This study analyzes counter-smuggling and counter-trafficking operations carried out in the Mediterranean, mainly focusing on the EU operations Sophia and Themis. The purpose is to assess a number of issues linked with naval operations from a human rights perspective. These issues include the applicable law, the exercise of criminal jurisdiction over smugglers and traffickers, national strategies of coastal States as regards migration control policy and, finally, international responsibility for human rights violations perpetrated in connection with these operations. Although the study is primarily aimed at both Ph.D students and legal scholars specialized in the field, it also seeks to provide insights that may be of guidance to NGOs, legal practitioners and legislators within the EU and its Member States.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Allain, Jean, “The Jus Cogens Nature of Non-Refoulement,” International Journal of Refugee Law 13 (2001): 533–558.
Amalfitano, Chiara, Conflitti di giurisdizione e riconoscimento delle decisioni penali nell’Unione europea (Milan: Giuffrè, 2006).
Annoni, Alessandra, “L’esercizio dell’azione penale nei confronti dei trafficanti di migranti: le responsabilità dell’Italia … e quelle degli altri,” SIDI Blog, May 6, 2015.
Annoni, Alessandra, “International Action against Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea off the Coast of Somalia,” Italian Yearbook of International Law 23 (2013): 175–198.
Annoni, Alessandra, “Il ruolo delle operazioni Triton e Sophia nella repressione della tratta di esseri umani e del traffico di migranti nel Mediterraneo centrale,” Il diritto dell’Unione Europea 4 (2017): 829–859.
Annoni, Alessandra, “Traffico di migranti via mare: l’ambito di applicazione della legge penale italiana,” Rivista di diritto della navigazione 44 (2015): 420–432.
Anrò, Ilaria, L’adesione dell’Unione Europea alla CEDU. L’evoluzione dei sistemi di tutela dei diritti fondamentali in Europa (Milan: Giuffrè, 2015).
Aust, Helmut Philipp, Complicity and the Law of State Responsibility (Cambridge: CUP, 2011).
Baillet, Cecilia, “The Tampa Case and Its Impact on Burden Sharing at Sea,” Human Rights Quarterly 25 (2003): 741–774.
Baratta, Roberto, “Le principali novità del Trattato di Lisbona,” Diritto dell’Unione Europea 13 (2008): 21–70.
Barnes, Richard, “The International Law of the Sea and Migration Control,” in Extraterritorial Immigration Control: Legal Challenges, eds. Bernard Ryan and Valsamis Mitsilegas (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2010), 103–149.
Barnes, Richard, “Refugee Law at Sea,” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 53 (2004): 47–77.
Bartolini, Giulio, “Attribution of Conduct and Liability Issues Arising from International Disaster Relief Missions,” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 48 (2015), 1029–1058.
Baumgärtel, Moritz, “High Risk, High Reward: Taking the Question of Italy’s Involvement in Libyan ‘Pullback’ Policies to the European Court of Human Rights,” EJIL: Talk!, May 14, 2018.
Bevilacqua, Giorgia, “Exploring the Ambiguity of Operation Sophia between Military and Search and Rescue Activities,” in The Future of the Law of the Sea. Bridging Gaps between National, Individual and Common Interests, ed. Gemma Andreone (Heidelberg: Springer, 2017), 165–179.
Bevilacqua, Giorgia, Criminalità e sicurezza in alto mare (Naples: Scientifica, 2017).
Bo, Marta, “Repressing Migrant Smuggling by the UN Security Council and EU Naval Military Operation Sophia: Some Reflections on Jurisdiction and Human Rights,” EJIL: Talk!, November 3, 2017.
Bruin, Rene and Wouters, Kees, “Terrorism and the Non-Derogability of Non-Refoulement,” International Journal of Refugee Law 15 (2003): 5–29.
Butler, Graham and Ratcovich, Martin, “Operation Sophia in Uncharted Waters: European and International Law Challenges for the EU Naval Mission in the Mediterranean Sea,” Nordic Journal of International Law 85 (2016): 235–259.
Caligiuri, Andrea, “La coopération régionale à l’épreuve de la répression pénale de la piraterie maritime,” in Stratégie logistique et de transport au service du développement en Afrique, eds. Achaa Abdillahi Ahmed, Ibrahim Chitou and Bernadette Smeesters (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2015), 109–133.
Caligiuri, Andrea, L’obbligo aut dedere aut judicare nel diritto internazionale (Milan: Giuffrè, 2012).
Cameron, Iain, The Protective Principle of International Criminal Jurisdiction (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1994).
Casolari, Federico, “The EU’s Hotspot Approach to Managing the Migration Crisis: A Blind Spot for Internationally Responsibility?,” Italian Yearbook of International Law 25 (2015): 109–134.
Cassoni, Giuseppe, L’Organizzazione del Trattato dell’Atlantico del Nord (Milan: Giuffrè, 1967).
Cataldi, Giuseppe, “Giurisdizione e intervento in alto mare su navi impegnate nel traffico di migranti,” Giurisprudenza Italiana (2015): 1498–1502.
