Diplomacy is no longer restricted to a single vocation nor implemented exclusively through interaction amongst official representatives. In exploring the challenges that these transformations produce, this work surveys firstly, the genealogy of diplomacy as a profession, tracing how it changed from a civic duty into a vocation requiring training and the acquisition of specific knowledge and skills. Secondly, using the lens of the sociology of professions, the development of diplomacy as a distinctive profession is examined, including its importance for the consolidation of the power of modern nation-states. Thirdly, it examines how the landscape of professional diplomacy is being diversified and enriched by a series of non-state actors, with their corresponding professionals, transforming the phenomenology of contemporary diplomacy. Rather than seeing this pluralization of diplomatic actors in negative terms as the deprofessionalization of diplomacy, we frame these trends as transprofessionalization, that is, as a productive development that reflects the expanded diplomatic space and the intensified pace of global interconnections and networks, and the new possibilities they unleash for practising diplomacy in different milieus.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Abbas J. A. ‘Managers and Diplomacy’ International Journal of Commerce & Management 2009 19 4 256 259
Abbott A. The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor 1988 Chicago University of Chicago Press
Acuto M. Global Cities, Governance and Diplomacy: The Urban Link 2013 London Routledge
Adler-Nissen R. Kauppi Niilo & Madsen Mikael Rask ‘State nobility and the invention of a new social group’ Transnational Power Elites: The New Professionals of Governance, Law and Security 2013 New York Routledge 65 80
Aeschines Greaney G. On the False Embassy 2005 Lewiston Edwin Mellen
Aldecoa F. & Keating M. Paradiplomacy in Action: The Foreign Relations of Subnational Governments 1999 Portland Frank Cass
Amann W., Khan S., Salzmann O., Steger U. & Ionescu-Somers A. ‘Managing external pressures through corporate diplomacy’ Journal of General Management 2011 33 1 33 49
Anand D. Geopolitical Exotica: Tibet in Western Imagination. 2007 Minneapolis Unversity of Minnesota Press
Auer M. ‘Colleagues or Combatants? Experts as Environmental Diplomats’ International Negotiation 1998 3 2 267 287
Badie B. Le diplomat et l’ intrus: l’entrée des societies dans l’ arène international 2008 Paris Fayard
Bagger T. ‘ “Review2014”: A project of reflection and change in German Foreign Policy’ The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 2015 10 4 421 429
Bailes A. K. ‘Reflections on thirty years in the Diplomatic Service’ Contemporary British History 2004 18 3 189 197
Balfour R., Carta C. & Raik K. The European External Action Service and National Diplomacies: From Complementarity to Convergence? 2015 Farnham Ashgate
Bátora J. ‘Does the European Union transform the institution of diplomacy?’ Journal of European Public Policy 2005 12 1 44 66
Bátora J. The ‘Mitrailleuse Effect’: The eeas as an interstitial organization and the dynamics of innovation in diplomacy Journal of Common Market Studies 2013 51 4 598 613
Batora J. & Hynek N. Fringe Players and the Diplomatic Order: The New Heteronomy 2014 Basingtoke Palgrave-Macmillan
Bazouni Y. Le métier de diplomate 2005 Paris L’Harmattan
Bazzoli M. ‘Ragion di stato e interesse degli stati. La trattatistica sull’ambasciatore dal XV al XVIII secolo’ Nuova Rivista Storica 2002 86 283 328
Behr H. A history of international political theory: ontologies of the international 2010 Basingtoke Palgrave-Macmillan
Behrens B. ‘Treatises on the ambassador written in the fifteenth and Early sixteenth centuries’ English Historical Review 1936 51 616 627
