From Ashʿarism to waḥda muṭlaqa in Andalusī Sufism: A Survey of Historical Sources on the Shūdhiyya
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Abstract
The Shūdhiyya is a Sufi strand that flourished in the south-east region of al-Andalus, particularly in the area of Murcia, in the late 6th/12th century until the second half of the 7th/13th century. It thus extended from the second half of the Almohad period to the early Naṣrid period. The Shūdhiyya is named after the enigmatic figure, al-Shūdhī (fl. 6th/12th c.), a Sufi saint linked to Tlemcen. Nevertheless, the two main figures of the Shūdhiyya were the theologians and Sufis, Ibn al-Marʾa (d. 611/1214) and Ibn Aḥlā (d. 645/1247). Faced with the advance of Christian forces in the region of Murcia, Shūdhīs relocated to the nascent kingdom of Granada and to the central Islamicate world where, as followers of Ibn Sabʿīn (d. 669/1270), they were known as the Sabʿīniyya. The Shūdhiyya flourished in al-Andalus at roughly the same time that Ibn ʿArabī (d. 638/1240) lived in al-Andalus. And, like Ibn ʿArabī, the Shūdhiyya ultimately came to be known for espousing the unity of existence although in a more radical, absolute way. Even though intellectual Sufism in al-Andalus is mostly associated with Ibn ʿArabī, his actual influence on his contemporaries in al-Andalus was rather scarce as he emigrated in his thirties to the East where he wrote his main works. However, in the field of intellectual Sufism, the Shūdhiyya was far more influential in al-Andalus than Ibn ʿArabī. Nevertheless, since the main representatives of the Andalusī Shūdhiyya did not relocate to the East, their works were not widely disseminated across the eastern and central Islamicate world and, consequently, except for Ibn al-Marʾa, most of their works are not known to be extant. Thus, the main witnesses are biographical and polemical literature. Despite the historical and intellectual relevance of the Shūdhiyya for the social, political and intellectual history of al-Andalus, only Massignon has devoted some attention to this Sufi strand. In this article the available sources on the Shūdhiyya in al-Andalus are surveyed and contextualized.
Résumé
La Shūdhiyya est un courant soufi qui s’est épanoui dans la région sud-est d’al-Andalus, notamment dans la région de Murcie, de la fin du 6e/12e siècle jusqu’à la seconde moitié du 7e/13e siècle. Elle s’étend donc de la seconde moitié de la période almohade au début de la période Naṣrid. La Shūdhiyya doit son nom à un personnage énigmatique, al-Shūdhī (fl. 6e/12e s.), un saint soufi lié à Tlemcen. Néanmoins, les deux principales figures de la Shūdhiyya sont les théologiens et soufis, Ibn al-Marʾa (m. 611/1214) et Ibn Aḥlā (m. 645/1247). Face à l’avancée des forces chrétiennes dans la région de Murcie, les Shūdhīs se réinstallèrent dans le royaume naissant de Grenade et dans le centre du monde islamique où, en tant que disciples d’Ibn Sabʿīn (m. 669/1270), ils furent connus sous le nom de Sabʿīniyya. Les Shūdhiyya ont prospéré en al-Andalus à peu près à la même époque où Ibn ʿArabī (m. 638/1240) vivait en al-Andalus. Et, comme Ibn ʿArabī, les Shūdhiyya finirent par être connus pour avoir épousé l’unité de l’existence, bien que d’une manière plus radicale et absolue. Même si le soufisme intellectuel en al-Andalus est surtout associé à Ibn ʿArabī, son influence réelle sur ses contemporains en al-Andalus fut plutôt rare, car il émigra à la trentaine vers l’Orient où il écrivit ses principales œuvres. Cependant, dans le domaine du soufisme intellectuel, la Shūdhiyya fut bien plus influente en al-Andalus qu’Ibn ʿArabī. Néanmoins, comme les principaux représentants de la Shūdhiyya andalouse ne se sont pas délocalisés en Orient, leurs œuvres n’ont pas été largement diffusées dans le monde islamique oriental et central et, par conséquent, à l’exception d’Ibn al-Marʾa, la plupart de leurs œuvres ne sont pas connues. Ainsi, les principales sources sont la littérature biographique et polémique. Malgré l’importance historique et intellectuelle des Shūdhiyya pour l’histoire sociale, politique et intellectuelle d’al-Andalus, seul Massignon a consacré une certaine attention à ce courant soufi. Dans cet article, les sources disponibles sur la Shūdhiyya en al-Andalus sont passées en revue et contextualisées.