Churcill, Robin Rolf and Lowe, Alan Vaughan, The Law of the Sea (3rd edn. Manchester: Juris, 1999).
Cocco, Giovanni, “Dal pirata hostis humani generis alla pirateria contemporanea. Verso un diritto penale universale?,” Rivista italiana di diritto e procedura penale 2 (2012): 409–463.
Condorelli, Luigi, “Le statut des forces de l’ONU et le droit international humanitaire,” Rivista di diritto internazionale 78 (1995): 881–906.
Coppens, Jasmine, “Interception of Migrant Boats at Sea,” in ‘Boat Refugees’ and Migrants at Sea: A Comprehensive Approach. Integrating Maritime Security with Human Rights, eds. Violeta Moreno-Lax and Efthymios Papastavridis (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2017), 199–220.
Cottone, Marco, “Alcune notazioni in materia di reati connessi all’immigrazione clandestina via mare,” in L’immigrazione irregolare via mare nella giurisprudenza italiana e nell’esperienza europea, eds. Amedeo Antonucci, Irini Papanicolopulu and Tullio Scovazzi (Turin: Giappichelli, 2016).
Craig, Paul and de Búrca, Gráinne, EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (5th edn. Oxford: OUP, 2011).
Crawford, James, The International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility: Introduction, Text, and Commentaries (Cambridge: CUP, 2002).
Cusumano, Eugenio, “Emptying the Sea with a Spoon? Non-Governmental Providers of Migrants Search and Rescue in the Mediterranean,” Marine Policy 75 (2017): 91–98.
Cusumano, Eugenio, “Straightjacketing Migrant Rescuers? The Code of Conduct on Maritime NGOs,” Mediterranean Politics 24 (2017): 106–114.
Davies, Martin, “Obligations and Implications for Ships Encountering Persons in Need of Assistance at Sea,” Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal 12 (2003): 109–141.
Dean, Fabio, Norma penale e territorio. Gli elementi di territorialità in relazione alla struttura del reato (Milan: Giuffrè, 1963).
De Bruycker, Philippe, “The European Border and Coast Guard: A New Model Built on an Old Logic,” European Papers 1 (2016): 559–569.
De Guttry, Andrea, Lo status della nave da Guerra in tempo di pace (Milan: Giuffrè, 1994).
De Sena, Pasquale and De Vittor, Francesca, “La ‘minaccia’ italiana di ‘bloccare’ gli sbarchi di migranti e il diritto internazionale,” SIDI Blog, July 1, 2017.
De Sena, Pasquale, La nozione di giurisdizione statale nei trattati sui diritti dell’uomo (Turin: Giappichelli, 2002).
De Vittor, Francesca, “Responsabilità degli Stati e dell’Unione europea nella conclusione e nell’esecuzione di accordi per il controllo extraterritoriale della migrazione,” Diritti umani e diritto internazionale 12 (2018), 5–27.
De Vittor, Francesca, “Soccorso in mare e favoreggiamento dell’immigrazione irregolare: sequestro e dissequestro della nave Open Arms,” Diritti umani e diritto internazionale 12 (2018), 443–453.
De Vittor, Francesca, “Soccorso in mare e rimpatri in Libia: tra diritto del mare e tutela internazionale dei diritti dell’uomo,” Rivista di diritto internazionale 92 (2009): 800–807.
Di Filippo, Marcello, “Irregular Migration and Safeguard of Life at Sea,” in International Law of the Sea: Current Trends and Controversial Issues, ed. Angela Del Vecchio (The Hague: Eleven Internat, 2014), 9–27.
Dorigo, Stefano, “Imputazione e responsabilità internazionale per l’attività delle forze di peace-keeping delle Nazioni Unite,” Rivista di diritto internazionale 85 (2002): 903–945.
Dupuy, Pierre-Marie, “Relation between the International Law of Responsibility and Responsibility in Municipal Law,” in The Law of International Responsibility, eds. James Crawford, Alain Pellet and Simon Olleson (Oxford: OUP, 2010), 173–185.
Durieux, Jean-François and McAdam, Jane, “Non-Refoulement through Time. The Case for a Derogation Clause to the Refugee Convention in Mass Influx Emergencies,” International Journal of Refugee Law 16 (2004): 4–24.
Favilli, Chiara, “La cooperazione UE-Turchia per contenere il flusso dei migranti e richiedenti asilo: obiettivo riuscito?,” Diritti umani e diritto internazionale 10 (2016): 405–426.
Favilli, Chiara, “Quali modalità di conclusione degli accordi internazionali in materia di immigrazione,” Rivista di diritto internazionale 88 (2005): 156–165.
Ferri, Federico, “Il Codice di condotta per le ONG e i diritti dei migranti: fra diritto internazionale e politiche europee,” Diritti umani e diritto internazionale 12 (2018): 189–198.