Beier J. M. ‘Introduction: Indigenous diplomacies’ Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 2007 13 3 9 11
Beier J. M. Indigenous Diplomacies 2010 Basingstoke Palgrave-Macmillan
Benson D. R. & Kjelgren R. K. ‘Tacit Diplomacy in Life Sciences: A Foundation for Science Diplomacy’ Science and Diplomacy 2014 3 1 1 9
Berger C., Humuza M. & Janssens S. Training in the EEAS: How to Live-Up to the Potentials of the Lisbon Treaty 2013 Berlin SWP Working Paper
Berridge G. R., Keens-Soper M. & Otte T. G. Diplomatic Theory from Machiavelli to Kissinger 2001 Basingstoke Palgrave
Betsill M. M. Betsill M. M. & Corell E. ‘Reflections on the analytical framework and NGO diplomacy’ NGO diplomacy: the influence of nongovernmental organizations in international environmental negotiations 2008 Cambridge, MA MIT Press 177 206
Betsill M. M. & Corell E. Betsil M. M. & Corell E. ‘Introduction to NGO diplomacy’ NGO diplomacy: the influence of nongovernmental organizations in international environmental negotiations 2008 Cambridge, MA MIT Press 1 17
Betsill M. M. & Corell E. NGO diplomacy: the influence of nongovernmental organizations in international environmental negotiations 2008 Cambridge, MA MIT Press
Bhabha H. ‘Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse’ Discipleship: A Special Issue on Psychoanalysis 1984 28 125 133
Biow D. Doctors, Ambassadors, Secretaries: Humanism and Professions in Renaissance Italy 2002 Chicago Chicago University Press
Bjola C. & Holmes M. Digital Diplomacy: theory and practice 2015 London Routledge
Black J. A history of diplomacy 2010 London Reaktion Books
Bob C. The Marketing of Rebellion: Insurgents, Media, and International Activism 2005 Cambridge Cambridge University Press
Bourdieu P. Outline of a Theory of Practice 1977 Cambridge Cambridge University Press
Bowd S. D. ‘The Republic of Ideas: Venice, Florence and the Defence of Liberty 1525–1530’ History 2000 85 404 427
Brante T. ‘Professional Fields and Truth Regimes: In Search of Alternative Approaches’ Current Sociology 2010 9 61 843 886
Bull H. The Anarchical Society 1977/2002 London Macmillan Press
Castiglione B. The Book of the Courtier 1528/1967 London Penguin
Carpenter C. ‘Vetting the Advocacy Agenda: Network Centrality and the Paradox of Weapons Norms’ International Organization 2011 65 1 69 102
Carta C. The European Union Diplomatic Service: Ideas, Preferences and Identities 2012 London Routledge
Chong A. & Troy J. ‘A Universal Sacred Mission and the Universal Secular Organization: The Holy See and the United Nations’ Politics, Religion & Ideology 2011 12 3 335 354
Clark A. M. Diplomacy of conscience: Amnesty International and changing human rights norms 2001 Princeton Princeton University Press
Constantinou C. M. On the way to diplomacy 1996 Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press
Constantinou C. M. ‘On homo-diplomacy’ Space and Culture 2006 9 4 351 364
Constantinou C. M. & Der Derian J. Sustainable Diplomacies 2010 London Palgrave-Macmillan
Constantinou C. M. ‘Between Statecraft and Humanism: Diplomacy and Its Forms of Knowledge’ International Studies Review 2013 15 2 141 162
Constantinou C. M. Dittmer J. & McConnell F. ‘Everyday diplomacy: mission, spectacle and the remaking of diplomatic culture’ Diplomatic Cultures and International Politics: Translations, Spaces and Alternatives 2016 Abingdon Routledge 23 40
Constantinou C. M., Kerr P. & Sharp P. The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy 2016 London Sage
Constantinou C. M. & Opondo S. O. ‘Engaging the ‘Ungoverned’: The Merging of Diplomacy, Defence and Development’ Cooperation and Conflict 2016 51 3 307 324
Cooper A. F. Celebrity diplomacy 2008 London Paradigm Publishers
