Bull-leaping has become one of the most emblematic activities of Minoan Crete and has recently received renewed attention with the BBC/British Museum radio series, A History of the World in 100 Objects. One of the featured objects, a Minoan bronze group of a bull and acrobat, was brought to life in a television advertisement using a modern bull and leaper. This act of translation is at the heart of the dialogue this paper seeks to address: the interaction between current human attitudes toward nonhuman animals and their depictions, and those of the Bronze Age. It suggests that the animal practices of the past were shaped by material and social circumstances far removed from those of modernity. The mutual affordances of bulls and humans have resulted in similar interactions, or bull games, in different societies, but modern archaeologists have tended to downplay the relationship between bull and leaper in Bronze Age Crete by regarding bull-leaping in purely symbolic terms. An archaeological account informed by Human-Animal Studies can instead bring to the foreground both the familiarity and distinctiveness of past human-animal relationships.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Baker S. Picturing the beast: Animals, identity and representation 2001 Urbana and Chicago, IL University of Illinois Press Illinois edition
Bennett J. Vibrant matter: A political ecology of things 2010 Durham, NC Duke University Press
Berger J. Animal world. New Society 1971 18 478 1042 1043
Berger J. Why look at animals? About looking 1980 London, England Writers and Readers 1 26
Bietak M. , Marinatos N. & Palivou C. Taureador scenes in Tell El-Dab’a (Avaris) and Knossos Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie XLIII 2007 Vienna, Austria Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Burt J. The illumination of the animal kingdom: The role of light and electricity in animal representation. Society and Animals 2001 9 3 203 228
Burt J. Animals in film 2002 London, England Reaktion
Burt J. John Berger’s “Why look at animals?”: A close reading. Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion 2005 9 2 203 218
Cain D. Dancing in the dark: Deconstructing a narrative of epiphany on the Isopata Ring. American Journal of Archaeology 2001 105 1 27 49
Castleden R. Minoans: Life in Bronze Age Crete 1990 London, England Routledge
Damiani Indelicato S. Were Cretan girls playing at bull-leaping? Cretan Studies 1988 1 39 47
Elder G. , Wolch J. & Emel J. Race, place and the bounds of humanity. Society and Animals 1998 6 2 183 202
Evans A. J. On a Minoan bronze group of a galloping bull and acrobatic figure from Crete. With glyptic comparisons and a note on the Oxford relief showing the taurokathapsia Journal of Hellenic Studies 1921a 41 2 247 259
Evans A. J. The Palace of Minos at Knossos, I 1921b London, England Macmillan
Evans A. J. The Palace of Minos at Knossos, III 1930 London, England Macmillan
Evans A. J. The Palace of Minos at Knossos, IV 1935 London, England Macmillan
Fudge E. Perceiving animals: Humans and beasts in early modern English culture 2001 Urbana and Chicago, IL University of Illinois Press
Fudge E. Rothfels N. A left-handed blow: Writing the history of animals. Representing animals 2002 Bloomington, IN Indiana University Press 3 18
Gere C. Knossos and the prophets of modernism 2009 Chicago, IL University of Chicago Press
German S. Performance, power and the art of the Aegean Bronze Age 2005 Oxford, England Archaeopress
Gibson J. J. The ecological approach to visual perception 1979 Boston, MA Houghton Mifflin Company
Gosden C. & Marshall Y. The cultural biography of objects. World Archaeology 1999 31 2 169 178
Groenewegen-Frankfort H. Arrest and movement 1951 London, England Faber & Faber
Hamilakis Y. Hamilakis Y. What future for the ‘Minoan’ past? Rethinking Minoan archaeology. Labyrinth revisited: Rethinking ‘Minoan’ archaeology 2002 Oxford, England Oxbow 2 28
Haraway D. When species meet 2008 Minneapolis, MN University of Minnesota Press
Hawkes J. Dawn of the gods 1968 London, England Chatto & Windus
Isaakidou V. Serjeantson D. & Field D. Ploughing with cows: Knossos and the secondary products revolution. Animals in the Neolithic of Britain and Europe 2006 Oxford, England Oxbow 95 112
Killen J. T. The oxen’s names on the Knossos Ch tablets. Minos 1993 27-28 101 107
Klingender F. Animals in art and thought 1971 London Routledge
Lawrence E. Rodeo: An anthropologist looks at the wild and the tame 1982 Knoxville, TN University of Tennessee Press
Lippit A. Electric animal: Toward a rhetoric of wildlife 2000 Minneapolis, MN University of Minnesota Press
Logue W. Set in stone: The role of relief-carved stone vessels in Neopalatial Minoan elite propaganda. Annual of the British School at Athens 2004 99 149 172
