Johannes Kepler, Ad Vitellionem paralipomena, quibus astronomiæ pars optica traditur (Frankfurt: Claude Marne and Heirs of Johann Aubry, 1604); English translation by William H. Donahue, Optics: Paralipomena to Witelo & Optical Part of Astronomy (Santa Fe: Green Lion Press, 2000), p. 109.

 Johannes Kepler, Ad Vitellionem paralipomena, quibus astronomiæ pars optica traditur (Frankfurt: Claude Marne and Heirs of Johann Aubry, 1604); English translation by William H. Donahue, Optics: Paralipomena to Witelo & Optical Part of Astronomy (Santa Fe: Green Lion Press, 2000), p. 109.)| false
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 See Galileo Galilei, Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo tolemaico, e copernicano (Firenze: Giovanni Battista Landini, 1632); English translation and notes by Stillman Drake, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican, Foreword by Albert Einstein, Introduction by John L. Heilbron (New York: The Modern Library, 2001), pp. 88-92, 216-218, 525-526; and Galileo Galilei, Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze attenenti alla mecanica et i movimenti locali (Leiden: Elsevier, 1638); English translation by Stillman Drake, Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Concerning Two New Sciences Pertaining to Mechanics and Local Motions (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1974, 19892), pp. 16-26, respectively.

 See Galileo Galilei, Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo tolemaico, e copernicano (Firenze: Giovanni Battista Landini, 1632); English translation and notes by Stillman Drake, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican, Foreword by Albert Einstein, Introduction by John L. Heilbron (New York: The Modern Library, 2001), pp. 88-92, 216-218, 525-526; and Galileo Galilei, Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze attenenti alla mecanica et i movimenti locali (Leiden: Elsevier, 1638); English translation by Stillman Drake, Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Concerning Two New Sciences Pertaining to Mechanics and Local Motions (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1974, 1989²), pp. 16-26, respectively.)| false
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 See John L. Heilbron, Galileo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 268-285.

 See John L. Heilbron, Galileo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 268-285.)| false
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 Antonio Favaro, “Avvertimento,” in Le Opere di Galileo Galilei (cit. note 15), Vol. 8, pp. 559-570: p. 565. The title and structure of Galileo’s projected book clearly refer to the well-known pseudo-Aristotelian collection Problemata, comprising some nine hundred problems accumulated over the centuries and compiled by the Peripatetic school possibly as late as the fifth or sixth century A.D, which became a model for subsequent authors. “The Aristotelian corpus not only established for some two millennia the definitions and standards for many branches in the natural sciences, but also founded a genre that respected neither the disciplinary boundaries nor the systematic presentations for which Aristotle is famous. Although rightly called pseudo-Aristotelian in their final form […] the Problems of Aristotle developed from an authentic Aristotelian core and spawned a vigorous tradition of editions and imitations.” In Ann Blair, “The Problemata as a Natural Philosophical Genre,” in Natural Particulars. Nature and the Disciplines in Renaissance Europe, edited by Anthony Grafton, Nancy Siraisi (Cambridge, MA–London: The MIT Press, 1999), pp. 171-204: p. 171. Galileo explicitly refers to pseudo-Aristotle’s Problems as well in his Discorso intorno alle cose, che stanno in su l’acqua, o che in quella si muovono (Florence: Cosimo Giunti, 16122); in Le Opere di Galileo Galilei (cit. note 15), Vol. 4, pp. 57-140: p. 78. Most interestingly, the game of tennis was referred to in at least two other works published before Galileo’s Dialogue, both in the form of a list of problems accompanied by their solutions, in which tennis (as well as other games) were approached from a geometrical point of view, and employed to explain and illustrate various physical phaenomena. See Bernardino Baldi (abbot of Guastalla and polymath, 1553-1617, author of the first biography of Copernicus in 1588), In mechanica Aristotelis problemata exercitationes (Mainz: Johann Albin, 1621): see quaestio XXXIV, p. 202; and Hendrick Van Etten (nom de plume of the Jesuit and mathematician Jean Leurechon, 1591-1670) Récréation mathématicque, composée de plusieurs problèmes plaisants et facétieux (Pont-à-Mousson: Jean Appier Hanzelet, 1626), which struck the popular fancy, passing through at least 30 editions before 1700 and a few translations: see problem n. 78, p. 85 (a reference to Galileo’s telescope appears in problem n. 65, pp. 60-61).