Cooper A. F. & Hocking B. ‘Governments, Non-Governmental Organizations and the Re-Calibration of Diplomacy’ Global Society 2000 14 361 376
Cooper A. F., Hocking B. & Maley W. Global governance and diplomacy: worlds apart? 2008 Basingstoke Palgrave-Macmillan
Cooper A. F. & Pouliot V. ‘How much is global governance changing?: The G20 as international practice.’ Cooperation and Conflict 2015 50 3 334 350
Copeland D. Guerrilla diplomacy: rethinking international relations 2009 Boulder Lynne Rienner Publishers
Corell E. & Betsill M. M. Betsill M. M. & Corell E. ‘Analytical Framework: assessing the influence of NGO diplomats’ NGO diplomacy: the influence of nongovernmental organizations in international environmental negotiations 2008 Cambridge, MA MIT Press 19 42
Cornago N. ‘On the Normalization of Sub-State Diplomacy’ The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 2010 5 11 36
Cornago N. Plural Diplomacies: Normative Predicaments and Functional Imperatives 2013 Leiden Brill
Cornago N. Dittmer J. & McConnell F. ‘(Para) diplomatic cultures: old and new’ Diplomatic Cultures and International Politics: Translations, Spaces and Alternatives 2016 Abingdon Routledge 175 194
Cornago N. Constantinou C. M., Kerr P. & Sharp P. ‘Diplomatic Knowledge’ The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy 2016 London Sage 133 146
Corrie K. L. Bjola C. & Holmes M. ‘The International Criminal Court: using technology in network diplomacy’ Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice 2015 London Routledge 145 163
Craig G. A. ‘The Professional Diplomat and His Problems, 1919–1939’ World Politics 1952 4 2 145 158
Cross M. & Melissen J. Public Diplomacy in Europe: Soft Power at Work 2013 New York Palgrave Macmillan
De Callières F. Keens-Soper H. M. A. & Schweizer K. W. The Art of Diplomacy 1983 New York Holmes & Meier
De Raymond J. F. L’Esprit de la diplomatie: Du particulier à l’universel 2015 Paris Manitoba-Les Belles Lettres
Demosthenes MacDowell D. M. On the False Embassy 2000 Oxford Oxford University Press
Denéchère Y. Femmes et diplomatie: France, XXe siècle 2004 Berlin Peter Lang
Dent M. & Whitehead S. Managing Professional Identities: Knowledge, performativity and the ‘new’ professional 2002 London Routledge
Denza E. Diplomatic Law: Commentary of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 2016 4th Edition Oxford Oxford University Press
Der Derian J. On Diplomacy: A Genealogy of Western Estrangement 1987 Oxford Blackwell
Devin G. & Toernquist-Chesnier M. ‘Burst diplomacy. The diplomacies of foreign policy: actors and methods’ Brazilian Political Science Review 2010 4 2 60 77
Dezalay Y. ‘Les Courtiers de l’international: Heritiers Cosmopolites, Mercenaires de l’imperialisme et Missionnaires de l’universel’ Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 2004 151–152 5 34
Dickson F. Sub-state Governments as Diplomatic Actors: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly 2014 The Diplomacy of Monsters workshop 29–30 May 2014 Cardiff University
Dingwall R. ‘Professions and social order in a global society’ International Review of Sociology 1999 9 1 131 140
Dingwall R. & King M. D. ‘Herbert Spencer and the Professions: Occupational Ecology Reconsidered’ Sociological Theory 1995 13 1 14 24
Dittmer J. & McConnell F. Diplomatic Cultures and International Politics: Translations, Spaces and Alternatives 2016 Abingdon Routledge
Dizard W. P. Digital diplomacy: U.S. foreign policy in the information age 2001 Westport, CT Praeger
Duke S. ‘Diplomatic Training and the Challenges Facing the EEAS’ The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 2012 7 1 95 114
