” 447. Congdon writes of the Mamluk period: “The Venetian merchant had to … actively … seek out, acquire, and move goods in Syria…. To make a profit in this environment, [he] had to use his individual talents, whether those involved working with Levantines, traveling with caravan loads of goods, gathering information, buying and selling between fellow Europeans, or providing a secure base in a port city where the complicated tangle of transactions in the interior could be sorted out” (“Venetian Merchant Activity within Mamluk Syria,” 3–4).

 Valérian, “Les marchands latins,” 447. Congdon writes of the Mamluk period: “The Venetian merchant had to … actively … seek out, acquire, and move goods in Syria…. To make a profit in this environment, [he] had to use his individual talents, whether those involved working with Levantines, traveling with caravan loads of goods, gathering information, buying and selling between fellow Europeans, or providing a secure base in a port city where the complicated tangle of transactions in the interior could be sorted out” (“Venetian Merchant Activity within Mamluk Syria,” 3–4). )| false
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 Valérian, “Les marchands latins,” 440–44.

 Valérian, “Les marchands latins,” 440–44.)| false
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 Howard, Venice and the East, 121–23.

 Howard, Venice and the East, 121–23.)| false
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 Valérian, “Les marchands latins,” 441, 448.

 Valérian, “Les marchands latins,” 441, 448. )| false
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 Valérian, “Les marchands latins,” 449–51; Apellániz, “Funduqs of Damascus,” 267.

 Valérian, “Les marchands latins,” 449–51; Apellániz, “Funduqs of Damascus,” 267. )| false
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 Deborah Howard, “Venice and Islam in the Middle Ages: Some Observations on the Question of Architectural Influence,” Architectural History 34 (1991): 59–74; Howard, Venice and the East, xiv–xv; Sylvia Auld, “The Mamluks and the Venetians. Commercial Interchange: The Visual Evidence,” Palestine Exploration Quarterly 123, no. 2 (1991): 84–102. On the caryatids and reliefs of the Campo dei Mori in Venice, see Concina, Fondaci, 240–41; Howard, Venice and the East, 150–51 and figures 181–83.

 Deborah Howard, “Venice and Islam in the Middle Ages: Some Observations on the Question of Architectural Influence,” Architectural History 34 (1991): 59–74; Howard, Venice and the East, xiv–xv; Sylvia Auld, “The Mamluks and the Venetians. Commercial Interchange: The Visual Evidence,” Palestine Exploration Quarterly 123, no. 2 (1991): 84–102. On the caryatids and reliefs of the Campo dei Mori in Venice, see Concina, Fondaci, 240–41; Howard, Venice and the East, 150–51 and figures 181–83.)| false
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 Concina, Fondaci, p. 86.

 Concina, Fondaci, p. 86.)| false
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 Khadduri, War and Peace in the Law of Islam, 195.

 Khadduri, War and Peace in the Law of Islam, 195.)| false
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 Howard, “Venice and Islam,” 61.

 Howard, “Venice and Islam,” 61. )| false
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 Constable, Housing the Stranger, 125. In the fourteenth century the Venetian consul, based in Sarmin, visited Aleppo twice a year. There were Venetian “consuls” (actually vice consuls) in Latakia from the end of the fourteenth century and in Hama throughout the fifteenth century, who were responsible to the consul in Damascus (Ashtor, Levant Trade, 120–21, 397).

 Constable, Housing the Stranger, 125. In the fourteenth century the Venetian consul, based in Sarmin, visited Aleppo twice a year. There were Venetian “consuls” (actually vice consuls) in Latakia from the end of the fourteenth century and in Hama throughout the fifteenth century, who were responsible to the consul in Damascus (Ashtor, Levant Trade, 120–21, 397). )| false
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 Ashtor, Levant Trade, 397.

 Ashtor, Levant Trade, 397.)| false
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 Masters, Origins of Western Economic Dominance, 10–12; Gülru Necipoğlu, personal communication.

 Masters, Origins of Western Economic Dominance, 10–12; Gülru Necipoğlu, personal communication.)| false
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 Sauvaget, Alep, 172.

 Sauvaget, Alep, 172.)| false
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 Ashtor, Levant Trade, 372.

