The Use of Mayan Scripture in the Americas’ First Christian Theology
In: NumenThis study examines the work of the Dominican Friar Domingo de Vico, specifically his theology of or for the “Indians,” the Theologia Indorum, written originally in K’iche’ Maya in 1553–1554. While scholarship in recent decades has focused on the first post-contact writings by autochthonous Americans, particularly the Popol Wuj, or Mayan “Council Book,” and the early impact of Hispano-Catholicism, little attention has been paid to the influence of indigenous religion on colonial Christianity. Therefore, this study critically examines the first use of Mayan myths in Christian literature for a more nuanced understanding of the mutual dynamics between missionaries and the missionized as well as the distinctions between missionary translation strategies in the early formative decades of first contact.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
-
Acuña René Carmack Robert M. & Santos Francisco Morales “El Popol Vuh, Vico y la Theologia Indorum.” Nuevas Perspectivas sobre el Popol Vuh 1983 Guatemala City Editorial Piedra Santa 1 16
-
Acuña René “La Theologia Indorum de fray Domingo de Vico.” Tlalocan: Revista de fuentes para el conocimiento de las culturas indígenas de México 1985 10 281 307
-
Acuña René “Cápitulo primero, en lengua quiché, de la Theologia Indorum de Vico.” 1989 La Antigua, Guatemala Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamerica (CIRMA) Manuscript
-
Acuña René “Cápitulo primero, en lengua quiché de la Theologia Indorum de Vico.” Memorias del Primer Congreso Internacional de Mayistas: Inauguración, homenajes, lingüística; Lingüística y texos indígenas, antropología social y etnología 1992 Mexico City Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 136 148
-
Acuña René Temas del Popol Vuh 1998 Mexico City Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
-
Acuña René “La Theologia Indorum de Vico en lengua quiché.” Estudios de Cultura Maya: Publicación Periódica del Centro de Estudios Mayas 2004 vol. 24 Mexico City Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 17 45
-
Adams Eleanor B. “A Bio-bibliography of Franciscan Authors in Colonial Central America: L–Z.” The Americas 1952 9 1 37 86
-
Akkeren Ruud W. van “Authors of the Popol Wuj.” Ancient Mesoamerica 2003 14 237 256
-
Akkeren Ruud W. van “Fray Domingo de Vico: Maestro de autores indígenas.” Revista de estudios mayas 2010 2 7 2 61
-
Amann Emile , Mangenot Eugene & Vacant Alfred Amann Emile , Mangenot Eugene & Vacant Alfred “Salamanque (théologiens de).” Dictionnaire de théologie catholique contenant l’exposé des doctrines de la théologie catholique 1939 vol. 14 Paris Librairie Letouzey et Ané 1017 1031
-
Anleo Bartholomé de Acuña René Arte de Lengua quiché 2002 Mexico City Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
-
Aveni Anthony F. The End of Time: The Maya Mystery of 2012 2009 Boulder University Press of Colorado
-
Basseta Domingo de Vocabulario quiche n.d. [1698] Manuscrit Américain 59 Bibliothèque nationale de France
-
Beristain y Souza J. M. Biblioteca Hispano Americana Septentrional 1947 [1816–1821] vol. 2 3rd ed. Mexico Amecameca
-
Berlin Heinrich “La historia de los Xpantzay.” Antropología e historia de Guatemala 1950 2 2 40 63
-
Biermann Benno “Missionsgeschichte der Verapaz in Guatemala.” Jahrbuch für Geschichte, Staat, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Lateinamerikas 1964 Cologne Böhlau Verlag Köln Graz
-
Blom Frans & de la Torre Tomás “Travelling in 1544: From Salamanca, Spain to Ciudad Real Chiapas, Mexico.” The Sewanee Review 1973 81 3 429 526
-
Bossú Z. Ennio María “Un manuscrito k’eckchi’ del siglo xvi: Transcripción paleográfica, traducción y estudio de las coplas atribuidas a Fray Luis Cáncer.” 1986 Guatemala City Universidad Francisco Marroquín Thesis