Dutch Advisory Committee on Modernising the Diplomatic Service Modernising Dutch Diplomacy: Progress report 2013 Amsterdam Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Duyvendak J. W., Knijn T. & Kremer M. Policy, People, and the New Professional: De-Professionalisation and Re-Professionalisation in Care and Welfare 2005 Amsterdam Amsterdam University Press
Evetts J. ‘Professionalism: Value and Ideology’ Current Sociology 2013 61 5 5 6
Faulconbridge J. R. & Muzio D. ‘Professions in a Globalizing World: Towards a transnational sociology of the professions’ International Sociology 2012 27 1 136 152
fco Future FCO Report 2016 London FCO
Finnemore M. & Sikkink K. ‘International norm dynamics and political change’ International Organization 1998 52 887 917
Fletcher T. Naked Diplomacy: Power and Statecraft on the Digital Age 2016 London William Collins
Foley G., Schaap A. & Howell E. The Aboriginal Tent Embassy: Sovereignty, Black Power, Land Rights and the State 2013 Abingdon Routledge
Fourcade M. ‘The construction of a global profession: The transnationalization of economics’ American Journal of Sociology 2006 112 1 145 194
Frey L. & Frey M. The History of Diplomatic Immunity 1999 Ohio State University Press
Freeman C. W. ‘Diplomacy as a Profession’ Remarks to the American Foreign Service Association 1995 available http://chasfreeman.net/diplomacy-as-a-profession
Gabrielyan V., Stroobants P. & Berg E. ‘How do you tailor diplomatic training? Sizing up peer institutions and their training practices for the Diplomatic School of Armenia’ Global Affairs 2016 2 2 223 231
Gerbaudo P. & Pianta M. Kaldor M., Moore H. L. & Selchow S. ‘Twenty years of global civil society events: The rise and fall of Parallel Summits, the novelty of global days of action’ Global Society 2012: Ten Years of Critical Reflections 2012 Basingtoke Palgrave 190 193
Gheciu A. NATO in the ‘New Europe’ 2005 Berkeley Stanford University Press
Gill S. ‘Towards a Radical Concept of Praxis: Imperial “common sense” versus the Post-modern Prince’ Millennium 2012 40 3 505 524
Gregory B. ‘Mapping boundaries in diplomacy’s public dimension’ The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 2016 11 1 1 25
Guedes A. M. Raising Diplomats: Political, genealogical and administrative constraints on patterns of training for diplomacy 2008 Vienna Diplomatic Academy of Vienna
Haas P. ‘Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination: Introduction’ International Organization 1992 46 1 1 35
Hackspiel-Mikosch E. Steele Valerie ‘Uniforms, diplomatic’ Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion 2005 vol. 3 New York Thomson Gale 362 364
Hamilton K. & Langhorne R. The Practice of Diplomacy: its evolution, theory and administration 1995 London Routledge
Harr J. E. The Professional Diplomat 1969 Princeton Princeton University Press
Harrington B. ‘Going global: professionals and the micro-foundations of institutional change’ Journal of Professions and Organization 2015 2 103 121
Hedges H. ‘Blurring the boundaries: Connecting research, practice and professional learning’ Cambridge Journal of Education 2010 40 3 299 314
Heine J. Cooper A. F., Hocking B. & Maley W. ‘On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy’ Global Governance and Diplomacy: Worlds Apart? 2008 Houndmills Palgrave-Macmillan 271 287
Henrikson A. K. Jennings C. & Hopkinson N. ‘Diplomacy: Profession in Peril?’ Current Issues in International Diplomacy and Foreign Policy 1999 vol. 1 London The Stationary Office 3 47
Hocking B. ‘Patrolling the ‘Frontier: Globalization, Localization and the ‘Actorness’ of Non-Central Governments’ Regional and Federal Studies 1999 9 1 17 39
Hocking B. ‘Privatizing Diplomacy?’ International Studies Perspectives 2004 5 2 147 152
Hocking B., Melissen J., Riordan S. & Sharp Paul Futures for Diplomacy: Integrative Diplomacy for the 21st Century 2012 The Hague Clingendael