Loughlin E. Bell S. & Davies G. Grasping the bull by the horns: Minoan bull sport. Games and festivals in Classical Antiquity. Proceedings of the conference held in Edinburgh 10-12 July 2000 2004 Oxford, England Archaeopress 1 8 BAR International Series 1220
MacGregor N. A history of the world in 100 objects. 2010 London, England Allen Lane
Marinatos N. The bull as an adversary: Some observations on bull-hunting and bull-leaping. Ariadne 1989 5 23 32
Marinatos N. The ‘export’ significance of Minoan bull hunting and bull leaping scenes. Ägypten und Levante 1994 4 89 93
Marvin G. Bullfight 1988 Oxford, England Blackwell
McInerney J. The cattle of the sun: Cows and culture in the world of the ancient Greeks. 2010 Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press
Miller D. Materiality 2005 Durham, NC Duke University Press
Morgan L. The power of the beast: Human-animal symbolism in Egyptian and Aegean art. Ägypten und Levant 1998 7 17 31
Peatfield A. Hägg R. & Marinatos N. Palace and peak: The political and religious relationship between palaces and peak sanctuaries. The function of the Minoan palaces 1987 Stockholm, Sweden Swedish Institute at Athens 89 93
Pendlebury J. The archaeology of Crete 1939 London, England Methuen
Pilali-Papasteriou A. Die bronzenen Tierfiguren aus Kreta. Prähistorische Bronzefunde 1985 1 3 Munich, Germany Beck’sche
Rackham O. & Moody J. The making of the Cretan landscape 1996 Manchester, England Manchester University Press
Rehak P. Laffineur R. & Niemeier W.-D. The use and destruction of Minoan stone bull’s head rhyta. Politeia: Society and state in the Aegean Bronze Age, II 1995 Liège, Belgium, and Austin, TX Université de Liège and University of Texas at Austin 435 460 Aegaeum 12.
Sapouna-Sakellarakis E. Die bronzenen Menschenfiguren auf Kreta und in der Ägäis 1995 Stuttgart, Germany Franz Steiner Prähistorische Bronzefunde 1, 5.
Schoep I. Driessen J. , Schoep I. & Laffineur R. The state of the Minoan palaces or the Minoan palace state? MONUMENTS OF MINOS. Rethinking the Minoan palaces 2002 Liège, Belgium, and Austin, TX Université de Liège and University of Texas at Austin 179 199 Aegaeum 23.
Shapland A. J. Wild nature? Human-animal relations on Neopalatial Crete. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2010 20 1 109 127
Soar K. Georgiadis M. & Gallou C. Old bulls, new tricks: The reinvention of a Minoan tradition. The past in the past: The significance of memory and tradition in the transmission of culture 2009 Oxford, England Archaeopress 16 27 BAR S1925.
Younger J. G. Bronze Age representations of bull-leaping, American Journal of Archaeology 1976 80 2 125 137
Younger J. G. A new look at Minoan bull-leaping. Muse 1983 17 72 80
Younger J. G. Laffineur R. & Niemeier W.-D. Bronze Age representations of Aegean bull-games, III. POLITEIA. Society and state in the Aegean Bronze Age, II 1995 Liège, Belgium, and Austin, TX Université de Liège and University of Texas at Austin 507 545 Aegaeum 12.
Zeimbekis M. Karetsou A. Grappling with the bull: A reappraisal of bull and cattle-related ritual in Minoan Crete. Pepragmena tou Θ' diethnous Kritologikou synedriou 2006 A2 Heraklion Etaira Kritikon Istorikon Meleton 27 44
Zeuner F. A history of domesticated animals 1963 London, England Hutchinson
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1438 | 342 | 17 |
Full Text Views | 583 | 162 | 1 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 933 | 255 | 4 |
Bull-leaping has become one of the most emblematic activities of Minoan Crete and has recently received renewed attention with the BBC/British Museum radio series, A History of the World in 100 Objects. One of the featured objects, a Minoan bronze group of a bull and acrobat, was brought to life in a television advertisement using a modern bull and leaper. This act of translation is at the heart of the dialogue this paper seeks to address: the interaction between current human attitudes toward nonhuman animals and their depictions, and those of the Bronze Age. It suggests that the animal practices of the past were shaped by material and social circumstances far removed from those of modernity. The mutual affordances of bulls and humans have resulted in similar interactions, or bull games, in different societies, but modern archaeologists have tended to downplay the relationship between bull and leaper in Bronze Age Crete by regarding bull-leaping in purely symbolic terms. An archaeological account informed by Human-Animal Studies can instead bring to the foreground both the familiarity and distinctiveness of past human-animal relationships.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1438 | 342 | 17 |
Full Text Views | 583 | 162 | 1 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 933 | 255 | 4 |