 Ashtor, Levant Trade, 372.)| false
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 Concina, Fondaci, 95; Faroqhi, “Venetian Presence in the Ottoman Empire,” 368, 381. Venetian privileges in Aleppo were codified during the reign of Süleyman I (1520–66) and summarized in four later documents, known as the “little ahidnames of Aleppo.”

 Concina, Fondaci, 95; Faroqhi, “Venetian Presence in the Ottoman Empire,” 368, 381. Venetian privileges in Aleppo were codified during the reign of Süleyman I (1520–66) and summarized in four later documents, known as the “little ahidnames of Aleppo.” )| false
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 Ghazzī, Nahr al-dhahab, 2:105. In the seventeenth century Evliya Çelebi (d. circa 1682) described two “bedestan-like khans” at the heart of the suq al-sultani (Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi, 9:337 [Istanbul, 1896–1938], cited and translated in Masters, Origins of Western Economic Dominance, 126). Jesuits, who lived in a house in the Khan al-ʿUlabiyya that had previously been occupied by Venetians, said that they lived in the “fondaco that belongs to the Gran Signor de Turchi, and it is one of the most beautiful in the city”; locals said that in ancient times there used to be a Christian church on the site (P. Girolamo Queirotio, “Relazione della Compagnia di Gesù nella Città di Aleppo,” February 23, 1636, in Documents inédits pour servir à l’histoire du christianisme en Orient (XVI–XIX siècle), ed. Antoine Rabbath, 2 vols. [Paris, 1905–10; vol. 2 repr. Beirut, 1921], 2:517).

 Ghazzī, Nahr al-dhahab, 2:105. In the seventeenth century Evliya Çelebi (d. circa 1682) described two “bedestan-like khans” at the heart of the suq al-sultani (Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi, 9:337 [Istanbul, 1896–1938], cited and translated in Masters, Origins of Western Economic Dominance, 126). Jesuits, who lived in a house in the Khan al-ʿUlabiyya that had previously been occupied by Venetians, said that they lived in the “fondaco that belongs to the Gran Signor de Turchi, and it is one of the most beautiful in the city”; locals said that in ancient times there used to be a Christian church on the site (P. Girolamo Queirotio, “Relazione della Compagnia di Gesù nella Città di Aleppo,” February 23, 1636, in Documents inédits pour servir à l’histoire du christianisme en Orient (XVI–XIX siècle), ed. Antoine Rabbath, 2 vols. [Paris, 1905–10; vol. 2 repr. Beirut, 1921], 2:517). )| false
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 Ghazzī, Nahr al-dhahab, 2:174; Heghnar Watenpaugh, personal communication. The ʿAdiliyya mosque was built by Sinan; the Khan al-ʿUlabiyya was also part of this waqf. On the complex see Gülru Necipoğlu, The Age of Sinan (Prince­ton, 2005), 475–78; Watenpaugh, Image of an Ottoman City, 77–83.

 Ghazzī, Nahr al-dhahab, 2:174; Heghnar Watenpaugh, personal communication. The ʿAdiliyya mosque was built by Sinan; the Khan al-ʿUlabiyya was also part of this waqf. On the complex see Gülru Necipoğlu, The Age of Sinan (Prince­ton, 2005), 475–78; Watenpaugh, Image of an Ottoman City, 77–83. )| false
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 Al-ʿUrḍī, Maʿādin al-dhahab, 110–11. More than four hundred merchants were trading in the Khan al-Harir in the early seventeenth century.

 Al-ʿUrḍī, Maʿādin al-dhahab, 110–11. More than four hundred merchants were trading in the Khan al-Harir in the early seventeenth century.)| false
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 PF SOCG vol. 59, 154v, October 1634.

 D’Arvieux, Mémoires, 6:167–69.

 D’Arvieux, Mémoires, 6:167–69. )| false
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 D’Arvieux, Mémoires, 6:70–72.

 D’Arvieux, Mémoires, 6:70–72.)| false
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 Ghazzī, Nahr al-dhahab, 2:90. The endowment deed is dated 1556, but several of the structures were completed earlier (Watenpaugh, Image of an Ottoman City, 77).

