Water During and After Armed Conflicts
What Protection in International Law?
In: Brill Research Perspectives in International Water LawSearch for other papers by Dr Mara Tignino in
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Armed conflicts damage water installations and limit access to the resource. It was only in the 1970s, however, that international humanitarian law (ihl) established norms to limit the impact of armed conflicts on water resources. This monograph contends that the protection provided by ihl norms should be expanded to take into account the wide range of existing principles and rules relating to water enshrined in human rights law and international water law. Although these rules are designed for distinct purposes, ranging from regulation of hostilities and the uses, management and protection of water, they are not distinct legal regimes to be interpreted and applied independently. Accordingly, the monograph argues and concludes that protection of water resources in times of armed conflict must be assessed against an extensive and holistic set of principles and rules of international law.
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Alam Undala Boisson de Chazournes Laurence, Leb Christina & Tignino Mara ‘India and Pakistan’s Truculent Cooperation: Can it Continue?’ International Law and Freshwater: the Multiple Challenges 2013 Edward Elgar 406 420
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Costa Pascale Zacklin Ralph & Caflisch Lucius ‘Les effets de la guerre sur les traités relatifs au Danube, dans le cadre d’une étude globale du droit conventionnel du Danube’ The Legal Regime of International Rivers and Lakes 1981 Martinus Nijhoff 203 245
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Desgagne Richard ‘The Prevention of Environmental Damage in Time of Armed Conflict: Proportionality and Precautionary Measures’ Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2000 Vol. 3 109 129
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Zemmali Ameur ‘La protection de l’eau en période de conflit armé’ International Review of the Red Cross 1995 Vol. 77 815 601 615
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2
T. Homer-Dixon, ‘The myth of global waters war’, in, Forum: Water and War (Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 1998), p. 11.
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3
A. Woolf, ‘Conflict and Cooperation Along International Waterways’, Water Policy, Vol. 1(2) (1998), pp. 251–265.
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5
Homer-Dixon, supra, note 2, p. 10.
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10
Tignino (2011), supra, note 4.
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20
Peter H. Gleick, ‘Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria’, Weather, Climate and Society, Vol. 6(3) (2014), pp. 331–339, at p. 336.
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25
Knut Dörmann, ‘Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court: the Elements of War Crimes’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 83 (842) (2001), pp. 461–487, at p. 475 (footnote omitted).
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28
Von Lossow, supra, note 8, p. 3.
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42
Karen Hulme, ‘Taking Care to Protect the Environment against Damage: a Meaningless Obligation?’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 92 (879) (2010), pp. 475–691, at p. 678.
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55
Michael Bothe, ‘The Protection of the Environment in Times of Armed Conflict: Legal Rules, Uncertainty, Deficiencies and Possible Developments’, German Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 34 (1992), pp. 54–62, at p. 57.
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57
See Djamchid Momtaz, ‘Le recours à l’arme nucléaire et la protection de l’environnement: l’apport de la Cour internationale de Justice’, in, Laurence Boisson de Chazournes & Philippe Sands (eds.), International Law, the International Court of Justice and Nuclear Weapons (Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 354–374.
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58
Alexander Kiss, ‘Les Protocoles additionnels aux Conventions de Genève de 1949 et la protection des biens de l’environnement’, in, Études et essais sur le droit international humanitaire et sur les principes de la Croix-Rouge en l’honneur de Jean Pictet (International Committee of the Red Cross, 1984), pp. 181–192.
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63
Richard Desgagne, ‘The Prevention of Environmental Damage in Time of Armed Conflict: Proportionality and Precautionary Measures’, Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Vol. 3 (2000), pp. 109–129, at p. 119.
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78
Rupert Ticehurst, ‘La clause de Martens et le droit des conflits armés’, International Review of the Red Cross, No. 824 (1997), pp. 133–142. See also Antonio Cassese, ‘The Martens Clause: Half a Loaf or Simply Pie in the Sky?’, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 11(1) (2000), pp. 189–192.
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79
Christopher Greenwood, ‘Historical Development and Legal Basis’, in, Dieter Fleck (ed.), The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law (Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 35, para. 130.
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85
Desgagne, supra, note 63, pp. 109–129, at p. 113.
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116
Carl Bruch, ‘All’s not Fair in (Civil) War: Criminal Liability of Environmental Damage in Internal Armed Conflict’, Vermont Law Review, Vol. 25 (2001), p. 710.
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143
Ibid., p. 4.
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156
See Cordula Droege, ‘Elective Affinities? Human Rights and Humanitarian Law’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 90 (871) (2008), pp. 507–509; Marco Sassòli, ‘Le droit international humanitaire, une “lex specialis” par rapport aux droits humains?’, in, Andreas Auer; Alexander Fluckiger & Michel Hottelier (eds.), Les droits de l’homme et la Constitution: études en l’honneur du Professeur Giorgio Malinverni (Schuttless, 2007), pp. 376–377.
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163
Momtaz, supra, note 57, p. 360. See also Karine Mollard-Bannelier, La protection de l’environnement en temps de conflit armé (Pedone, 2001), pp. 266–279.
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169
Silja Vöneky, ‘A New Shield for the Environment: Peacetime Treaties as Legal Restraints of Wartime Damage’, Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law (RECIEL), Vol. 9(1) (2000), pp. 20–32, at p. 22.
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195
Philippe Antoine, ‘Droit international humanitaire et protection de l’environnement en temps de conflit armé’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 74 (798) (1992), pp. 537–558, at p. 539.
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217
Ibid., p. 81.
