This article takes as its starting point a repertoire of protective texts and practices articulated as ritual therapeutics in the early twentieth century by the well-known Burmese scholar-monk, the Ledi Sayadaw. Through an exploration of meditation-practice, meditation-teaching, and meditation-performance contexts in postcolonial Burma and India, I demonstrate the ways in which such texts and practices were adapted and refigured within the teaching models of two important twentieth-century Vipassanā meditation masters, Sayagyi U Ba Khin and S. N. Goenka. I argue that these protective texts and practices are constitutive aspects of the meditation modalities developed by these two teachers. I conclude with an exploration of the history of the Black American theologian and student of U Ba Khin, Leon E. Wright. In reflecting on Wright’s case, I consider the ways in which modern scholarly practices within Buddhist (modernism) studies continue to participate in the erasure of historically marginalized worlds and persons.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
AfroLez®. 2023. “Remembering Rev Dr Leon E Wright by Aishah Shahidah Simmons at Elm Community Insight, Feb 4, 2023.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmCQxLFoFqU.
Andrews, J. S. 1975. “Reaching into the Beyond: A Psychic Experience.” New Directions 2/2: Article 4. http://dh.howard.edu/newdirections/vol2/iss2/4.
Ashley-Farrand, Thomas (Namadeva). 2013a. Dr. Wright’s Cleaning Out Technique: About Dr. Wright and This Technique. Portland, OR: Saraswati Publications.
Ashley-Farrand, Thomas (Namadeva). 2013b. Dr. Wright’s Cleaning Out Technique: Forty-Five Minute Guided Session. Portland, OR: Saraswati Publications.
Ayo Yetunde, Pamela, Ruth King, Kamilah Majied, Roshi Wendy Egyoku Nakao, Aishah Shahidah Simmons, Mushim Patricia Ikeda, and Sister Peace. 2023. “We Remember: Six Remarkable Black Buddhists.” Lion’s Roar, February 2. https://www.lionsroar.com/we-remember-six-remarkable-black-buddhists/.
Ba Khin, U. n.d. (1962?). Burmese-Language Discourses from a Ten-day Vipassanā Course at the International Meditation Centre, Rangoon (Seven CDs with two tracks each). Yangon: International Meditation Centre.
Ba Khin, U. (1952) 1962. The Right Answers to Practice with a Basis of Theory [Pariyatti ʾakhrekhaṃ nhaṅ‘ ́ paṭipatti ʾaphre mhan‘]. Rangoon: Distributed by the Vipassanā Association of the Office of the Accountant General of the Union of Myanmar (Praññ‘ thoṅ‘ cu Mranmā nuiṅ‘ ṅaṃ ṅve cā raṅ‘” maṅ‘” krī” rhaṃ”: Vipassanā ’aphvai ́ phran‘ ́ ve saññ‘).
Ba Khin, U. 1969. “‘My Dear John E. Coleman …’, A letter from Sayagyi U Ba Khin to John Coleman authorizing him (and five other disciples) to teach courses of Buddhist Meditation, dated April 23, 1969.” www.momentum-vitae.it/biografiedarangoon/lettereautografe.
Ba Khin, U. (1991) 2012. The Essentials of Buddha-Dhamma in Meditative Practice. Onalaska, WA: Vipassana Research Publications.
Boucher, Sandy. 2005. Dancing in the Dharma: The Life and Teachings of Ruth Denison. Boston: Beacon Press.
Braun, Erik. 2013. The Birth of Insight: Meditation, Modern Buddhism, and the Burmese Monk Ledi Sayadaw. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Cheah, Joseph. 2011. Race and Religion in American Buddhism: White Supremacy and Immigrant Adaptation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chit Tin, U. (ed.). 1985. A Western Student’s Meditation Experience under the Guidance of Sayagyi U Ba Khin. Heddington, Wilts.: Vipassana Research Group, Sayagyi U Ba Khin Memorial Trust.