-
Bredt-Kriszat Cristina “Un texto religioso de mediados del siglo XVI en Guatemala: La ‘Theologia Indorum’ de Fray Domingo de Vico.” Aldaba: revista del Centro Asociado a la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia de Melilla 1996 28 215 233
-
Bredt-Kriszat Cristina Crickmay Lindsay & Saenz Sabine Dedanbach-Salazar “La Theologia indorum y la respuesta indígena en las crónicas de Guatemala.” La lengua de la cristianización en Latinoamérica: Catequización e instrucción en lenguas amerindias = The language of christianisation in Latin America: Catechisation and instruction in Amerindian languages 1999 Markt Schwaben, Germany A. Saurwein 183 203
-
Bredt-Kriszat Cristina & Holl Ursula Zimmermann Klaus “Descripción del Vocabulario de la lenga cakchiquel de fray Domingo de Vico.” La descripción de las lenguas amerindias en la época colonial 1997 Frankfurt am Main Vervuert 175 192
-
Brinton Daniel G. “The Names of the Gods in the Kiche Myths, Central America.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 1881 19 109 613 647
-
Brinton Daniel G. Aboriginal American Authors and Their Productions; Especially those in the Native Languages: A Chapter in the History of Literature 2011 [1883] Charleston, S.C. Nabu Press
-
Brinton Daniel G. “A Grammar of the Cakchiquel Language of Guatemala.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 1884 21 115 345 412
-
Brody M. Jill Brody M. Jill & Thomas John S. “Discourse Genres in Tojolabal.” Tojolabal Maya Ethnographic and Linguistic Approaches 1988 Baton Rouge, La. Louisiana State University Press 55 62
-
Burkhart Louise M. The Slippery Earth: Nahua-Christian Moral Dialogue in Sixteenth-Century Mexico 1989 Tucson University of Arizona Press
-
Butzer Karl W. “The Americas before and after 1492: An Introduction to Current Geographical Research.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 1992 82 3 345 368
-
Carmack Robert M. Quichean Civilization: The Ethnohistoric, Ethnographic, and Archaeological Sources 1973 Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press
-
Carmack Robert M. & Mondloch James L. “El título de Ilocab’: Texto, traducción y análisis.” Tlalocan: Revista de fuentes para el conocimiento de las culturas indígenas de México 1985 10 213 256
-
Carmack Robert M. & Mondloch James L. Uwuil kulewal aj chwi miq’ina’ = El título de Totonicapán 2007 [1554–1562] Guatemala City Cholsamaj
-
Christensen Mark Z. Nahua and Maya Catholicisms: Tests and Religion in Colonial Central Mexico and Yucatan 2013 Stanford Stanford University Press
-
Christenson Allen J. Popol Vuh: The Sacred Book of the Maya 2003 Volume II New York O Books
-
Ciudad Suárez María Milagros Los dominicos, un grupo de poder en Chiapas y Guatemala. Siglos XVI y XVII 1996 Seville Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos
-
Cortéz y Larraz Pedro “Respuesta del Padre Cura de Xocopilas.” 1771 Cuaderno 2, fols. 35v–43r. Archivo General de Indias, Seville, Spain. URL: http://afehc-historia-centroamericana.org/index.php/_fichiers/index.php?action=fi_aff&id=1739 (accessed June 2009)
-
Coto Thomás de Acuña René [Thesavrvs Verborv]: Vocabulario de la lengua cakchiquel v[el ] guatemalteca, nueumente hecno y recopilado con summo estudio, trauajo y erudición 1983 [1650] Mexico City Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
-
Dahlmann Joseph Rojas Jerónimo El estudio de la lenguas y las misiones por José Dahlmann, S.J. 1893 Madrid Librería Católica de Gregorio del Amo
-
England Nora C. Autonomía de los idiomas mayas: Historia e identidad 1994 Guatemala City Editorial Cholsamaj
-
García-Ruiz Jesús “El misionero, las lenguas mayas y la traducción: Nominalismo, tomismo y etnolingüística en Guatemala.” Archives de sciences sociales des religions 1992 77 83 110
-