Hormats R. D. ‘Science diplomacy and twenty-first century statecraft’ Science & Diplomacy 2012 1
Hulme R., Cracknell D. & Owens A. ‘Learning in third spaces: developing transprofessional understanding through practitioner enquiry’ Educational Action Research 2009 17 4 537 550
Iveson K. Foley G., Schaap A. & Howell E. ‘The spatial politics of the Aboriginal Tent Embassy, Canberra’ The Aboriginal Tent Embassy: Sovereignty, Black Power, Land Rights and the State 2013 Abingdon Routledge 251 266
Jazbec M. ‘The sociology of Diplomacy: A general outline with some aspects and dilemmas’ Perspectives 2013 21 1 87 108
Jayasuriya K. ‘The new regulatory state and relational capacity’ Policy & Politics 2004 32 4 487 501
Jayasuriya K. Robertson J. & East M. ‘Breaking the Westphalian frame: regulatory State, fragmentation and diplomacy’ Diplomacy and Developing Nations: post-Cold-War foreign policy-making structures and processes 2005 London Routledge 39 54
Juncos A. E. & Pomorska K. ‘Manufacturing Esprit de Corps: The Case of the European External Action Service’ Journal of Common Market Studies 2014 52 2 302 319
Kauppi N. & Madsen M. R. ‘Fields of Global Governance: How Transnational Power Elites Can Make Global Governance Intelligible’ International Political Sociology 2014 8 3 324 330
Keating M. Aldecoa F. & Keating M. ‘Regions and International Affairs: Motives, Opportunities and Strategies’ Paradiplomacy in Action: The Foreign Relations of Subnational Governments 1999 Portland Frank Cass 1 16
Keck M. E. & Sikkink K. Activists beyond borders 1998 Ithaca Cornell University Press
Keens-Soper Keens-Soper H. M. A. & Schweizer K. W. ‘The French Political Academy, 1712: A School of Ambassadors’ The Art of Diplomacy 1983 New York Holmes & Meier 189 218 artilve originally published in European Studies Review, reprinted in De Callières, F. (1983)
Kennan G. ‘Diplomacy without Diplomats’ Foreign Affairs 1997 vol. 76 198 212
Kennan G. ‘Diplomacy as a Profession’ Foreign Service Journal 2015 July–August
Kerr P. & Wiseman G. Diplomacy in a Globalizing World: Theories and Practices 2013 Oxford Oxford University Press
Kessler M. Ch. Les Ambassadeurs 2012 Paris Presses de Sciences Po
Kingston de Leusse M. Diplomate: une sociologie des ambassadeurs 1988 Paris L’Harmattan
Kissinger H. Diplomacy 1994 New York Simon & Schuster
Kleistra Y. & Van Willigen N. ‘Evaluating Diplomacy: A mission Impossible?’ Evaluation 2010 16 2 119 135
Kopp H. W. & Gillespie C. A. Career Diplomacy: Life and Work in the US Foreign Service 2011 Washington DC Georgetown University Press
Kurbalija J. & Slavik H. Language and Diplomacy 2001 Valetta Diplo Foundation
Kuus M. Geopolitics and Expertise: Knowledge and Authority in European Diplomacy 2014 London Wiley
Kuus M. ‘Diplomacy and audit: Technologies of knowledge in Europe’ Geoforum 2016 68 39 47
Kuznetsov A. Theory and Practice of Paradiplomacy 2014 New York Routledge
Lacey A. & Ilcan S. ‘Voluntary Labor, Responsible Citizenship and International NGOs’ International Journal of Comparative Sociology 2006 47 1 34 53
Lagon M. & Grewoski S. ‘Power to the People: Taking Diplomacy to the Streets’ The National Interest 2015 February 26th 35
Lancaster C. Foreign aid: Diplomacy, development, domestic politics 2008 Chicago University of Chicago Press
Langhorne R. Current developments in diplomacy: Who are the diplomats now? Diplomacy & Statecraft 1997 8 2 1 15
Larson M. S. The Rise of Professionalism: a Sociological Analysis 1977 Berkeley University of California Press
Leira H. Constantinou C. M., Kerr P. & Sharp P. ‘A Conceptual History of Diplomacy’ The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy 2016 London Sage 28 38
Lemoine J. The International Civil Servant: An Endangered Species 1995 Leiden Martinus-Nijhoff