Fiengo, Gaspare, “Brevi note sulle ‘missioni’ dell’Unione europea per la gestione di crisi internazionali,” Il diritto dell’Unione Europea (2016): 551–570.
Fink, Melanie, Frontex and Human Rights: Responsibility in ‘Multi-Actor Situations’ under the ECHR and EU Public Liability Law (Oxford: OUP, 2018).
Fink, Melanie and Gombeer, Kristof, “The Aquarius Incident: Navigating the Turbulent Waters of International Law,” EJIL: Talk!, June 14, 2018.
Fink, Melanie, “Salami Slicing Human Rights Accountability: How the European Border and Coast Guard Agency may Inherit Frontex’ Genetic Defect,” EJIL: Talk!, March 10, 2016.
Fink, Melanie, “Frontex Working Arrangements: Legitimacy and Human Rights Concerns Regarding ‘Technical Relationships’,” Merkourios 28 (2012): 20–35.
Forlati, Serena, “Violazione dell’obbligo di prevenire il genocidio e riparazione nell’affare Bosnia-Erzegovina c. Serbia,” Rivista di diritto internazionale 40 (2007): 425–430.
Francioni, Francesco, “Maritime Terrorism and International Law: The Rome Convention of 1988,” German Yearbook of International Law 31 (1988): 263–287.
Frulli, Micaela, Le operazioni di peacekeeping delle Nazioni Unite: continuità di un modello normativo (Naples: Scientifica, 2012).
Gaja, Giorgio, “The Co-Respondent Mechanism According to the Draft Agreement for the Accession of the EU to the ECHR,” ESIL Reflections, January 9, 2013.
Gaja, Giorgio, “The Relations between the European Union and Its States from the Perspective of the ILC Articles on Responsibility of International Organizations,” SHARES Research Paper 25 (2013).
Gaja, Giorgio, “Responsabilité des Etats et/ou des organisations internationales en cas de violations des droits de l’homme,” in La soumission des organisations internationales aux normes internationales relatives aux droits de l’homme (Paris: Pedone, 2009), 17–25.
Gallagher, Anne and David, Fiona, The International Law of Migrant Smuggling (Cambridge: CUP, 2014).
García Andrade, Paula, “Extraterritorial Strategies to Tackle Irregular Migration by Sea,” in Extraterritorial Immigration Control: Legal Challenges, eds. Bernard Ryan and Valsamis Mitsilegas (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2010), 311–345.
Gauci, Jean-Pierre, “Back to Old Tricks? Italian Responsibility for Returning People to Libya,” EJIL: Talk!, June 6, 2017.
Gautier, Philippe, “The Reparation for Injuries Case Revisited: The Personality of the European Union,” Max Plank Yearbook of United Nations Law 4 (2000): 331–361.
Gazzini, Tarcisio, “NATO’s Role in the Collective Security System,” Journal of Conflict and Security Law 8 (2003): 231–263.
Geiβ, Robin and Petrig, Anna, Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea. The Legal Framework for Counter-Piracy Operations in Somalia and the Gulf of Aden (Oxford: OUP, 2011).
Gestri, Marco, “EUNAVFOR MED: Fighting Migrant Smuggling under UN Security Council Resolution 2240 (2015),” Italian Yearbook of International Law 25 (2016): 21–54.
Gestri, Marco, “La politica europea dell’immigrazione: solidarietà tra Stati membri e misure nazionali di regolarizzazione,” in Problemi e tendenze del diritto internazionale dell’economia. Liber amicorum in onore di Paolo Picone, eds. Aldo Ligustro and Giorgio Sacerdoti (Naples: Scientifica, 2011), 895–925.
Ghezelbash, Daniel, Moreno-Lax, Violeta, Klein, Natalie and Opeskin, Brian, “Securitization of Search and Rescue at Sea: The Response to Boat Migration in the Mediterranean and Offshore Australia,” International Comparative Law Quarterly 67 (2018): 315–351.
Giuffrè, Mariagiulia, “State Responsibility beyond Borders: What Legal Basis for Italy’s Push-Backs to Libya?,” International Journal of Refugee Law 24 (2012): 692–734.
Giuffrè, Mariagiulia, “Watered-Down Rights on the High Seas: Hirsi Jamaa and Others v Italy,” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 61 (2012): 728–750.
Goodwin-Gill, Guy and McAdam, Jane, The Refugee in International Law (3rd edn. Oxford: OUP, 2007).
Gombeer, Kristof and Fink, Melanie, “Non-Governmental Organisations and Search and Rescue at Sea,” Maritime Safety and Security Law Journal (2018): 1–25.
Guidi, Martina, “La nuova guardia costiera e di frontiera europea e i vecchi problemi di tutela dei diritti umani fondamentali,” in Migrazioni e Diritto internazionale: verso il superamento dell’emergenza?, ed. Giuseppe Nesi (Naples: Scientifica, 2018), 377–401.
Guilfoyle, Douglas, “ECHR Rights at Sea: Medvedyev and Others v. France,” EJIL: Talk!, April 19, 2010.