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218
Greg Browder & Leonard Ortolano, ‘The Evolution of an International Water Resources Management Regime in the Mekong River Basin’, Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 40 (2000), pp. 499–531, at p. 507.
-
219
Richard, supra, note 216, p. 82. The Committee did not meet in 1976 and 1977.
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221
McCaffrey, supra, note 209, p. 289.
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223
Undala Alam, ‘India and Pakistan’s Truculent Cooperation: Can it Continue?’ in, ibid., pp. 406–420.
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226
See Mara Tignino, ‘L’incidence des conflits armés sur le régime des fleuves internationaux’, in, Bogdan Aurescu & Alain Pellet (eds.), L’actualité du droit des fleuves internationaux (Pedone, 2010), pp. 187–201.
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227
Paris Treaty of 30 March 1856, Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, ny: Oceana, 1967), Vol. 114, p. 409. Paris Convention of 23 July 1921, League of Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 26, p. 173.
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229
Pascale Costa, ‘Les effets de la guerre sur les traités relatifs au Danube, dans le cadre d’une étude globale du droit conventionnel du Danube’, in, Ralph Zacklin & Lucius Caflisch (eds.), The Legal Regime of International Rivers and Lakes (Martinus Nijhoff, 1981), pp. 203–245, at p. 232.
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231
Costa, supra, note 228, p. 232.
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232
Gerald Gray Fitzmaurice, ‘The Juridical Clauses of Peace Treaties’, Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, Vol. 73 (1948-ii), pp. 255–367, at pp. 316–317.
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242
In 1999, the Danube Commission adopted a decision emphasizing the significant financial losses caused by restrictions on freedom of navigation and requested the help of international organizations and financial institutions to clear and re-establish navigation in the fairway of the Danube in the Yugoslavian portions of the river. The decision asserts: “Following the interruption of navigation on the Danube, the member States of the Danube Commission suffered great financial losses. [. . .] The Commission considers it necessary to actively contribute [. . .] to the re-establishment of free and safe navigation on the Danube. [. . .] The member countries must face the task of clearing and re-establishing the freeway of the Danube, which is impossible without the assistance of international organisations and financial institutions.” Minutes of the Danube Commission, Fifty-seventh meeting, Vol. 57, cd/ses/57/65 (1999), p. 67 (translation by the author).
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245
‘Kosovo’, supra, note 9, p. 4.
-
260
On this topic, see Christina Leb, ‘The Right to Water in a Transboundary Context: Seminal Trends’, Water International, Vol. 37(2) (2012), pp. 640–653.
-
261
Article 4 of the Senegal Waters Charter (2002).
-
263
See Attila Tanzi, ‘Reducing the Gap between International Water Law and Human Rights Law: The UNECE Protocol on Water and Health’, Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law (RECIEL), Vol. 12(3) (2010), pp. 267–285.
-
272
Sassòli, supra, note 156, p. 385; Droege, supra, note 156, p. 320.
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286
Mara Tignino, ‘The Legal Regime of Natural Resources in Times of Armed Conflict and its Weaknesses’, in, Yann Kebrat & Sandrine Maljean-Dubois (eds.), The Transformation of International Environmental Law (Hart & Pedone, 2011), pp. 193–207.
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296
Ibid., p. 90.
-
306
Ibid., para. 1733.
-
310
Tignino (2016), supra, note 251, p. 244.
-
314
Nicolai Jorgensen, ‘The Protection of Freshwater in Armed Conflict’, Journal of International Law and International Relations, Vol. 3(2) (2007), pp. 57–96, at p. 80.
-
317
Ibid., p. 5.
-
321
‘Kosovo’, supra, note 9, p. 31 (italics added by the author).
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335
Volker Türk, ‘Capacity-Building’ in, Vincent Chetail (ed.), Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: A Lexicon, (Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 34–42.
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337
Louise Arbour, ‘Economic and Social Justice for Societies in Transition’, Center for Human Rights and Global Justice, New York University Working Paper No. 10 (2006).
-
350
Ibid., p. 123, para. 41.
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353
Jane E. Stromseth, ‘Rule of Law Symposium Strengthening Demand for the Rule of Law in Post-Conflict Societies’, Minnesota Journal of International Law, Vol. 18 (2009), pp. 415–424.
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354
‘Lebanon’, supra, note 65, pp. 6 and 48.
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355
‘Kosovo’, supra, note 9, p. 76.
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357
Hersch Lauterpacht, ‘Restrictive Interpretation and the Principle of Effectiveness in the Interpretation of Treaties’, British Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 26 (1949), pp. 48–85, at p. 76.
-
359
Tignino (2011), supra, note 4, pp. 434–440.
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Water During and After Armed Conflicts
What Protection in International Law?
In: Brill Research Perspectives in International Water LawSearch for other papers by Dr Mara Tignino in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Armed conflicts damage water installations and limit access to the resource. It was only in the 1970s, however, that international humanitarian law (ihl) established norms to limit the impact of armed conflicts on water resources. This monograph contends that the protection provided by ihl norms should be expanded to take into account the wide range of existing principles and rules relating to water enshrined in human rights law and international water law. Although these rules are designed for distinct purposes, ranging from regulation of hostilities and the uses, management and protection of water, they are not distinct legal regimes to be interpreted and applied independently. Accordingly, the monograph argues and concludes that protection of water resources in times of armed conflict must be assessed against an extensive and holistic set of principles and rules of international law.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1608 | 200 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 201 | 13 | 3 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 139 | 27 | 3 |