Social media is a powerful tool for sharing information and awareness campaigns concerning environmental issues, especially as they pertain to the conservation of wild, nonhuman animals (henceforth, “animals”). This form of online engagement is a double-edged sword, however, since it can facilitate the legal and illegal trade of wild species, and promote harmful tourism encounters with wild animals. This review spans multiple disciplines and presents some key literature to date examining how public perceptions of wild animals are influenced by social media. This includes discussions of “viral” videos, “wildlife selfies,” changing trends in animal encounters at wildlife tourism destinations, and the influence of social media on the wildlife trade. Avenues for future research are suggested with urgency; the adverse effects of social media are understudied, yet bear serious consequences for the individual welfare and species conservation of wild animals.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Bagley, D. K., & Gonsman, V. L. (2005). Pet attachment and personality type. Anthrozoös, 18(1), 28-42. DOI: 10.2752/089279305785594333.
Baker, S. E., Cain, R., van Kesteren, F., Zommers, Z. A., D’Cruze, N., & Macdonald, D. W. (2013). Rough trade: Animal welfare in the global wildlife trade. BioScience, 63(12), 928-938. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2013.63.12.6.
Belicia, T., & Islam, M. (2018). Towards a decommodified wildlife tourism: Why market environmentalism is not enough for conservation. Societies, 59(8), 2-15. doi:10.3390/soc8030059.
Bosslet, G. T. (2011). Commentary: The good, the bad, and the ugly of social media. Academic Emergency Medicine, 18(11), 1221-1222. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01197.x.
Brotcorne, F., Giraud, G., Gunst, N., Fuentes, A., Wandia, I. N., Beudels-Jamar, R. C., & Leca, J.-B. (2017). Intergroup variation in robbing and bartering by long-tailed macaques at Uluwatu Temple (Bali, Indonesia). Primates, 58(4), 505-516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-017-0611-1.
Bulbeck, C. 2005. Facing the Wild: Ecotourism, Conservation and Animal Encounters. London: Earthscan.
Carder, G., Plese, T., Machado, F., Paterson, S., Matthews, N., McAnea, L., & D’Cruze, N. (2018). The impact of ‘selfie’ tourism on the behaviour and welfare of brown-throated three-toed sloths. Animals, 8(11), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8110216.
Clarke, T. A., Reuter, K. E., LaFleur, M., & Schaefer, M. S. (2019). A viral video and pet lemurs on Twitter. PLOS ONE, 14(1), e0208577. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208577.
Collard, R.-C. (2014). Putting animals back together, taking commodities apart. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 104(1), 151-165. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2013.847750.
D’Cruze, N., Machado, F. C., Matthews, N., Balaskas, M., Carder, G., Richardson, V., & Vieto, R. (2017). A review of wildlife ecotourism in Manaus, Brazil. Nature Conservation, 22, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.22.17369.
D’Ovidio, D., & Pirrone, F. (2018). A cross-sectional survey to evaluate the pet squirrel population and ownership profiles. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 159, 55-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.08.018.
Daly, N. (2017). Exclusive: Instagram fights animal abuse with new alert system. https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/12/wildlife-watch-instagram-selfie-tourism-animal-welfare-crime/.
Di Minin, E., Fink, C., Hiippala, T., & Tenkanen, H. (2019). A framework for investigating illegal wildlife trade on social media with machine learning. Conservation Biology, 33(1), 210-213. doi:10.1111/cobi.13104.
Di Minin, E., Fink, C., Tenkanen, H., & Hiippala, T. (2018). Machine learning for tracking illegal wildlife trade on social media. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2, 406-407. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0466-x.
Diehl, T., Weeks, B. E., & De Zúñiga, G. H. (2016). Political persuasion on social media: Tracing direct and indirect effects of news use and social interaction. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1875-1895. doi:10.1177/1461444815616224.
Duffy, R. (2014). Interactive elephants: Nature, tourism and neoliberalism. Annals of Tourism Research, 44, 88-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.09.003.
Eid, E., & Handal, R. (2018). Illegal hunting in Jordan: Using social media to assess impacts on wildlife. Oryx, 52(04), 730-735. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605316001629.
Fidino, M., Herr, S. W., & Magle, S. B. (2018). Assessing online opinions of wildlife through social media. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 23(5), 482-490. DOI: 10.1080/10871209.2018.1468943.
Goh, K., Heng, C. S., & Lin, Z. (2013). Social media brand community and consumer behavior: Quantifying the relative impact of user-and marketer-generated content. Information Systems Research, 24(1), 88-107. doi:10.1287/isre.1120.0469.
Harrison, J. R., Roberts, D. L., & Hernandez‐Castro, J. (2016). Assessing the extent and nature of wildlife trade on the dark web. Conservation Biology, 30(4), 900-904. doi:10.1111/cobi.12707.
Herzog, H. A., Bentley, R. A., & Hahn, M. W. (2004). Random drift and large shifts in popularity of dog breeds. Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 271(5), S353-S356. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2004.0185.