Guilfoyle, Douglas, “Medvedyev and Others v. France, European Court of Human Rights,” International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 25 (2010): 437–442.
Guilfoyle, Douglas, Shipping Interdiction and the Law of the Sea (Cambridge: CUP, 2009).
Heijer, Maarten den, “Europe beyond its Borders: Refugee and Human Rights Protection in Extraterritorial Immigration Control,” in Extraterritorial Immigration Control. Legal Challenges, eds. Bernard Ryan and Valsamis Mitsilegas (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2010), 169–197.
Irrera, Daniela, “Migrants, the EU and NGOs: The ‘Practice’ of Non-Governmental SAR Operations,” Romanian Journal of European Affairs 16 (2016), 20–35.
Karim, Saiful, “Is There an International Obligation to Prosecute Pirates?,” Netherlands International Law Review 58 (2011): 387–407.
Klabbers, Jan, An Introduction to International Institutional Law (3rd edn. Cambridge: CUP, 2015).
Klug, Anja and Howe, Tim, “The Concept of State Jurisdiction and the Applicability of the Non-Refoulement Principle to Extraterritorial Interception Measures,” in Extraterritorial Immigration Control. Legal Challenges, eds. Bernard Ryan and Valsamis Mitsilegas (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2010), 69–101.
Kneebone, Susan, McDowell, Christopher and Morrell, Gareth, “A Mediterranean Solution? Chances of Success,” International Journal of Refugee Law 18 (2006): 492–508.
Komp, Lisa-Marie, “The Duty to Assist Persons in Distress: An Alternative Source of Protection against the Return of Migrants and Asylum Seekers to the High Seas?,” in ‘Boat Refugees’ and Migrants at Sea: A Comprehensive Approach, eds. Violeta Moreno-Lax and Efthymios Papastavridis (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2016), 222–247.
Koutrakos, Panos, “International Agreements in the Area of the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy,” in International Law as Law of the European Union, eds. Enzo Cannizzaro, Paolo Palchetti and Ramses Wessel (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2012), 157–187.
Koutrakos, Panos, The EU Common Security and Defence Policy (Oxford: OUP, 2013).
Kuijper, Pieter Jan, The Law of EU External Relations: Cases, Materials and Commentary on the EU as an International Actor (2nd edn. Oxford: OUP, 2015).
Kuijper, Pieter Jan and Paasivirta, Esa, “EU International Responsibility and Its Attribution: From the Inside Looking Out,” in The International Responsibility of the European Union: European and International Perspectives, eds. Malcolm Evans and Panos Koutrakos (Oxford: Hart, 2013), 35–73.
Kuijper, Pieter Jan and Paasivirta, Esa, “Does One Size Fit All? The European Community and the Responsibility of International Organizations,” Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 36 (2005): 169–226.
Lauterpacht, Elihu and Bethlehem, Daniel, “The Scope and Content of the Principle of Non-Refoulement,” in Refugee Protection in International Law, eds. Erika Feller, Volker Türk and Frances Nicholson (Cambridge: CUP, 2003), 87–177.
Leandro, Antonio, “L’azione delle organizzazioni internazionali in materia di pirateria marittima,” in Nuove piraterie e ordinamenti giuridici interni ed internazionali. Atti del convegno tenuto a Taranto il 16 e 17 giugno 2009, ed. Antonio Uricchio (Bari: Cacucci, 2011), 121–140.
Leanza, Umberto and Graziani, Francesca, “Poteri di enforcement e di jurisdiction in materia di traffico di migranti via mare: aspetti operativi nell’attività di contrasto,” La Comunità internazionale 69 (2014): 163–209.
Leck, Christopher, “International Responsibility in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Command and Control Arrangements and the Attribution of Conduct,” Melbourne Journal of International Law 10 (2009): 346–364.
Lehmann, Julian, “Rights at the Frontier: Border Control and Human Rights Protection of Irregular International Migrants,” Goettingen Journal of International Law 3 (2011): 733–775.
Liguori, Anna, Migration Law and the Externalization of Border Controls. European State Responsibility (London: Routledge, 2019).
Liguori, Anna and Ricciuti, Novella, “Frontex ed il rispetto dei diritti umani nelle operazioni congiunte alle frontiere esterne dell’Unione europea,” Diritti umani e diritto internazionale 6 (2012): 539–567.
Lock, Tobias, “Beyond Bosphorus: The European Court of Human Rights’ Case Law on the Responsibility of Member States of International Organisations under the European Convention on Human Rights,” Human Rights Law Review 10 (2010): 529–545.
Lowe, Alan, “The Right of Entry into Maritime Ports in International Law,” San Diego Law Review 14 (1977): 597–622.
Magi, Laura, “Criminal Conduct on the High Seas: Is a General Rule on Jurisdiction Still Missing?,” Rivista di diritto internazionale 98 (2015): 79–113.