Garrido Aranda Antonio Moriscos y indios: Precedentes hispánicos de la evangelización en México 1980 Mexico City Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
-
Hanks William F. Converting Words: Maya in the Age of the Cross 2010 Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press
-
Hernández de León-Portilla Ascensión Las primeras gramáticas del nuevo mundo 2009 Mexico City Fondo de Cultura Económica
-
Iulihii titulo quetacque natirta 1565 Garrett-Gates Mesoameican Manuscripts 242 Princeton University Library
-
Janssens Bert & Akkeren Ruud van Xajooj Keej: El baile del venado de Rabinal 2003 Guatemala City Cholsamaj
-
Keane Webb Christian Moderns: Freedom and Fetish in the Mission Encounter 2007 Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press
-
Knowlton Timothy “Dynamics of Indigenous Language Ideologies in the Colonial Redaction of a Yucatec Maya Cosmological Text.” Anthropological Linguistics 2009 50 1 90 112
-
Knowlton Timothy Maya Creation Myths: Words and Worlds of the Chilam Balam 2010 Boulder University Press of Colorado
-
Kugel James L. The Idea of Biblical Poetry: Parallelism and Its History 1981 New Haven Yale University Press
-
Leclerc Charles Bibliotheca americana: Catalogue raisonné d’une très précieuse collection de livres anciens et modernes sur l’Amérique et les Philippines, classés par ordre alphabétique de noms d’auteurs 1867 Paris Maisonneuve & Cie
-
López Saqijix Candelaria Theologia Indorum, Fray Domingo de Vico: Reproducción facsimilar, Transcripción paleográfica al K’iche’ actual, Traducción al español 2010 vol. 1 Guatemala City Instituto de Lingüística e Interculturalidad, Universidad Rafael Landívar
-
López Saqijix Candelaria Theologia Indorum, Fray Domingo de Vico: Reproducción facsimilar, Transcripción paleográfica al K’iche’ actual, Traducción al español 2011 vol. 2 Guatemala City Instituto de Lingüística e Interculturalidad, Universidad Rafael Landívar
-
López Saqijix Candelaria Theologia Indorum, Fray Domingo de Vico: Reproducción facsimilar, Transcripción paleográfica al K’iche’ actual, Traducción al español 2013 vol. 3 Guatemala City Instituto de Lingüística e Interculturalidad, Universidad Rafael Landívar
-
Maxwell Judith M. & Hill Robert M. II Kaqchikel Chronicles: The Definitive Edition 2006 Austin University of Texas Press
-
Megged Amos “ ‘Right from the Heart’: Indians’ Idolatry in Mendicant Preachings in Sixteenth-Century Mesoamerica.” History of Religions 1995 35 1 61 82
-
Norman William M. Carmack Robert M. & Santos Francisco Morales “Paralelismo gramatical en el lenguaje ritual Quiché.” Nuevas Perspectivas sobre el Popol Vuh 1983 Guatemala City Editorial Piedra Santa 109 121
-
Peterson Marshall N. “Commentary on the History of the Origin of the Indians, Fray Francisco Ximénez.” The Highland Maya in Fact and Legend: Francisco Ximénez, Fernando Alva de Ixtlilxóchitl, and Other Commentators on Indian Origins and Deeds: from “Escolias a las Historias del Origen de los Indios and De los Reyes Toltecas y su destrucción,” 1999 Lancaster, Calif. Labyrinthos Press 29 39
-
Phelan John Leddy The Millennial Kingdom of the Franciscans in the New World 1970 2nd ed. Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press
-
Pilling James Constantine Proof-Sheets of a Bibliography of the Languages of the North American Indians 1885 Washington, D.C. Government Printing Office
-
Piñón Santiago Jr. “Francisco Vitoria and His Search for Justice: A Theological and Rhetorical Consideration.” 2012 Chicago University of Chicago Ph.D. dissertation
-
Popol Wuj n.d. [ca. 1554–1563] Ayer Manuscript 1515 Chicago Newberry Library
-
Recinos Adrián Goetz Delia The Annals of the Cakchiqueles, Title of the Lords of Totonicapán 1953 Norman, Okla. University of Oklahoma Press
-