 Ghazzī, Nahr al-dhahab, 2:90. The endowment deed is dated 1556, but several of the structures were completed earlier (Watenpaugh, Image of an Ottoman City, 77). )| false
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 In 1759, Consul Girolamo Brigadi spent 1,300 piastres “per fabbricar la casa consulare” (Cinque Savi alla Mercanzia, seria 1, b. 603, April 28, 1759). According to Russell, the Venetians had no consul for some years in the mid-eighteenth century; Brigadi was appointed in 1753. The Khan al-Nahhasin served as the General Consulate for Syria and Palestine until the fall of the Republic. See Russell, Natural History of Aleppo, 2:8; and Ross Burns, Monuments of Syria: An Historical Guide (New York, 1992), 36.

 On his visit to Aleppo in 1625, Pietro della Valle and the women in his party were to be housed in the rooms of the Venetian consul. But when the consul was advised that this might offend the Turks, he sent them to the maison d’honneur (Voyages de Pietro della Valle, excerpted in Rabbath, Documents inédits, 1:386).

 Russell, Natural History of Aleppo, 1:19–20.

 Russell, Natural History of Aleppo, 1:19–20.)| false
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 David and Grandin, “L’habitat permanent des grands commerçants,” 90.

 David and Grandin, “L’habitat permanent des grands commerçants,” 90. )| false
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 Frederic C. Lane, “Family Partnerships and Joint Ventures in the Venetian Republic,” The Journal of Economic History 4, no. 2 (1944): 178–96, at 184; ASV Archivo Barbarigo Grimani, b. 48, registro 21, libro A, f. 12; libro B, f. 147.

 Frederic C. Lane, “Family Partnerships and Joint Ventures in the Venetian Republic,” The Journal of Economic History 4, no. 2 (1944): 178–96, at 184; ASV Archivo Barbarigo Grimani, b. 48, registro 21, libro A, f. 12; libro B, f. 147.)| false
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 Al-ʿUrḍī, Maʿādin al-dhahab, 112, 115.

 Al-ʿUrḍī, Maʿādin al-dhahab, 112, 115. )| false
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 Al-ʿUrḍī, Maʿādin al-dhahab, 107–17.

 Al-ʿUrḍī, Maʿādin al-dhahab, 107–17. )| false
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 Niels Steensgaard, “Consuls and Nations in the Levant from 1570 to 1650,” Scandinavian Economic History Review 15 (1967): 13–55, at 14. The historical precedence of Venice was often cited in both Venetian and Ottoman rhetoric, even after it had been superseded by France.

 Niels Steensgaard, “Consuls and Nations in the Levant from 1570 to 1650,” Scandinavian Economic History Review 15 (1967): 13–55, at 14. The historical precedence of Venice was often cited in both Venetian and Ottoman rhetoric, even after it had been superseded by France.)| false
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 Daniel Goffman, “Izmir: From Village to Colonial Port City,” in The Ottoman City between East and West: Aleppo, Izmir, and Istanbul, ed. Edhem Eldem et al. (Cambridge, 1999), 79–134, at 87–89. Trading concessions to European nations had historically been one-sided, granted and revocable at the will of the ruler. In the late seventeenth century the concept of irrevocability was introduced; earlier in the century English and French consuls had obtained guarantees of diplomatic immunity (Steensgaard, “Consuls and Nations,” 17–18 and fn. 8; İnalcık, “Imtiyāzāt”).

 Daniel Goffman, “Izmir: From Village to Colonial Port City,” in The Ottoman City between East and West: Aleppo, Izmir, and Istanbul, ed. Edhem Eldem et al. (Cambridge, 1999), 79–134, at 87–89. Trading concessions to European nations had historically been one-sided, granted and revocable at the will of the ruler. In the late seventeenth century the concept of irrevocability was introduced; earlier in the century English and French consuls had obtained guarantees of diplomatic immunity (Steensgaard, “Consuls and Nations,” 17–18 and fn. 8; İnalcık, “Imtiyāzāt”).)| false
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 Steensgaard, “Consuls and Nations,” 27.

 Steensgaard, “Consuls and Nations,” 27.)| false
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