See S. Nomanul Haq, Names, natures and things: the alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān and his Kitāb al-aḥjār (Book of stones) (Dordrecht and Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994); ibid., “Greek alchemy or Shīʿī metaphysics? A preliminary statement concerning Jābir ibn Ḥayyān’s ẓāhir and bāṭin,” Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies 4 (Autumn/Winter 2002); ibid. “Occult Sciences and Medicine,” in New Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 4, ed. by Robert Irwin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

See S. Nomanul Haq, Names, natures and things: the alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān and his Kitāb al-aḥjār (Book of stones) (Dordrecht and Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994); ibid., “Greek alchemy or Shīʿī metaphysics? A preliminary statement concerning Jābir ibn Ḥayyān’s ẓāhir and bāṭin,” Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies 4 (Autumn/Winter 2002); ibid. “Occult Sciences and Medicine,” in New Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 4, ed. by Robert Irwin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).)| false
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See M. Ullmann, Die Natur und Geheimwissenschaften im Islam (Leiden a.o.: Brill, 1972); G.C. Anawati, “Arabic alchemy,” in Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science ed. by Roshdi Rashed (London and New York: Routledge, 1996)); D.R. Hill, “The Literature of Arabic Alchemy,” in Cambridge History of Arabic Literature: Religion, Learning and Science in the ʿAbbasid Period, ed. by M.J.L. Young, J.D. Latham and R.B. Serjeant (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

See M. Ullmann, Die Natur und Geheimwissenschaften im Islam (Leiden a.o.: Brill, 1972); G.C. Anawati, “Arabic alchemy,” in Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science ed. by Roshdi Rashed (London and New York: Routledge, 1996)); D.R. Hill, “The Literature of Arabic Alchemy,” in Cambridge History of Arabic Literature: Religion, Learning and Science in the ʿAbbasid Period, ed. by M.J.L. Young, J.D. Latham and R.B. Serjeant (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).)| false
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Ibn Khaldūn, Muqaddima, p. 1227; and Introduction to History, p. 269.

Ibn Khaldūn, Muqaddima, p. 1227; and Introduction to History, p. 269.)| false
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Ibn Khaldūn, Muqaddima, p. 1198; and Introduction to History, p. 229.

Ibn Khaldūn, Muqaddima, p. 1198; and Introduction to History, p. 229.)| false
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Ibn Shākir al-Kutubī, Fawāt al-wafayāt, p. 181.

Ibn Shākir al-Kutubī, Fawāt al-wafayāt, p. 181.)| false
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See M. Ullmann, Die Natur, p. 232.

See M. Ullmann, Die Natur, p. 232.)| false
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See J.R. Guerrero, ‘Some Forgotten Fez Alchemists and the Loss of the Peñon de Vélez de la Gomera in the Sixteenth Century’ in Chymia: Science and Nature in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, ed. by M. López Pérez, D. Kahn and M. Rey Bueno (Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2010), pp. 297–8. On Fez’s importance as a centre of alchemy down to modern times, see J.R. Guerrero, “Some Forgotten Fez Alchemists,” pp. 294–5; and G. Salmon, “Notes sur l’ alchimie à Fés,” Archives marocaines 7 (1906), pp. 451–62.

See J.R. Guerrero, ‘Some Forgotten Fez Alchemists and the Loss of the Peñon de Vélez de la Gomera in the Sixteenth Century’ in Chymia: Science and Nature in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, ed. by M. López Pérez, D. Kahn and M. Rey Bueno (Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2010), pp. 297–8. On Fez’s importance as a centre of alchemy down to modern times, see J.R. Guerrero, “Some Forgotten Fez Alchemists,” pp. 294–5; and G. Salmon, “Notes sur l’ alchimie à Fés,” Archives marocaines 7 (1906), pp. 451–62.)| false
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See P. Kraus, Contribution à l’ histoire, pp. 5–9; and Jābir b. Ḥayyān (trans. and comm. Lory), Dix Traités d’ alchimie, p. 94.

See P. Kraus, Contribution à l’ histoire, pp. 5–9; and Jābir b. Ḥayyān (trans. and comm. Lory), Dix Traités d’ alchimie, p. 94.)| false
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See P. Kraus, Contribution à l’ histoire, pp. 166, 182–183; and Haq, “Occult Sciences and Medicine,” p. 656; and S. Nomanul Haq (with David Pingree), art. “Ṭabīʿa,” in EI².

See P. Kraus, Contribution à l’ histoire, pp. 166, 182–183; and Haq, “Occult Sciences and Medicine,” p. 656; and S. Nomanul Haq (with David Pingree), art. “Ṭabīʿa,” in EI².)| false
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Ibn Khaldūn, Muqaddima, pp. 1198–1208; and Introduction to History, pp. 230–245.

Ibn Khaldūn, Muqaddima, pp. 1198–1208; and Introduction to History, pp. 230–245.)| false
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