Magi, Laura, “Protezione dei richiedenti asilo ‘par ricochet’ o protezione ‘par moitié’?, La Grande Camera ripatisce fra gli Stati contraenti le responsabilità per violazioni della Convenzione europea conseguenti al trasferimento di un richiedente asilo in attuazione del regolamento Dublino II,” Rivista di diritto internazionale 94 (2011): 824–832.
Majcher, Izabella, “Human Rights Violations During EU Border Surveillance and Return Operations: Frontex’s Shared Responsibility or Complicity?,” Silesian Journal of Legal Studies 7 (2015): 45–78.
Mallia, Patricia, Migrant Smuggling by Sea. Combating a Current Threat to Maritime Security through the Creation of a Cooperative Framework (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2010).
Mancini, Marina, “Italy’s New Migration Control Policy: Stemming the Flow of Migrants from Libya without Regard for Their Human Rights,” Italian Yearbook of International Law 27 (2017): 259–281.
Mann, Frederick Alexander, “The Doctrine of Jurisdiction in International Law,” Recueil des cours (1964): 1–162.
Markard, Nora, “The Right to Leave by Sea: Legal Limits on EU Migration Control by Third Countries,” European Journal of International Law 27 (2016): 591–616.
Mastrojeni, Marcello, “I limiti spaziali di applicazione della legge penale e i rapporti con giurisdizioni straniere,” in La legge, penale, il reato, il reo, la persona offesa, ed. Giancarlo De Vero (Turin: Giappichelli, 2010), 99–105.
Marx, Reinhard, “Non-Refoulement, Access to Procedures and Responsibility for Determining Refugee Claims,” International Journal of Refugee Law 7 (1995): 383–406.
McAdam, Jane, Complementary Protection in Refugee Law (Oxford: OUP, 2005).
Messineo, Francesco, “Things Could Only Get Better: Al-Jedda Beyond Behrami,” Military Law and the Law of War Review 50 (2011): 321–346.
Moreno-Lax, Violeta and Giuffré, Mariagiulia, “The Raise of Consensual Containment: From ‘Contactless Control’ to ‘Contactless Responsibility’ for Forced Migration Flows,” in Research Handbook on International Refugee Law, ed. Satvinder Singh Juss (London: Edward Elgar, 2019).
Moreno-Lax, Violeta and Lemberg-Pedersen, Martin, “Border-Induced Displacement: The Ethical and Legal Implications of Distance-Creation through Externalization,” Questions of International Law, Zoom-in 56 (2019): 5–33.
Moreno-Lax, Violeta and Costello, Cathryn, “The Extraterritorial Application of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: From Territoriality to Facticity. The Effectiveness Model,” in The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: A Commentary, eds. Steve Peers, Tamara Hervey, Jeff Kenner and Angela Ward (Oxford: Hart, 2014), 1657–1683.
Moreno-Lax, Violeta, “Seeking Asylum in the Mediterranean: Against a Fragmentary Reading of EU Member States’ Obligations Accruing at Sea,” International Journal of Refugee Law 23 (2011): 174–220.
Mungianu, Roberta, Frontex and Non-Refoulement: The International Responsibility of the EU (Cambridge: CUP, 2016).
Mungianu, Roberta, “Frontex: Towards a Common Policy on External Border Control,” European Journal of Migration and Law 15 (2013): 359–385.
Mussi, Francesca, “The Italian Job: Human Rights Considerations of the Diciotti Incident,” Rights!, October 18, 2018.
Naert, Frederik, “The International Responsibility of the Union in the Context of its CSDP Operations,” in The International Responsibility of the European Union. European and International Perspectives, ed. Malcolm Evans (Oxford: Hart, 2013), 313–337.
Naert, Frederik, “The Application of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights in CSDP Operations,” in International Law as the Law of European Union, eds. Enzo Cannizzaro, Paolo Palchetti and Ramses Wessel (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2012), 189–212.
Naert, Frederik, International Law Aspects of the EU’s Security and Defence Policy, with a Particular Focus on the Law of Armed Conflict (Antwerp: Intersentia, 2010).
Nollkaemper, André and Jacobs, Dov, “Shared Responsibility in International Law: A Conceptual Framework,” Michigan Journal of International Law 34 (2013): 359–438.
O’Keefe, Roger, “Universal Jurisdiction: Clarifying the Basic Concept,” Journal of International Criminal Justice 2 (2004): 735–760.
Palchetti, Paolo, “International Responsibility for Conduct of UN Peacekeeping Forces: The Question of Attribution,” in Refining Human Rights Obligations in Conflict Situations, ed. Paolo Palchetti (The Hague: Asser Press, 2014), 1–29.
Papanicolopulu, Irini, International Law and the Protection of People at Sea (Oxford: OUP, 2018).
Papanicolopulu, Irini, “The Duty to Rescue at Sea, in Peacetime and in War: A General Overview,” International Review of the Red Cross 98 (2016): 491–514.
Papanicolopulu, Irini, “Immigrazione irregolare via mare, tutela della vita umana e organizzazioni non governative,” Diritto, Immigrazione e cittadinanza 3 (2017): 1–29.