Remesal Antonio de de Santa María Carmelo Sáenz Historia general de las Indias occidentales y particular de la gobernación de Chiapa y Guatemala 1966 [1619] Madrid Ediciones Atlas, Biblioteca de Autores Españoles
-
Restall Matthew “Heirs to the Hieroglyphs: Indigenous Writing in Colonial Mesoamerica.” The Americas 1997 54 239 276
-
Restall Matthew & Solari Amara 2012 and the End of the World: The Western Roots of the Maya Apocalypse 2011 Lanham, Md. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
-
Sachse Frauke “Documentation of Colonial K’ichee’ Dictionaries and Grammars.” 2007 Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. URL: http://www.famsi.org/reports/06009/index.html (accessed March 2014)
-
Sachse Frauke Sáenz Sabine Dedenbach-Salazar “The Expression of Christian Concepts in Colonial K’iche’ Missionary Texts.” La transmisión de conceptos cristianos a las lenguas amerindias: Estudios sobre textos y contextos de los siglos XVI y XVII Forthcoming Fribourg Anthropos
-
Sachse Frauke “Words and Their Meaning: Lexical Semantics of Christian Discourse in Colonial K’iche’” 2012 July Vienna 15 20 Panel Presentation, 54th International Congress of Americanists
-
Sáenz de Santa Maria Carmelo “Lo Cristiano en los libros indígenas del Altiplano Guatemalteco.” Atti del XL Congresso Internazionale degli Americanisti, Roma, 3–10 Settembre 1972 1974 vol. 2 Genova Casa Editrice Tilgher 365 370
-
Sahagún Bernardino de, O.F.M. Dibble Charles E. & Anderson Arthur J. O. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, Book 6, Rhetoric and Moral Philosophy 1969 Santa Fe The School of American Research and The University of Utah
-
Saint-Lu André La Vera Paz: Esprit évangélique et colonisation, thèse, mémorial et travaux 1968 Paris Université de Sorbonne
-
Sam Colop Luis Enrique “Maya Poetics.” 1994 Buffalo State University of New York at Buffalo Ph.D. dissertation
-
Sam Colop Luis Enrique Popol Wuj: Versión poética K’iche’ 1999 [ca. 1554–1563] Guatemala City Cholsamaj
-
Sanders William T. & Murdy Carson Carmack Robert M. , Early John & Lutz Christopher “Population and Agricultural Adaption in the Humid Highlands of Guatemala.” The Historical Demography of Highland Guatemala 1982 Publication No. 6, 23–34 Albany, N.Y. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, State University of New York at Albany
-
Sapper Karl “Titulo del Barrio de Santa Ana. Agosto 14 de 1565.” [14th] Internationaler Amerikanistenkongress 1906 Stuttgart W. Kohlhammer 373 381
-
Scholes France V. “Franciscan Scholars in Colonial Central America.” The Americas 1952 8 4 391 416
-
Solano Pérez-Lila Francisco de “Los libros del misionero en Guatemala (siglo XVIII).” Missionalia Hispanica 1963 20 319 349
-
Sparks Garry “Xalqat B’e and the Theologia Indorum: Crossroads between Maya Spirituality and the Americas’ First Theology.” 2011 Chicago University of Chicago PhD dissertation
-
Stoll Otto “Titulo del Barrio de Santa Ana. Agosto 14 de 1565.” [14th] Internationaler Amerikanistenkongress 1906 Stuttgart W. Kohlhammer 383 397
-
Stuart David The Order of Days: The Maya World and the Truth about 2012 2011 New York Harmony Books
-
Tedlock Dennis The Spoken Word and the Work of Interpretation 1983 Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press
-
Tedlock Dennis Popol Vuh: The Definitive Edition of the Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings 1996 [ca. 1554–1563] Revised ed. New York Touchstone
-
Tedlock Dennis 2000 Years of Mayan Literature 2010 Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press
-
Vico Domingo de n.d. [1553] Firestone Library, Princeton University [Theologia Indorum]. Garrett-Gates Mesoamerican Manuscript 178
-
Vico Domingo de n.d. [1553] Firestone Library, Princeton University [Theologia Indorum]. Garrett-Gates Mesoamerican Manuscript 179
-
Vico Domingo de n.d. [1553–1554] Bibliothèque nationale de France Algunos sermones en lengua quiché de Rabinal [Theologia Indorum]. Manuscrit Américain 56