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From Ashʿarism to waḥda muṭlaqa in Andalusī Sufism: A Survey of Historical Sources on the Shūdhiyya
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Abstract
The Shūdhiyya is a Sufi strand that flourished in the south-east region of al-Andalus, particularly in the area of Murcia, in the late 6th/12th century until the second half of the 7th/13th century. It thus extended from the second half of the Almohad period to the early Naṣrid period. The Shūdhiyya is named after the enigmatic figure, al-Shūdhī (fl. 6th/12th c.), a Sufi saint linked to Tlemcen. Nevertheless, the two main figures of the Shūdhiyya were the theologians and Sufis, Ibn al-Marʾa (d. 611/1214) and Ibn Aḥlā (d. 645/1247). Faced with the advance of Christian forces in the region of Murcia, Shūdhīs relocated to the nascent kingdom of Granada and to the central Islamicate world where, as followers of Ibn Sabʿīn (d. 669/1270), they were known as the Sabʿīniyya. The Shūdhiyya flourished in al-Andalus at roughly the same time that Ibn ʿArabī (d. 638/1240) lived in al-Andalus. And, like Ibn ʿArabī, the Shūdhiyya ultimately came to be known for espousing the unity of existence although in a more radical, absolute way. Even though intellectual Sufism in al-Andalus is mostly associated with Ibn ʿArabī, his actual influence on his contemporaries in al-Andalus was rather scarce as he emigrated in his thirties to the East where he wrote his main works. However, in the field of intellectual Sufism, the Shūdhiyya was far more influential in al-Andalus than Ibn ʿArabī. Nevertheless, since the main representatives of the Andalusī Shūdhiyya did not relocate to the East, their works were not widely disseminated across the eastern and central Islamicate world and, consequently, except for Ibn al-Marʾa, most of their works are not known to be extant. Thus, the main witnesses are biographical and polemical literature. Despite the historical and intellectual relevance of the Shūdhiyya for the social, political and intellectual history of al-Andalus, only Massignon has devoted some attention to this Sufi strand. In this article the available sources on the Shūdhiyya in al-Andalus are surveyed and contextualized.
Résumé
La Shūdhiyya est un courant soufi qui s’est épanoui dans la région sud-est d’al-Andalus, notamment dans la région de Murcie, de la fin du 6e/12e siècle jusqu’à la seconde moitié du 7e/13e siècle. Elle s’étend donc de la seconde moitié de la période almohade au début de la période Naṣrid. La Shūdhiyya doit son nom à un personnage énigmatique, al-Shūdhī (fl. 6e/12e s.), un saint soufi lié à Tlemcen. Néanmoins, les deux principales figures de la Shūdhiyya sont les théologiens et soufis, Ibn al-Marʾa (m. 611/1214) et Ibn Aḥlā (m. 645/1247). Face à l’avancée des forces chrétiennes dans la région de Murcie, les Shūdhīs se réinstallèrent dans le royaume naissant de Grenade et dans le centre du monde islamique où, en tant que disciples d’Ibn Sabʿīn (m. 669/1270), ils furent connus sous le nom de Sabʿīniyya. Les Shūdhiyya ont prospéré en al-Andalus à peu près à la même époque où Ibn ʿArabī (m. 638/1240) vivait en al-Andalus. Et, comme Ibn ʿArabī, les Shūdhiyya finirent par être connus pour avoir épousé l’unité de l’existence, bien que d’une manière plus radicale et absolue. Même si le soufisme intellectuel en al-Andalus est surtout associé à Ibn ʿArabī, son influence réelle sur ses contemporains en al-Andalus fut plutôt rare, car il émigra à la trentaine vers l’Orient où il écrivit ses principales œuvres. Cependant, dans le domaine du soufisme intellectuel, la Shūdhiyya fut bien plus influente en al-Andalus qu’Ibn ʿArabī. Néanmoins, comme les principaux représentants de la Shūdhiyya andalouse ne se sont pas délocalisés en Orient, leurs œuvres n’ont pas été largement diffusées dans le monde islamique oriental et central et, par conséquent, à l’exception d’Ibn al-Marʾa, la plupart de leurs œuvres ne sont pas connues. Ainsi, les principales sources sont la littérature biographique et polémique. Malgré l’importance historique et intellectuelle des Shūdhiyya pour l’histoire sociale, politique et intellectuelle d’al-Andalus, seul Massignon a consacré une certaine attention à ce courant soufi. Dans cet article, les sources disponibles sur la Shūdhiyya en al-Andalus sont passées en revue et contextualisées.
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