Papastavridis, Efthymios, “The Aquarius Incident and the Law of the Sea: Is Italy in Violation of the Relevant Rules?,” EJIL: Talk!, June 27, 2018.
Papastavridis, Efthymios, “EUNAVFOR MED Operation Sophia and the Question of Jurisdiction over Transnational Organized Crime at Sea,” Questions of International Law, Zoom-in 30 (2016): 19–34.
Papastavridis, Efthymios, “EUNAVFOR MED Operation Sophia: Fighting Smuggling of Migrants or Protecting Human Rights?,” in Protecting Human Rights in the European Union’s External Relations, ed. Sara Poli (The Hague: Cleer, 2016), 139–153.
Papastavridis, Efthymios, “EUNAVFOR Operation Sophia and the International Law of the Sea,” Maritime Safety and Security Law Journal 2 (2016): 57–72.
Papastavridis, Efthymios, “EUNAVFOR Operation Atalanta off Somalia: The EU in Unchartered Legal Waters?,” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 64 (2015): 533–568.
Papastavridis, Efthymios, “The Use of Force at Sea in the 21st Century: Some Reflections on the Proper Legal Framework(s),” Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies 2 (2015): 119–138.
Papastavridis, Efthymios, “Is There a Right to Be Rescued at Sea? A Skeptical View,” Questions of International Law, Zoom-in 4 (2014): 17–32.
Papastavridis, Efthymios, “European Convention of Human Rights and the Law of the Sea: The Strasbourg Court in Unchartered Waters?,” in The Interpretation and Application of the European Convention of Human Rights: Legal and Practical Implications, eds. Malgosia Fitzmaurice and Panos Merkouris (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2013), 117–145.
Papastavridis, Efthymios, The Interception of Vessels on the High Seas. Contemporary Challenges to the Legal Order of the Oceans (Oxford: Hart, 2013).
Papastavridis, Efthymios, “Rescuing ‘Boat People’ in the Mediterranean Sea: The Responsibility of States under the Law of the Sea,” EJIL: Talk!, May 31, 2011.
Papastavridis, Efthymios, “Enforcement Jurisdiction in the Mediterranean Sea: Illicit Activities and the Rule of Law on the High Seas,” International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 25 (2010): 569–599.
Papastavridis, Efthymios, “European Court of Human Rights Medvedyev and Others v. France (Grand Chamber, Application No. 3394/03) Judgment of 29 March 2010,” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 59 (2010): 867–882.
Papastavridis, Efthymios, “‘Fortress Europe’ and Frontex: Within or without International Law?,” Nordic Journal of International Law 79 (2010): 75–111.
Pascale, Giuseppe, “Is Italy Internationally Responsible for the Gross Human Rights Violations against Migrants in Libya?,” Questions of International Law, Zoom-in 56 (2019): 35–58.
Passalacqua, Virginia, “The ‘Open Arms’ case: Reconciling the Notion of ‘Place of Safety’ with the Human Rights of Migrants,” EJIL: Talk!, May 21, 2018.
Petrig, Anna, “Arrest, Detention and Transfer of Piracy Suspects: A Critical Appraisal of the German Courier Case Decision,” in Insecurity at Sea: Piracy and Other Risks to Navigation, eds. Gemma Andreone, Giorgia Bevilacqua, Giuseppe Cataldi and Claudia Cinelli (Naples: Giannini, 2013), 153–171.
Piedimonte Bodini, Stefano, “Fighting Maritime Piracy under the European Convention on Human Rights,” European Journal of International Law 22 (2011): 829–848.
Pisillo Mazzeschi, Riccardo, ‘Due diligence’ e responsabilità internazionale degli Stati (Milan: Giuffrè, 1989).
Quigley, John, “Complicity in International Law: A New Direction in the Law of State Responsibility,” British Yearbook of International Law 57 (1987): 77–131.
Ratcovich, Martin, “The Concept of ‘Place of Safety’: Yet Another Self-Contained Maritime Rule or a Sustainable Solution to the Ever-Controversial Question of Where to Disembark Migrants Rescued at Sea,” Australian Yearbook of International Law 33 (2015): 81–129.
Raymond, Catherine Zara, “Piracy and Armed Robbery in the Malacca Strait. A Problem Solved?,” Naval War College Review 62 (2009): 30–42.
Rijpma, Jorrit, “Hybrid Agencification in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice and Its Inherent Tensions: The Case of Frontex,” in The Agency Phenomenon in the European Union: Emergence, Institutionalization and Everyday Decision-Making, eds. Madalina Busuioc, Martijn Groenleer and Jarle Trondal (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2012), 84–101.
Ronzitti, Natalino, “Libia, raid americani e titubanze italiane,” Affari Internazionali, August 9, 2016.
Ronzitti, Natalino, “The Enrica Lexie Incident: Law of the Sea and Immunity of State Official Issues,” Italian Yearbook of International Law 22 (2012): 3–22.