Lequesne Ch. & Heilbronn J. ‘Senior Diplomats in the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, When an Entrance Exam Still Determines the Career’ The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 2012 7 3 269 285
London M. Principled leadership and Business Diplomacy: values-based strategies for management development 1999 London Quorum-Greenwood
Loriol M. ‘La carrière des diplomates français: entre parcours individuel et structuration collective’ Sociologies 2009 on line: http://sociologies.revues.org/2936
Loriol M., Piotet F., Boussard V. & Porteret V. Recherche en sociologie du travail sur les métiers diplomatiques 2007 Paris Laboratoire Georges-Friedmann (CNRS / Paris I
maedi Une diplomatie globale por le XXIè siecle 2015 Paris MAEDI
Mamadouh V. & van der Wusten H. Dittmer J. & McConnell F. ‘The paradiplomacy of cities and regions: transnational relations between sub-state political entities’ Diplomatic Cultures and International Politics: Translations, Spaces and Alternatives 2016 Abingdon Routledge 135 153
Marques Guedes A. Raising Diplomats. Political, genealogical and administrative constraints in training for diplomacy 2008 Vienna Favorita Series-Diplomatiche Akademie
Mastenbroek W. ‘Negotiating as emotion management’ Theory, culture & society 1999 16 4 49 73
Mattingly G. Renaissance Diplomacy 1988 New York Dover Publications
McConnell F. Rehearsing the State: The Political Practices of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile 2016 Oxford Wiley Blackwell
McConnell F. ‘Liminal geopolitics: the subjectivity and spatiality of diplomacy at the margins’ Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers forthcoming doi: 10.1111/tran.12156
McConnell F., Moreau T. & Dittmer J. ‘Mimicking state diplomacy: The legitimizing strategies of unofficial diplomacies’ Geoforum 2012 43 4 804 814
Megahed N., Van der Heijden B., Shaker M. & Wahba K. ‘A Framework for Developing a Multiple-Jobs Competency Model for Diplomats’ International Journal of Business and Social Science 2012 3 24
Megoran N. ‘Towards a geography of peace: pacific geopolitics and evangelical Christian Crusade apologies’ Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 2010 35 3 382 398
Melissen J. & Sohn Y. Understanding Public Diplomacy in East Asia: Middle Power Democracies and Emerging Powers in a Turbulent Region 2015 New York Palgrave-Macmillan
Melissen J. The new public diplomacy: soft power in international relations 2005 Basingstoke Palgrave-Macmillan
Mösslang M. & Riotte T. The diplomats’ world: a cultural history of diplomacy, 1815–1914 2008 Oxford Oxford University Press
Muldoon J. P. ‘The Diplomacy of Business’ Diplomacy and Statecraft 2005 16 3 341 359
Muldoon P. & Schaap A. ‘Aboriginal Sovereignty and the Politics of Reconciliation: The Constituent Power of the Aboriginal Embassy in Australia’ Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2012 30 3 534 550
Murdoch Z. & Geys B. ‘Institutional Dynamics in International Organizations: Lessons from the Recruitment Procedures of the European External Action Service’ Organization Studies 2014 35 12 1793 1811
Murray C. Murder in Samarkand: a British ambassador’s controversial defiance of tyranny in the war on terror 2006 London Mainstream Publishing
Neumann I. B. ‘To Be a Diplomat’ International Studies Perspectives 2005 6 72 93
Neumann I. B. At Home with Diplomats: Inside a European Foreign Ministry 2012 Ithaca Cornell University Press
Neumann I. B. Cooper A. F., Hocking B. & Maley W. ‘Globalization and Diplomacy’ Global Governance and Diplomacy: Worlds Apart? Houndmills Palgrave-Macmillan
Nicolson H. Curzon, The Last Phase, 1919–1925: A Study in Post-War Diplomacy 1939 New York Harcourt Brace and Co.