Chit Tin, U. (ed.). 1999. Truth Must Triumph: A History of the Worldwide Dhamma Mission of Sayagyi U Ba Khin. Heddington, Wilts.: The International Meditation Centres in the Tradition of Sayagyi U Ba Khin.
Coleman, John E. (1971) 2000. The Quiet Mind. Onalaska, WA: Pariyatti Press.
Covenant Christian Community. n.d. “Covenant Christian Community: About Us.” https://covenantchristiancommunity.org/about-us/.
Covenant Christian Community. 2022. “Covenant Anniversary Worship Service.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcF4PLNjkVU.
Crosby, Kate. 2020. Esoteric Theravada: The Story of the Forgotten Meditation Tradition of Southeast Asia. Boulder, CO: Shambhala Publications.
Crosby, Kate, and Pyi Phyo Kyaw. 2022. “Practices of Protection in the Pali World.” Oxford Research Encyclopedias: Religion. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.764.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 1964. Department of Labor and Health, Education, and Welfare Appropriations for 1965, Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Eighty-Eighth Congress, Second Session. Part 1 (Exclusive of Public Health Service). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Dressler, Markus, and Arvind-Pal S. Mandair. (eds.). 2011. Secularism & Religion-Making. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
The Executive Committee of the General Council of the Congregational Christian Churches. 1945. The Year Book of the Congregational Christian Churches of the United States of America: Combining Volume No. 68, The Congregational Year Book, and Volume No. 74, The Christian Annual, Statistics for 1945. New York: General Council of the Congregational Christian Churches.
Gajaweera, Nalika. 2022. “Creating a Safe Space for Mindfulness: Non-White Practitioner Experiences in North America.” Anthropology Today 38(2): 17–21.
Gleig, Ann. 2019. American Dharma: Buddhism Beyond Modernity. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Goenka, S. N. 2006. The Gem Set in Gold. Onalaska, WA: Vipassana Research Publications.
Goenka, S. N. 2016a. “Group Sitting – Setu – Chennai – Hindi-English.” www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNMt_WdvZuc.
Goenka, S. N. 2016b. “Tikapatthana – Sayagyi U Ba Khin Chanting – Vipassana Meditation.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sNkTuIVBok.
Goenka, S. N. 2016c. “Anapan Sati Sutta – Vipassana Meditation.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-oIeb3y8w60.
Goenka, S. N. 2016d. “Maha Samaya Sutta.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=der3ozzvA_4.
Goenka, S. N. 2016e. “Atanatiya Sutta – Long.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKUS0jTJfe8.
Goenka, S. N. (1969) 2020. “Goenkaji’s First Course Report to Sayagyi U Ba Khin.” Vipassana Newsletter (VRI Edition) 30(13): 1–3.
Hart, William. 1988. The Art of Living: Vipassana Meditation, As Taught by S. N. Goenka. 2nd ed. Igatpuri: Vipassana Research Institute.
Houtman, Gustaaf. 1990. “Traditions of Buddhist Practice in Burma.” PhD diss., School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
Houtman, Gustaaf. 1997. “The Biography of Modern Burmese Buddhist Meditation Master U Ba Khin: Life Before the Cradle and Past the Grave.” In Juliane Schober (ed.), Sacred Biography in the Buddhist Traditions of South and Southeast Asia, 310–344. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
Htay Hlaing, U. 1987. Anāgām Sayā Thetgyi: His Life, His Teachings, and His Good Acts [Anāgām‘ Charā Sak‘-kyī,” Sū ́ bha va| sū ́ ta rā” sū ́ kye” jū”]. Yangon [Ran‘kun‘]: ʾA myui” sa dhī” pariyatti ranh‘ puṃ ṅve.
International Meditation Centre. n.d. Home page. https://www.ubakhin-vipassana-meditation.org.
International Meditation Centre. 2019. “One Hour Group Sitting | By Pujya Sayagyi U Ba Khin.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GafH2JO_qgY.