Rosenberg, Lory Diana, “The Courts and Interception: The US Interdiction Experience and Its Impact on Refugees and Asylum Seekers,” Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 17 (2003): 199–219.
Rosenne, Shabtai and Sohn, Louis (eds.), United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. A Commentary (Leiden: Nijhoff, 1982).
Rossi, Lucia Serena, “La sentenza del Bundesverfassungericht sul Trattato di Lisbona e le implicazioni sul processo di integrazione europea,” in Studi degli allievi di Paolo Mengozzi, eds. Lucia Serena Rossi and Elisa Baroncini (Naples: Scientifica, 2010), 91–116.
Ryngaert, Cedric, Jurisdiction in International Law (2nd edn. Oxford: OUP, 2015).
Ryngaert, Cedric, “Apportioning Responsibility between the UN and Member States in UN Peace-Support Operations: An Inquiry into the Application of the ‘Effective Control’ Standard after Behrami,” Israel Law Review 45 (2012): 151–178.
Ryngaert, Cedric, “The Immunity of International Organizations before Domestic Courts: Recent Trends,” International Organizations Law Review 7 (2010): 121–148.
Salerno, Francesco, “International Responsibility for the Conduct of ‘Blue Helmets’: Exploring the Organic Link,” in Responsibility of International Organizations. Essays in Memory of Sir Ian Brownlie, ed. Maurizio Ragazzi (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2013), 415–427.
Salerno, Francesco, “Treaties Establishing Objective Regimes,” in The Law of Treaties beyond the Vienna Convention, ed. Enzo Cannizzaro (Oxford: OUP, 2011), 225–243.
Salerno, Francesco, “L’obbligo internazionale di non-refoulement dei richiedenti asilo,” Diritti umani e diritto internazionale 4 (2010): 487–515.
Salvadego, Laura, “Controllo marittimo dell’immigrazione clandestina e giurisdizione penale del giudice italiano,” Rivista di diritto internazionale 93 (2010): 1154–1159.
Sari, Aurel and Wessel, Ramses, “International Responsibility for EU Military Operations: Finding the EU’s Place in the Global Accountability Regime,” in The EU’s Role in Global Governance, eds. Bart Van Vooren, Steven Blockmans and Jan Wouters (Oxford: OUP, 2013), 126–141.
Sari, Aurel, “The Conclusion of International Agreements by the European Union in the Context of ESDP,” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 57 (2007): 53–86.
Schabas, William, The European Convention on Human Rights: A Commentary (Oxford: OUP, 2015).
Schusterschitz, Gregor, “European Agencies as Subjects of International Law,” International Organizations Law Review 1 (2004): 163–188.
Scovazzi, Tullio, “La tutela della vita umana in mare, con particolare riferimento agli immigrati clandestini diretti verso l’Italia,” Rivista di diritto internazionale 88 (2005): 106–120.
Simma, Bruno, Khan, Daniel-Erasmus, Nolte, Georg and Paulus, Andreas (eds.), The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary (3rd edn. Oxford: OUP, 2012).
Simmonds, Robert, Legal Problems Arising from the United Nations Operation in the Congo (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1968).
Sommario, Emanuele, “Attribution of Conduct in the Framework of CSDP Missions: Reflections on a Recent Judgment by the Higher Administrative Court of Nordrhein-Westfalen,” in Protecting Human Rights in the European Union’s External Relations, ed. Sara Poli (The Hague: Cleer, 2016), 155–174.
Spagnolo, Andrea, “Di intese segrete e alibi parlamentari: tra la decisione del TAR sull’accordo col Niger e il Global Compact sulle migrazioni,” SIDI Blog, December 5, 2018.
Spagnolo, Andrea, L’attribuzione delle condotte illecite nelle operazioni militari dell’Unione Europea (Naples: Scientifica, 2016).
Spiezia, Filippo, “Traffico di migranti via mare: le linee guida della Direzione nazionale antimafia per la soluzione dei problemi di giurisdizione penale e di intervento cautelare nei casi di attraversamento di acque internazionali,” Diritto penale contemporaneo (2014).
Steinhilper, Elias and Gruijters, Rob, “Border Deaths in the Mediterranean: What We Can Learn from the Latest Data,” Border Criminologies Blog, March 8, 2017.
Tanaka, Yoshifumi, The International Law of the Sea (Cambridge: CUP, 2012).
Tancredi, Antonello, “Di pirati e Stati ‘falliti’: il Consiglio di sicurezza autorizza il ricorso alla forza nelle acque territoriali della Somalia,” Rivista di diritto internazionale 91 (2008): 937–966.
Thouvenin, Jean-Marc, “Responsibility in the Context of the European Union Legal Order,” in The Law of International Responsibility, eds. James Crawford, Alain Pellet and Simon Olleson (Oxford: OUP, 2010).