Nicolson H. The evolution of diplomatic method 1954 London Constable
Niedner-Kalthoff U. Ständige Vertretung: Eine Ethnographie diplomatischer Lebenswelten 2005 Berlin Transcript Verlag
Niedner-Kalthoff U. Kreutzer F. & Roth S. ‘Rotation und Objektivität. Diplomaten als transnationale Migranten’ Transnationale Karrieren 2006 Berlin Springer 83 99
Nietzsche F. On the genealogy of morals and ecce homo 2010 New York Vintage
Nowony T. Diplomacy and global governance: the diplomatic service in an age of worldwide interdependence 2011 New York Transaction Publishers
Numelin R. J. The beginnings of diplomacy: a sociological study of intertribal and international relations 1950 Oxford Oxford University Press
Nybø G. ‘Personnel Development for Dissolving Jobs: Towards a Competency-Based Approach’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management 2004 15 3 549 564
Oglesby D. M. Constantinou C. M., Kerr P. & Sharp P. ‘Diplomatic Language’ The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy 2016 London Sage 242 254
Opondo S. O. Constantinou C. M., Kerr P. & Sharp P. ‘Diplomacy and the Colonial Encounter’ The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy 2016 London Sage 39 53
Ordeix-Rigo E. & Duarte J. ‘From Public Diplomacy to Corporate Diplomacy: Increasing Corporation’s Legitimacy and Influence’ American Behavioral Scientist 2009 53 549 564
Otto K. Everyday Ambassador: Make a Difference by Connecting in a Disconnected World 2015 New York Atria
Pecquet A. Discours sur L’Art de Negocier Diplomatic Classics 1737/2004 Houndmills Palgrave-Macmillan 159 173 extracts of which are published in G. R. Berridge (ed.), 2004
Poulliot V. & Cornut J. ‘Practice theory and the study of diplomacy: A research agenda’ Cooperation and Conflict 2015 50 3 297 315
Queller Donald E. The Office of Ambassador in the Middle Ages 1967 Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press
Richelieu A. J. D. P. The Political Testament of Cardinal Richelieu 1961 Madison University of Wisconsin Press
Princen T. Environmental NGOs in world politics: Linking the local and the global 1994 London Routledge
Rodham Clinton H. qddr The First Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review: Leading Through Civilian Power. 2010 Washington DC US Department of State
Rana K. S. The Contemporary Embassy: Paths to Diplomatic Excellence 2013 Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan
Riordan S. The new diplomacy 2002 Cambridge Polity
Roberts I. The Development of Modern Diplomacy 2010 London Chatham House
Ross C. Independent diplomat: dispatches from an unaccountable elite 2007 Ithaca Cornell University Press
Rossow R. ‘The professionalization of the new diplomacy’ World Politics 1962 14 4 561 575
Saner R. & Yiu L. Kraus W. & Trappe P. ‘The need for business diplomats, entrepreneurial politicians and cultural ambassadors’ Social Strategies 2000 Berne Peter Lang 411 428
Saner R., Yiu L. & Sondegaard M. ‘Business diplomacy management: a core competency for global companies’ Academy of Management Executive 2000 14 1 80 92
Satow S. E. Gore-Booth Lord Satow’s Guide to Diplomatic Practice ([1917] 1979) London Longman
Schäferhoff M., Campe S. & Kaan C. Transnational Public‐Private Partnerships in International Relations: Making Sense of Concepts, Research Frameworks, and Results International Studies Review 2009 11 3 451 474
Schweizer K. ‘François de Callières and the Marquis de Torcy’s “Political Academy”: New Evidence’ Canadian Journal of History 2011 46 3 619 625
Seabrooke L. ‘Epistemic arbitrage: Transnational professional knowledge in action’ Journal of Professions and Organization 2014 1 1 49 64
Seabrooke L. Sending O. J., Pouliot V. & Neumann I. B. ‘Diplomacy as economic consultancy’ Diplomacy and the Making of World Politics 2015 Cambridge Cambridge University Press 195 219
Sending O. J., Pouliot V. & Neumann I. B. ‘The future of diplomacy: Changing practices, evolving relationships’ International Journal 2011 66 3 527 542
Sending O. J., Pouliot V. & Neumann I. B. Diplomacy and the Making of World Politics 2015 Cambridge Cambridge University Press
Sennett R. Together: The Rituals, Pleasures and Politics of Cooperation 2012 New Haven Yale University Press
Shadian J. Dittmer J. & McConnell F. ‘Not seeing like a state: Inuit diplomacies meet state sovereignty’ Diplomatic Cultures and International Politics: Translations, Spaces and Alternatives 2016 Abingdon Routledge 153 174
