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Advancing the Legal Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflict: Protocol I’s Threshold of Impermissible Environmental Damage and Alternatives
In: Nordic Journal of International LawThis article presents both legal and strategic arguments for increasing the level of environmental protection in wartime within the legal context created by Articles 35 and 55 of Additional Protocol I. These provisions bifurcate the legal protection of the environment in armed conflict. Above the threshold, environmental damage is prohibited. Beneath the threshold, other international humanitarian law instruments and customary principles apply and may offer environmental protection, usually by balancing environmental damage against military necessity. The objective of this article is to propose legal and strategic frameworks to be addressed to military decision-makers considering environmentally harmful actions. It argues that the principle of military necessity, including strategic considerations, can be found compatible with enhanced environmental protections.
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15)
Austin and Bruch, supra note 11, p. 2.
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17)
Henckaerts and Doswald-Beck, supra note 10, Rules 44–45.
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23)
Roberts, supra note 16, p. 47.
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25)
Austin and Bruch, supra note 11, pp. 1–2.
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27)
Protocol I, supra note 4.
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31)
Schmitt, supra note 28. See also M. Matheson, ‘Session One: The United States Position on the Relation of Customary International Law to the 1977 Protocols Additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions’, 2 American University Journal of International Law and Policy (1987) p. 419; A. Sofaer, ‘Agora: The US Decision Not to Ratify Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions on the Protection of War Victims’, 82 American Journal of International Law (1988) p. 784.
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51)
Roberts, supra note 16, pp. 50–51.
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53)
Schmitt, supra note 50.
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57)
Protocol I, supra note 4, Article 48.
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59)
Schmitt, supra note 50, p. 97.
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61)
Protocol I, supra note 4, Article 51(5)(b).
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62)
Protocol I, supra note 4, Article 57(2)(a)(iii).
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63)
Protocol I, supra note 4, Article 54(1).
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64)
Protocol I, supra note 4, Article 54(3).
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65)
Protocol I, supra note 4, Article 56.
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68)
Roberts, supra note 16, pp. 66–67.
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70)
Bothe, supra note 43, p. 578.
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71)
Schmitt, supra note 50, p. 127.
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73)
Bothe, supra note 43, p. 577.
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74)
Falk, supra note 9, pp. 143–144.
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80)
Protocol I, supra note 4, Article 54(5).
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81)
Schmitt, supra note 74, pp. 803–805.
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98)
Schmitt, supra note 39, p. 837 (referring to the approach taken in the U.S. COIN Manual. Headquarters, Department of The Army & Headquarters, Marine Corps Combat Dev. Command, Counterinsurgency, FM 3-24, MCWP 3-33.5 (2006)).
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Advancing the Legal Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflict: Protocol I’s Threshold of Impermissible Environmental Damage and Alternatives
In: Nordic Journal of International LawThis article presents both legal and strategic arguments for increasing the level of environmental protection in wartime within the legal context created by Articles 35 and 55 of Additional Protocol I. These provisions bifurcate the legal protection of the environment in armed conflict. Above the threshold, environmental damage is prohibited. Beneath the threshold, other international humanitarian law instruments and customary principles apply and may offer environmental protection, usually by balancing environmental damage against military necessity. The objective of this article is to propose legal and strategic frameworks to be addressed to military decision-makers considering environmentally harmful actions. It argues that the principle of military necessity, including strategic considerations, can be found compatible with enhanced environmental protections.
| All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 325 | 85 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 173 | 23 | 4 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 165 | 45 | 10 |