John Simon Guggenheim Foundation. n.d. “Leon Edward Wright.” https://www.gf.org/fellows/leon-edward-wright/.
Kumar, Suresh. 2020. “Sayagyi U Ba Khin Chanting Suttas for Burmese New Years Day Consecration Ceremony.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGHVJijUDvY.
Kyaw, Pyi Phyo. 2014. “Paṭṭhāna in Burmese Buddhism.” PhD diss., King’s College London.
Ledi Sayadaw. n.d. Treatise on Meditation by Ledi Sayadaw [Kammaṭṭhān‘“ kyam‘“ krī”], Translated by U Hla Maung and edited and prepared for publication by James Patrick Stewart Ross, Esq. with the intention that it would be printed by Kusalachando Press, Bangkok (Unpublished manuscript).
Ledi Sayadaw. n.d. (1904). Kammaṭṭhān‘“ kyam‘“ krī” [The Great Treatise on Meditation Objects]. Yangon: Jvai cāpe rip‘mruṃ.
Ledi Sayadaw. 1909. Rogantaradīpanī kyam‘“ [A Manual for Warding Off Pestilence]. Tharrawaddy (Sāyāvatī): Devacakkhu Publishing House (Devacakkhu cā puṃ nhip‘ tuik‘).
Ledi Sayadaw. 1955. Rogantaradīpanī [A Manual for Warding Off Pestilence]. Rangoon (Ran‘kun‘): Haṃsavati Piṭaka Publishing House (Haṃsāvatī piṭakat‘ puṃ nhip‘ tuik‘).
Ledi Sayadaw. 1992. Lay‘tī vat‘rvat‘cañ‘ poṅ‘khyup‘ [Collection of Ledi (Sayadaw’s) Recitations].
Mayhew, Christopher. 1954. Men Seeking God: Programme 2 on Burmese Buddhism. May 3. London: British Broadcasting Corporation.
McMahan, David. L. 2008. The Making of Buddhist Modernism. New York: Oxford University Press.
McMahan, David. L. 2017. “How Meditation Works: Theorizing the Role of Cultural Context in Buddhist Contemplative Practices.” In David McMahan and Erik Braun (eds.), Meditation, Buddhism, and Science, 21–46. New York: Oxford University Press.
McMahan, David. L. 2020. “Buddhism and Global Secularisms.” In John S. Harding, Victor S. Hori, and Alexander Soucy (eds.), Buddhism in the Global Eye: Beyond East and West, 42–55. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Morrison-Reed, Mark D. 2011. Darkening the Doorways: Black Trailblazers and Missed Opportunities in Unitarian Universalism. Boston: Skinner House Books.
National Council on Religion in Higher Education. 1955. The Fellows of the National Council on Religion in Higher Education, Directory, Fall 1955. New Haven, CT: National Council on Religion in Higher Education.
Pagis, Michal. 2019. Inward: Vipassana Meditation and the Embodiment of the Self. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Pariyatti. n.d. “Mahasamaya Sutta Chanting by Sayagyi U Ba Khin (Download and Streaming Audio).” https://store.pariyatti.org/mahasamaya-sutta-chanting-by-sayagyi-u-ba-khin-download-and-streaming-audio-vipassana.
Puetter, Rebecca Tavares. 2022. “Buddhism in Burma in the 1950s–BBC Series.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKbebMkQHvM.
Pranke, Patrick. 2010. “On Saints and Wizards: Ideals of Human Perfection and Power in Contemporary Burmese Buddhism.” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 33(1–2): 453–488.
Rhys Davids, C. A. F. (ed.). (1921) 1988. Tikapaṭṭhāna of the Abhidhamma Piṭaka, Part I, Paccayavibhangavāra, Together with Buddhaghosa’s Commentary from the Pañcappakaraṇatthakathā. London: Pali Text Society.
Roane, J. T. 2023. Dark Agoras: Insurgent Black Social Life and the Politics of Place. New York: New York University Press.
Schedneck, Brooke. 2015. Thailand’s International Meditation Centers: Tourism and the Global Commodification of Religious Practices. London: Routledge.