-
Vico Domingo de n.d. [1554] Firestone Library, Princeton University [Theologia Indorum]. Garrett-Gates Mesoamerican Manuscript 175
-
Vico Domingo de n.d. [1554] Firestone Library, Princeton University [Theologia Indorum]. Garrett-Gates Mesoamerican Manuscript 177
-
Vico Domingo de n.d. [1554] Firestone Library, Princeton University [Theologia Indorum]. Garrett-Gates Mesoamerican Manuscript 180
-
Vico Domingo de n.d. [1554] Firestone Library, Princeton University [Theologia Indorum]. Garrett-Gates Mesoamerican Manuscript 227
-
Vico Domingo de n.d. [ca. 1680] Bibliothèque nationale de France Arte de lengua 4iche ó utlatecat. Manuscrit Américain 63
-
Vico Domingo de n.d. [ca. 1700] John Carter Brown Library, Brown University Bocabulario en lengua cakchiqel y 4iche o utlatecat. Codex Ind 13
-
Vico Domingo de n.d. [ca. 1700] Bibliothèque nationale de France Vocabulario en la lengua cakchiquel. Manuscrit Américain 46
-
Vico Domingo de 1600 [1553] Bibliothèque nationale de France [Theologia Indorum] Vae nima vuh Theologia indorum rubinaam. Manuscrit Américain 4
-
Vico Domingo de 1600 [1553] Bibliothèque nationale de France [Theologia Indorum] Vae nima vuh rii Theologia indorum ubinaam. Manuscrit Américain 10
-
Vico Domingo de 1600 [1553] Firestone Library, Princeton University [Theologia Indorum]. Garrett-Gates Mesoamerican Manuscript 176
-
Vico Domingo de 1600 [1554] Bibliothèque nationale de France [Theologia Indorum] Vae rucam ruvuhil nimak biih Theologia indorum rubinaam. Manuscrit Américain 3
-
Vico Domingo de 1605 [1553] Bibliothèque nationale de France [Theologia Indorum] Vae nima vuh rii Theologia indorum ubinaam. Manuscrit Américain 5
-
Vico Domingo de 1605 [1553] American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia [Theologia Indorum] Vae nima vuh rii Theologia indorum ubinaam. American Indian Manuscript 178
-
Vico Domingo de 1671 [1553] Bibliothèque nationale de France [Theologia Indorum] Ha nima vuh vae theologia yndorum rubinaam. Manuscrit Américain 42
-
Vico Domingo de 1700 [1554] University of Pennsylvania Library [Theologia Indorum]. University of Pennsylvania Manuscript Collection 700, Item 197
-
Vico Domingo de 1700 [1554] University of Pennsylvania Manuscript Collection 700, Item 78. University of Pennsylvania Library Pláticas de la historia sagrada en lengua cacchí (con un fragmento de un tratado por Fr. Domingo de Vico) [Theologia Indorum]
-
Vico Domingo de 1700 [1554] Chicago Newberry Library [Theologia Indorum] Vae rucam ruvuhil nimac biih Theologia indorum ru binaam. Edward Ayer Manuscript 1512, Cakchiquel 33
-
Weeks John M. Mesoamerican Ethnohistory in United States Libraries: Reconstruction of the William E. Gates Collection of Historical and Linguistic Manuscripts 1990 Culver City, Calif. Labyrinthos Press
-
Weisheipl J. “Thomism.” New Catholic Encyclopedia 1967 vol. 14 New York McGraw-Hill 126 135
-
Ximénez Francisco O.P. de Santa María Carmelo Sáenz Primera parte del tesoro de las lenguas cakchiquel, quiché y zutuhil, en que las dichas lenguas se tracen a la nuestra, español 1985 [ca. 1714] Guatemala City Academia de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala
-
Yelle Robert A. Semiotics of Religion: Signs of the Sacred in History 2013 New York Bloomsbury Academic
-
Zimmermann Günther & Riese Berthold “Capitel 1 aus Domingo de Vicos ‘Theologia Indorum’ in der Sprache de Quiché-Indianer von Guatemala.” Anthropos 1980 75 3–4 612 617
-
7
See Akkeren 2010:4 and Acuña 1985:281. According to Ruud van Akkeren the earlier date is more widely mentioned but not formally documented in popular literature. However, René Acuña arrives at the later date in order to place Vico in school at a more plausible age by 1544. I agree with Akkeren and Acuña that 1519 is more likely.