Hinsley, A., Lee, T. E., Harrison, J. R., & Roberts, D. L. (2016). Estimating the extent and structure of trade in horticultural orchids via social media. Conservation Biology, 30(5), 1038-1047. doi:10.1111/cobi.12721.
Hsu, M. J., Kao, C-C., & Agoramoorthy, G. (2009). Interactions between visitors and Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) at Shou-Shan Nature Park, Taiwan. American Journal of Primatology, 71(3), 214-222. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20638.
Intrepid Animal Welfare Guidelines. (n.d.). Intrepid Group. https://www.intrepidtravel.com/sites/intrepid/files/teal/intrepid_marketing/266607231_Animal-Welfare-Guidelines-LR_update.pdf.
Kontogeorgopoulos, N. (2009). Wildlife tourism in semi-captive settings: A case study of elephant camps in northern Thailand. Current Issues in Tourism, 12(5-6), 429-449. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500903042873.
Lavorgna, A. (2014). Wildlife trafficking in the Internet age. Crime Science, 3(5), 1-12. doi:10.1186/s40163-014-0005-2.
Lavorgna, A. (2015). The social organization of pet trafficking in cyberspace. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 21(353), 353-370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-015-9273-y.
Maréchal, L., Semple, S., Majolo, B., & MacLarnon, A. (2016). Assessing the effects of tourist provisioning on the health of wild Barbary macaques in Morocco. PLOS ONE, 11(5), e0155920. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155920.
Maréchal, L., Semple, S., Majolo, B., Qarro, M., Heistermann, M., & MacLarnon, A. (2011). Impacts of tourism on anxiety and physiological stress levels in wild male Barbary macaques. Biological Conservation, 144(9), 2188-2193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.05.010.
Martin, R. O., Senni, C., & D’Cruze, N. C. (2018). Trade in wild-sourced African grey parrots: Insights via social media. Global Ecology and Conservation, 15, e00429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00429.
McKinney, T. (2014). Species-specific responses to tourist interactions by white-faced capuchins (Cebus imitator) and mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) in a Costa Rican wildlife refuge. International Journal of Primatology, 35(2), 573-589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-014-9769-1.
Megias, D. A., Anderson, S. C., Smith, R. J., & Veríssimo, D. (2017). Investigating the impact of media on demand for wildlife: A case study of Harry Potter and the UK trade in owls. PLOS ONE, 12(10), e0182368. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182368.
Ménard, N., Foulquier, A., Vallet, D., Qarro, M., Le Gouar, P., & Pierre, J-S. (2014). How tourism and pastoralism influence population demographic changes in a threatened large mammal species: Tourism and pastoralism effects on mammal demography. Animal Conservation, 17(2), 115-124. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12063.
Militz, T. A., & Foale, S. (2017). The “Nemo Effect”: Perception and reality of Finding Nemo’s impact on marine aquarium fisheries. Fish and Fisheries, 18(3), 596-606. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12202.
Moorhouse, T. P., Balaskas, M., D’Cruze, N. C., & Macdonald, D. W. (2017). Information could reduce consumer demand for exotic pets. Conservation Letters, 10(3), 337-345. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12270.
Moorhouse, T. P., D’Cruze, N. C., & Macdonald, D. W. (2017a). The effect of priming, nationality and greenwashing on preferences for wildlife tourist attractions. Global Ecology and Conservation, 12, 188-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2017.11.007.
Moorhouse, T. P., D’Cruze, N. C., & Macdonald, D. W. (2017b). Unethical use of wildlife in tourism: What’s the problem, who is responsible, and what can be done? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(4), 505-516. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1223087.
Moorhouse, T. P., Dahlsjö, C. A. L., Baker, S. E., D’Cruze, N. C., & Macdonald, D. W. (2015). The customer isn’t always right—Conservation and animal welfare implications of the increasing demand for wildlife tourism. PLOS ONE, 10(10), e0138939. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138939.
Negrín, A. R., Fuentes, A. C., Espinosa, D. C., & Dias, P. A. D. (2016). The loss of behavioral diversity as a consequence of anthropogenic habitat disturbance: The social interactions of black howler monkeys. Primates, 57(1), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-015-0503-1.
Nekaris, B. K. A-I., Campbell, N., Coggins, T. G., Rode, E. J., & Nijman, V. (2013). Tickled to death: Analysing public perceptions of ‘cute’ videos of threatened species (slow lorises—Nycticebus spp.) on web 2.0 sites. PLoS ONE, 8(7), e69215. doi:10.1371/jour nal.pone.0069215.
Nekaris, B. K. A-I., Musing, L., Vazquez, A. G., & Donati, G. (2015). Is tickling torture? Assessing welfare towards slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) within web 2.0 videos. Folia Primatologica, 86(69), 534-551. doi:10.1159/000444231.
Nghiem, L. T. P., Webb, E. L., & Carrasco, L. R. (2012). Saving Vietnam’s wildlife through social media. Science, 338(6104), 192-193. doi:10.1126/science.338.6104.192-b.