Sharf, Robert H. 1995. “Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience.” Numen 42(3): 228–283.
Sharf, Robert H. 2015. “Is Mindfulness Buddhist? (and Why it Matters).” Transcultural Psychiatry 52(4): 470–484.
Skilling, Peter. 1992. “The Rakṣā Literature of the Śrāvakayāna.” Journal of the Pali Text Society XVI: 109–182.
Skilling, Peter. 1997. Mahāsūtras: Great Discourses of the Buddha, Volume II, Parts I & II. Oxford: The Pali Text Society.
Stuart, Daniel M. 2017. “Insight Transformed: Coming to Terms with Mindfulness in South Asian and Global Frames.” Religions of South Asia 11(2–3): 158–181.
Stuart, Daniel M. 2020. S. N. Goenka: Emissary of Insight. Boulder, CO: Shambhala Publications.
Stuart, Daniel M. Forthcoming. Insight in Perspective. Bochum: Projekt Verlag.
Turner, Alicia. 2014. Saving Buddhism: The Impermanence of Religion in Colonial Burma. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
VRI (Vipassana Research Institute). (1991) 1994. Sayagyi U Ba Khin Journal, A Collection Commemorating the Teaching of Sayagyi U Ba Khin, Published to Mark the Twentieth Anniversary of His Demise. Dhammagiri, Igatpuri: Vipassana Research Institute.
Washington Post. 1952. “10 in Area Get Guggenheim Fellowships,” April 21.
Washington Post, Times-Herald. 1963. “Minister Learns Buddhist Meditation,” February 3.
Wharton, David. 2019. “Meditation in Tai Nuea Lay Buddhist Practice.” Contemporary Buddhism 20(1–2): 292–313.
Wilson, Jeff. 2014. Mindful America: The Mutual Transformation of Buddhist Meditation and American Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, Jeff. 2017. “Mindfulness on the Move: A Translocative Analysis of Global Mindfulness Flows.” In Jørn Borup and Marianne Qvortrup Fibiger (eds.), Eastspirit: Transnational Spirituality and Religious Circulation in East and West, 61–79. Leiden: Brill.
Wright, Leon E. 1944. “The Moslem Community.” Journal of Religious Thought 1(2): 97–105.
Wright, Leon E. 1952. Alterations of the Words of Jesus, As Quoted in the Literature of the Second Century. Boston: Harvard University Press.
Wright, Leon E. 1958. “‘Dear Gurugyi …,’ A letter from Leon E. Wright to Sayagyi U Ba Khin,” July 19. www.pariyatti.org/Free-Resources/Treasures.
Wright, Leon E. 1961. “Are Demons Outmoded?” Journal of Religious Thought 18(1): 1–21.
Wright, Leon E. 1978. From Cult to Cosmos: Can Jesus Be Saved. Petaluma, CA: Crystal Press.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 583 | 339 | 27 |
Full Text Views | 39 | 25 | 5 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 130 | 61 | 8 |
This article takes as its starting point a repertoire of protective texts and practices articulated as ritual therapeutics in the early twentieth century by the well-known Burmese scholar-monk, the Ledi Sayadaw. Through an exploration of meditation-practice, meditation-teaching, and meditation-performance contexts in postcolonial Burma and India, I demonstrate the ways in which such texts and practices were adapted and refigured within the teaching models of two important twentieth-century Vipassanā meditation masters, Sayagyi U Ba Khin and S. N. Goenka. I argue that these protective texts and practices are constitutive aspects of the meditation modalities developed by these two teachers. I conclude with an exploration of the history of the Black American theologian and student of U Ba Khin, Leon E. Wright. In reflecting on Wright’s case, I consider the ways in which modern scholarly practices within Buddhist (modernism) studies continue to participate in the erasure of historically marginalized worlds and persons.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 583 | 339 | 27 |
Full Text Views | 39 | 25 | 5 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 130 | 61 | 8 |