-
8
See Ciudad Suárez 1996:29–31 and Blom and La Torre 1973:429–526. While often mistakenly identified as the first bishop of Chiapas, Las Casas actually succeeded Juan de Arteaga y Avendaño, who was ordained the first bishop of Ciudad Real de Chiapas on February 15, 1541 and died shortly afterwards on September 8, 1541. Las Casas was appointed bishop on December 19, 1543, ordained bishop on March 30, 1544, and served until September 11, 1550.
-
10
See Remesal 1966, 2:196–198, 292–298, 312; and Recinos 1953:140 n. 281. Also, see the letter to the Audiencia de los Confines from Dominicans of May 14, 1556, as cited in Bredt-Kriszat and Holl 1997:176.
-
11
See Sapper 1906:375, 377; and Stoll 1906:388, 390. While identified in the Princeton University Library catalogue as a Q’eqchi’ Maya manuscript, this Poqomchi’ document appears to be the same “Iulihii titulo quetacque natirta” of August 14, 1565 (Garrett-Gates Mesoamerican Manuscript 242).
-
13
See Acuña 1985:19, 1989, 1992:137; and Remesal 1966, 2:297. Remesal most likely used Viana as his source, hence the similarity. Rather than reconstructing the text based on the various surviving manuscripts, Acuña relies on Remesal but also Ximénez. See Acuña 1985:283 regarding the overall structure and contents of Vico’s theology.
-
16
Anleo 2002:47 n. 26. The K’iche’ word kohlem (or kojlem in the Unified Alphabet of the Academy of Mayan Languages of Guatemala) appears to mean “essence;” see Brinton 1884:373. However, kojlem does not appear in contemporary K’iche’.
-
22
See Brody 1988:55–62; England 1994:105–108; Norman 1983:109–121; Restall 1997:267; and Tedlock 1983:213–230. This textual structure not only appears in formal highland Mayan speech but also with weaving patterns or etz’ab’alil. In addition to merismus, or antonymic synecdoches, ten different types of parallelism have been identified within formal K’iche’ rhetoric that contribute to not only couplets, tercets, and quatrains but also sextets and longer parallel series often for larger chiastic structures; see Christenson 2003:44–51. While outside the scope of this article, the Mayan use of parallelism described here can readily be differentiated from and contrasted with modern scholarly analysis of parallelism in Jewish scripture; see Kugel 1981:1–95.
-
34
Luis Cáncer, O.P. ca. 1560. While it exceeds the scope of this article, in this respect I disagree with Ennio Bossú’s conclusion that Vico wrote this text. However, for his position, see Bossú 1986. For my comparative analysis between this text and the Theologia Indorum, see Sparks 2011:417–474.
| All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 724 | 123 | 12 |
| Full Text Views | 275 | 20 | 1 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 106 | 41 | 2 |
The Use of Mayan Scripture in the Americas’ First Christian Theology
In: NumenThis study examines the work of the Dominican Friar Domingo de Vico, specifically his theology of or for the “Indians,” the Theologia Indorum, written originally in K’iche’ Maya in 1553–1554. While scholarship in recent decades has focused on the first post-contact writings by autochthonous Americans, particularly the Popol Wuj, or Mayan “Council Book,” and the early impact of Hispano-Catholicism, little attention has been paid to the influence of indigenous religion on colonial Christianity. Therefore, this study critically examines the first use of Mayan myths in Christian literature for a more nuanced understanding of the mutual dynamics between missionaries and the missionized as well as the distinctions between missionary translation strategies in the early formative decades of first contact.
| All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 724 | 123 | 12 |
| Full Text Views | 275 | 20 | 1 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 106 | 41 | 2 |