 Antonio Favaro, “Avvertimento,” in Le Opere di Galileo Galilei (cit. note 15), Vol. 8, pp. 559-570: p. 565. The title and structure of Galileo’s projected book clearly refer to the well-known pseudo-Aristotelian collection Problemata, comprising some nine hundred problems accumulated over the centuries and compiled by the Peripatetic school possibly as late as the fifth or sixth century A.D, which became a model for subsequent authors. “The Aristotelian corpus not only established for some two millennia the definitions and standards for many branches in the natural sciences, but also founded a genre that respected neither the disciplinary boundaries nor the systematic presentations for which Aristotle is famous. Although rightly called pseudo-Aristotelian in their final form […] the Problems of Aristotle developed from an authentic Aristotelian core and spawned a vigorous tradition of editions and imitations.” In Ann Blair, “The Problemata as a Natural Philosophical Genre,” in Natural Particulars. Nature and the Disciplines in Renaissance Europe, edited by Anthony Grafton, Nancy Siraisi (Cambridge, MA–London: The MIT Press, 1999), pp. 171-204: p. 171. Galileo explicitly refers to pseudo-Aristotle’s Problems as well in his Discorso intorno alle cose, che stanno in su l’acqua, o che in quella si muovono (Florence: Cosimo Giunti, 1612²); in Le Opere di Galileo Galilei (cit. note 15), Vol. 4, pp. 57-140: p. 78. Most interestingly, the game of tennis was referred to in at least two other works published before Galileo’s Dialogue, both in the form of a list of problems accompanied by their solutions, in which tennis (as well as other games) were approached from a geometrical point of view, and employed to explain and illustrate various physical phaenomena. See Bernardino Baldi (abbot of Guastalla and polymath, 1553-1617, author of the first biography of Copernicus in 1588), In mechanica Aristotelis problemata exercitationes (Mainz: Johann Albin, 1621): see quaestio XXXIV, p. 202; and Hendrick Van Etten (nom de plume of the Jesuit and mathematician Jean Leurechon, 1591-1670) Récréation mathématicque, composée de plusieurs problèmes plaisants et facétieux (Pont-à-Mousson: Jean Appier Hanzelet, 1626), which struck the popular fancy, passing through at least 30 editions before 1700 and a few translations: see problem n. 78, p. 85 (a reference to Galileo’s telescope appears in problem n. 65, pp. 60-61).)| false
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 Antonio Scaino, Trattato del giuoco della palla (Venice: Gabriele Giolito de’ Ferrari, 1555), edited by Giorgio Nonni (Urbino: Edizioni QuattroVenti, 2000), pp. 178-179. In chapter 67 (entitled “A few advices worth noticing, to defend from some difficult and dangerous strokes”) Scaino discusses the way in which a spinning ball may be dealt with: “[…] a stroke cutting the ball is very difficult for the opponent to respond to: in this case, he would better be quick in approaching the ball, thrusting himself forward and spreading out his arm considerably, since by way of that stroke the ball goes back towards the thrower and does not reach as far as it first seemed it would go” (p. 193).

 Antonio Scaino, Trattato del giuoco della palla (Venice: Gabriele Giolito de’ Ferrari, 1555), edited by Giorgio Nonni (Urbino: Edizioni QuattroVenti, 2000), pp. 178-179. In chapter 67 (entitled “A few advices worth noticing, to defend from some difficult and dangerous strokes”) Scaino discusses the way in which a spinning ball may be dealt with: “[…] a stroke cutting the ball is very difficult for the opponent to respond to: in this case, he would better be quick in approaching the ball, thrusting himself forward and spreading out his arm considerably, since by way of that stroke the ball goes back towards the thrower and does not reach as far as it first seemed it would go” (p. 193).)| false
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 Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens: Versuch einer Bestimmung des Spielelementes der Kultur (Amsterdam: Pantheon Akademische Verlagsanstalt, 1939); English translation by Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1944), p. 4.

 Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens: Versuch einer Bestimmung des Spielelementes der Kultur (Amsterdam: Pantheon Akademische Verlagsanstalt, 1939); English translation by Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1944), p. 4.)| false
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 Galileo Galilei, Il saggiatore, nel quale con bilancia esquisita e giusta si ponderano le cose contenute nella Libra Astronomica e Filosofica di Lotario Sarsi Sigensano (Rome: Giacomo Mascardi, 1623); partial English translation by Stillman Drake, The Assayer, in Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo, edited by Stillman Drake (New York: Anchor Books, 1957), pp. 229-280: p. 238. For a similar image, see Johannes Kepler, Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae (Linz: Johann Planck, and Frankfurt: Gottfried Tampach, 1618-1621), in Johannes Kepler gesammelte Werke, edited by Max Caspar et al. (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1937-2009), 21 vols, Vol. 7, pp. 5-530: p. 25. See also Eugenio Garin, “Le livre comme symbole à la Renaissance”, Le débat, 1982, 22: 99-117, and La cultura filosofica del Rinascimento italiano (Florence: Sansoni, 1961), pp. 457-464.

 Galileo Galilei, Il saggiatore, nel quale con bilancia esquisita e giusta si ponderano le cose contenute nella Libra Astronomica e Filosofica di Lotario Sarsi Sigensano (Rome: Giacomo Mascardi, 1623); partial English translation by Stillman Drake, The Assayer, in Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo, edited by Stillman Drake (New York: Anchor Books, 1957), pp. 229-280: p. 238. For a similar image, see Johannes Kepler, Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae (Linz: Johann Planck, and Frankfurt: Gottfried Tampach, 1618-1621), in Johannes Kepler gesammelte Werke, edited by Max Caspar et al. (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1937-2009), 21 vols, Vol. 7, pp. 5-530: p. 25. See also Eugenio Garin, “Le livre comme symbole à la Renaissance”, Le débat, 1982, 22: 99-117, and La cultura filosofica del Rinascimento italiano (Florence: Sansoni, 1961), pp. 457-464.)| false
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 Stillman Drake, “Galileo’s Language: Mathematics and Poetry in a New Science,” Yale French Studies, 1973, 49: 13-27, pp. 16-17.

 Stillman Drake, “Galileo’s Language: Mathematics and Poetry in a New Science,” Yale French Studies, 1973, 49: 13-27, pp. 16-17.)| false
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