Nijman, V., & Nekaris, K. A-I. (2017). The Harry Potter effect: The rise in trade of owls as pets in Java and Bali, Indonesia. Global Ecology and Conservation, 11, 84-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2017.04.004.
Orams, M. B. (2000). The Economic Benefits of Whale-Watching in Vava’u, The Kingdom of Tonga. Centre for Tourism Research, New Zealand: Massey University at Albany.
Radjawali, I. (2011). Social networks and the live reef food fish trade: Examining sustainability. Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities, 4, 67-102. https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/256165.
Roberts, D., & Hernandez-Castro, J. (2017). Bycatch and illegal wildlife trade on the dark web. Oryx, 51(3), 393-394. doi:10.1017/S0030605317000679.
Rushby, K. (2016). TripAdvisor bans ticket sales to attractions that allow contact with wild animals. https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/oct/12/tripadvisor-no-touch-policy-wild-animals-holiday-attractions.
Russello, M. A., Avery, M. L., & Wright, T. F. (2008). Genetic evidence links invasive monk parakeet populations in the United States to the international pet trade. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8, 217. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-8-217.
Schmidt-Burbach, J., Ronfot, D., & Srisangiam, R. (2015). Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus), pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) and tiger (Panthera tigris) populations at tourism venues in Thailand and aspects of their welfare. PLOS ONE, 10(9), e0139092. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139092.
Schuetz, J., Soykan, C. U., Distler, T., & Langham, G. (2015). Searching for backyard birds in virtual worlds: Internet queries mirror real species distributions. Biodiversity and Conservation, 24(5), 1147-1154. doi:10.1007/s10531-014-0847-7.
Siriwat, P., & Nijman, V. (2018). Using online media-sourced seizure data to assess the illegal wildlife trade in Siamese rosewood. Environmental Conservation, 45(4), 352-360. doi:10.1017/S037689291800005X.
Sonricker Hansen, A. L., Li, A., Joly, D., Mekaru, S., & Brownstein, J. S. (2012). Digital surveillance: A novel approach to monitoring the illegal wildlife trade. PLOS ONE, 7(12), e51156. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051156.
Stazaker, K., & Mackinnon, J. (2018). Visitor perceptions of captive, endangered Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) used as photo props in Jemaa El Fna Square, Marrakech, Morocco. Anthrozoös, 31(6), 761-776. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2018.1529360.
Taylor, P. W. (1981). The ethics of respect for nature. Environmental Ethics, 3(3), 197-218. doi:10.5840/enviroethics19813321.
Vail, R. M. (2018). Wildlife as pets: Reshaping public perceptions through targeted communication. Human—Wildlife Interactions, 12(2), 293-298. doi: https://doi.org/10.26077/738c-nt69.
Vonk, J., Patton, C., & Galvan, M. (2016). Not so cold-blooded: Narcissistic and borderline personality traits predict attachment to traditional and non-traditional pets. Anthrozoös, 29, 627-637. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2016.1228762.
Waters, S., & El-Harrad, A. (2013). A note on the effective use of social media to raise awareness against the illegal trade in Barbary macaques. African Primates, 8, 67-68. http://www.barbarymacaque.org/publications/support-is-the-heart-of-our-cause/.
Webb, S. E. W., & McCoy, M. B. (2014). Ecotourism and primate habituation: Behavioral variation in two groups of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) from Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 62(3), 909. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v62i3.14064.
World Animal Protection. (n.d.). Wildlife selfie code. Retrieved from https://www.worldanimalprotection.org/wildlife-selfie-code.
World Animal Protection. (2018). Associated with cruelty: How travel trade associations are ignoring wild animal abuse. https://d31j74p4lpxrfp.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/int_files/how_travel_trade_associations_are_ignoring_wild_animal_abuse_-_report_november_2018.pdf.
Yudina, O., & Fennell, D. (2013). Ecofeminism in the tourism context: A discussion of the use of other-than-human animals as food in tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 38(1), 55-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2013.11081729.
Yudina, O., & Grimwood, B. S. R. (2016). Situating the wildlife spectacle: Ecofeminism, representation, and polar bear tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(5), 715-734. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1083996.
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 5627 | 1987 | 177 |
Full Text Views | 1858 | 204 | 15 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 2587 | 353 | 33 |
Social media is a powerful tool for sharing information and awareness campaigns concerning environmental issues, especially as they pertain to the conservation of wild, nonhuman animals (henceforth, “animals”). This form of online engagement is a double-edged sword, however, since it can facilitate the legal and illegal trade of wild species, and promote harmful tourism encounters with wild animals. This review spans multiple disciplines and presents some key literature to date examining how public perceptions of wild animals are influenced by social media. This includes discussions of “viral” videos, “wildlife selfies,” changing trends in animal encounters at wildlife tourism destinations, and the influence of social media on the wildlife trade. Avenues for future research are suggested with urgency; the adverse effects of social media are understudied, yet bear serious consequences for the individual welfare and species conservation of wild animals.
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 5627 | 1987 | 177 |
Full Text Views | 1858 | 204 | 15 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 2587 | 353 | 33 |