Sharp P. Diplomatic Theory of International Relations 2009 Cambridge Cambridge University Press
Sharp P. Diplomatic Theory of International Relations 2012 Cambridge Cambridge University Press
Sharp P. & Wiseman G. The Diplomatic Corps as an Institution of International Society 2007 Basingstoke Palgrave
Sharp P. ‘Who needs diplomats? The Problem of Diplomatic Representation’ International Journal 1997 52 4 609 634
Sluga G. & James C. Women, Diplomacy and International Politics Since 1500 2015 New York Routledge
Sofer S. Courtiers of Civilization, The: A Study of Diplomacy 2013 New York SUNY Press
Sofer S. Sharp P. & Wiseman G. ‘The Diplomatic Corps as a Symbol of Diplomatic Culture’ The Diplomatic Corps as an Institution of International Society 2007 Houndmills Palgrave-Macmillan 31 38
Steger U. Corporate Diplomacy: The Strategy for a Volatile, Fragmented Business Environment 2003 Sussex John Wiley & Sons
Tornquist-Chesnier M. ‘How the International Criminal Court came to life: The role of Non-Governmental Organisations’ Global Society 2007 21 3 44 65
Torstendahl R. & Burrage M. The Formation of Professions: Knowledge, State and Strategy 1990 London Sage
Towns A. & Niklasson B. Gender, International Status, and Ambassador Appointments Foreign Policy Analysis 2016 pre-print
Trice R., Hasegawa M. & Kearns M. Corporate Diplomacy: Principled Leadership for the Global Community 1995 Washington DC Center for Strategic and International Studies
Turner V. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-structure 1969 Chicago Aldine
Van Leeuwen D. Modernising Dutch diplomacy 2013 [Available from http://www.government.nl/documents-and-publications/reports/2014/05/22/final-report-modernising-diplomatic-service-by-docters-van-leeuwen.html
Villar C. Le discours diplomatique 2011 Paris L’ Harmattan
Watson A. Diplomacy: the dialogue between states 1984 London Methuen
Weber M. From Max Weber: essays in sociology 1991 London Routledge
White H. C. Identity & Control: How Social Formations Emerge 2008 Princeton Princeton University Press
Wigell M. “The Aland Example as Norm Entrepreneurship” International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 2013 20 67 84
Wicquefort A. ‘The Embassador and his Functions’ Diplomatic classics: selected texts from Commynes to Vattel 1681/2004 Palgrave-Macmillan 122 137 extracts published in Berridge, G.
Wilson A. & McConnell F. ‘Constructing legitimacy without legality in long term exile: Comparing Western Sahara and Tibet’ Geoforum 2015 66 203 214
Wiseman G. ‘Pax Americana: Bumping into Diplomatic Culture’ International Studies Perspectives 2005 6 4 409 430
Wiseman G. Bringing Diplomacy Back In: Time for Theory to Catch Up with Practice International Studies Review 2011 13 710 713
Wiseman G. Isolate or Engage: Adversarial States, US Foreign Policy, and Public Diplomacy 2015 Stanford Stanford University Press
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 2780 | 666 | 33 |
Full Text Views | 464 | 25 | 0 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 440 | 52 | 0 |
Diplomacy is no longer restricted to a single vocation nor implemented exclusively through interaction amongst official representatives. In exploring the challenges that these transformations produce, this work surveys firstly, the genealogy of diplomacy as a profession, tracing how it changed from a civic duty into a vocation requiring training and the acquisition of specific knowledge and skills. Secondly, using the lens of the sociology of professions, the development of diplomacy as a distinctive profession is examined, including its importance for the consolidation of the power of modern nation-states. Thirdly, it examines how the landscape of professional diplomacy is being diversified and enriched by a series of non-state actors, with their corresponding professionals, transforming the phenomenology of contemporary diplomacy. Rather than seeing this pluralization of diplomatic actors in negative terms as the deprofessionalization of diplomacy, we frame these trends as transprofessionalization, that is, as a productive development that reflects the expanded diplomatic space and the intensified pace of global interconnections and networks, and the new possibilities they unleash for practising diplomacy in different milieus.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 2780 | 666 | 33 |
Full Text Views | 464 | 25 | 0 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 440 | 52 | 0 |