Thym, Daniel, “Transfer Agreements for Pirates Concluded by the EU. A Case Study on the Human Rights Accountability of the Common Security and Defence Policy,” in The Law and Practice of Piracy at Sea: European and International Perspectives, eds. Panos Koutrakos and Achilles Skordas (Oxford: Hart, 2014), 167–181.
Tondini, Matteo, “The Use of Force in the Course of Maritime Law Enforcement Operations,” Journal on the Use of Force and International Law 4 (2017): 253–272.
Tondini, Matteo, “Stato di diritto e lotta alla pirateria nelle acque somale,” Diritto penale e processo 19 (2013): 230–245.
Treves, Tullio, “Human Rights and the Law of the Sea,” Berkeley Journal of International Law 28 (2010): 1–14.
Treves, Tullio, “Piracy, Law of the Sea, and Use of Force: Developments off the Coast of Somalia,” European Journal of International Law 20 (2009): 399–414.
Treves, Tullio, “The Rome Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation,” in Maritime Terrorism and International Law, ed. Natalino Ronzitti (Dordrecht: Nijhoff, 1990), 69–89.
Trevisanut, Seline, “Recognizing the Right to be Rescued at Sea,” Ocean Yearbook 31 (2017): 137–154.
Trevisanut, Seline, “Is There a Right to Be Rescued at Sea? A Constructive View,” Questions of International Law, Zoom-in 4 (2014): 3–15.
Trevisanut, Seline, “Search and Rescue Operations in the Mediterranean: Factor of Cooperation or Conflict?,” International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 25 (2010): 523–542.
Trevisanut, Seline, “Immigrazione clandestina via mare e cooperazione fra Italia e Libia dal punto di vista del diritto del mare,” Diritti umani e diritto internazionale 3 (2009): 609–620.
Trevisanut, Seline, “The Principle of Non-Refoulement at Sea and the Effectiveness of Asylum Protection,” Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law 12 (2008): 205–246.
Tzevelekos, Vassilis and Proukaki, Elena Katselli, “Migrants at Sea: A Duty of Plural States to Protect (Extraterritorially)?,” Nordic Journal of International Law 86 (2017): 427–469.
Ventrella, Matilde, “The Impact of Operation Sophia on the Exercise of Criminal Jurisdiction against Migrant Smugglers and Human Traffickers,” Questions of International Law, Zoom-in 30 (2016): 3–18.
Villani, Ugo, “Gli sviluppi del Trattato di Lisbona in materia di politica estera e di sicurezza comune,” Studi sull’integrazione europea 6 (2011): 9–23.
Vitiello, Daniela, “La cooperazione operativa tra Frontex e i Paesi terzi nel contrasto all’immigrazione irregolare,” in Le migrazioni in Europa: UE, Stati terzi e migration outsourcing, ed. Francesco Cherubini (Rome: Bordeaux, 2015), 163–271.
Wessel, Ramses and den Hertogh, Leonhard, “EU Foreign Security and Defence Policy: A Competence-Responsibility Gap?,” in The International Responsibility of the European Union: European and International Perspectives, eds. Malcolm Evans and Panos Koutrakos (Oxford: Hart, 2013), 339–357.
Wiesenbach, Frederic, “Uncertainty on Somalia’s Beaches. The Legal Regime of Onshore Anti-Piracy Operations,” Journal of Conflict and Security Law 19 (2014): 85–112.
Wolfrum, Rüdiger, “Obligation of Result Versus Obligation of Conduct: Some Thoughts about the Implementation of International Obligations,” in Looking to the Future: Essays on International Law in Honor of Michael Reisman, eds. Mahnoush Arsanjani and William Michael Reisman (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2011), 363–383.
Wolfrum, Rüdiger, “The Decentralized Prosecution of International Offences Through National Courts,” in War Crimes in International Law, eds. Yoram Dinstein and Mala Tabory (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1996).
Wouters, Cornelis Wolfram and Den Heijer, Maarten, “The Marine I Case: A Comment,” International Journal of Refugee Law 22 (2010): 1–19.
Zamuner, Enrico, La tutela delle navi private nel diritto internazionale (Naples: Scientifica, 2015).
Zwanenburg, Marten Coenraad, Accountability of Peace-Support Operations (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2005).
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 693 | 111 | 10 |
Full Text Views | 79 | 10 | 0 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 121 | 23 | 0 |
This study analyzes counter-smuggling and counter-trafficking operations carried out in the Mediterranean, mainly focusing on the EU operations Sophia and Themis. The purpose is to assess a number of issues linked with naval operations from a human rights perspective. These issues include the applicable law, the exercise of criminal jurisdiction over smugglers and traffickers, national strategies of coastal States as regards migration control policy and, finally, international responsibility for human rights violations perpetrated in connection with these operations. Although the study is primarily aimed at both Ph.D students and legal scholars specialized in the field, it also seeks to provide insights that may be of guidance to NGOs, legal practitioners and legislators within the EU and its Member States.
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 693 | 111 | 10 |
Full Text Views | 79 | 10 | 0 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 121 | 23 | 0 |