For much of the last twenty years, China’s ties with Saudi Arabia have been understood in commercial terms, with most scholars arguing that the relationship has little cultural or historical depth. Drawing on multiple trips to China between 2011 and 2015 along with a ten-month period living continuously in Saudi Arabia in 2013 and 2014, this paper argues that there are factors other than economics that should be considered: namely, historical ties dating back to the seventh century, Saudi cultural and geo-strategic linkages to the United States, and the new economic and political geography of Eurasia. While cultural and strategic factors have limited the growth of Saudi-Sino ties since the start of the Arab Spring, they are likely to be the factors that allow for the two sides to realize the potential of their bilateral relationship in the future—even while retaining their close current alliances with other great powers.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Agnihotri Gaurav2015, ‘ What Would a Saudi-Russian Energy Partnership Mean For World Energy?’ Oilprice.Com 24 June. Available from: <http://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/What-Would-A-Saudi-Russian-Partnership-Mean-For-World-Energy.html>. [26 June 2015].
Ahmed Mukhtar2015, ‘ What went wrong with the Yemen ‘resolution,’ Pakistan Observer 15 April. Available from: LexisNexis Academic. [20 June 2015].
Al-Arefe, Sheikh Muhammad 2011 ‘Ḵuṭba al-Jum‘a ṯaura sūrīa sheikh Muhammad al-Arefe,’ 6 May (video file), Available from: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Irwy9DZTR48>. [24 June 2015].
Al-Maeena Khaled2006, ‘ Kingdom, China Sign Landmark Energy Pact,’ The Arab News 24 January. Available from: <http://www.arabnews.com/node/279350>. [24 June 2015].
Al-Sham Yassin2011, ‘Šā‘ir sūrī ynāšd l-Malik Abdullah qaṣīda munāšida l-Malik,’ 11 June (video file), Available from: <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mad0-N0atmY&feature=related>. [20 January 2015].
Al-Shibeeb Dina2015, ‘Your Guide to ‘Operation Decisive Storm,” Al-Arabiya English 26 March. Available from: <http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/features/2015/03/26/Allies-back-Saudi-led-Decisive-Storm-op-in-Yemen-with-fighter-jets-.html>. [25 June 2015].
Al-Tamimi Naser (2013). China-Saudi Arabia Relations, 1990–2012: Marriage of Convenience or Strategic Alliance. Abingdon, Oxon (UK) and New York: Routledge Press.
Alterman Jon, , Garver John (2008). The Vital Triangle: China, the United States, and the Middle East. Washington, DC: CSIS Press.
Bayoumy Yara, Morad, Mahmoud 2015, ‘ Putin Letter to Arab Summit Triggers Strong Saudi Attack,’ Reuters 29 March. Available from: <http://uk.reuters.com/article/2015/03/29/uk-mideast-arabs-summit-putin-idUKKBN0MP0IB20150329>. [25 June 2015].
Blum Justin2004, ‘Oil Prices Up Despite Saudi Offer; Some Traders Doubt Kingdom’s Ability to Increase Production,’ The Washington Post 12 August, p. A01. Available from: LexisNexis. [24 June 2015].
Butt Tariq2015, ‘Pakistan and China are ‘Iron Brothers,’ Says Sharif,’ The Gulf Today 4 June. Available from: <http://www.gulftoday.ae/portal/8dcfbc45-aed9-4e12-af44-766ec0d74179.aspx>. [20 June 2015].
Cairo Post2015, “China State Visit to Egypt, Saudi Arabia Delayed,” The Cairo Post, 1 April. Available From: <http://thecairopost.youm7.com/news/144403/news/china-state-visit-to-egypt-saudi-arabia-delayed>. [7 November 2015].
Churcher Sharon2012, ‘China’s new Princess - the daughter of Communist president Xi Jinping studying quietly at Harvard,’ The Daily Mail 18 November. Available from:
Commander Naval Instillations Command 2007, Singapore Area Coordinator. Available from: <http://www.cnic.navy.mil/regions/sac.html>. [24 June 2015].
Cordesman Anthony H (2003). Saudi Arabia enters the 21st century.Westport, ct: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Cunningham Nick2015, ‘Russia and China’s growing energy relationship,’ Oilprice.Com 28 January. Available from: <http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Russia-and-Chinas-Growing-Energy-Relationship.html>. [2 February 2015].
Dingli, Shen 2015, ‘China’s One Road, One Belt Strategy Is Not Another Marshall Plan,’ Chinausfocus.com 16 March. Available from: <http://www.chinausfocus.com/finance-economy/china-advances-its-one-belt-one-road-strategy/>. [1 June 2015].
Entous Adam, Barnes, Julian 2014, ‘ Deal with Saudis paved the way for Syrian airstrikes,’ The Wall Street Journal 24 September. Available from: <http://online.wsj.com/articles/deal-with-saudis-paved-way-for-syrian-airstrikes-1411605329>. [1 October 2014].
Erickson Andrew, , Goldstein Lyle (2009). ‘ Gunboats for China’s New ‘Grand Canals’?’ Naval War College Review, 62 (2): 43–76.
Escobar Pepe2014, ‘China’s Building a New Silk Road to Europe and it is leaving America behind,’ Mother Jones 16 December. Available from: <http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/12/chinas-new-silk-road-europe-will-leave-america-behind>. [24 June 2015].
Ezzat Dina2015, ‘Dragged into war in Yemen?’ Al-Ahram Weekly, 9 April. Available from: LexisNexis Academic. [20 June 2015].
Hashim Muhanad2014, ‘Iraq and Syria: Who are the foreign fighters?’ BBC Monitoring 3 September. Available from: <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east -29043331>. [10 October 2014].
Holodny Elena2015. ‘ Russia just one-stepped the Saudis in China,’ Business Insider, 23 June. Available from: <http://www.businessinsider.com/russia-just-one-upped-the-saudis-in-china-2015-6?r=UK>. [26 June 2015].
Houreld Katharine, , Zahra-Malik Mehreen2015, ‘ Chinese president to visit Pakistan, hammer out $46-billion deal,’ Reuters 16 April. Available from:
Ide William2014, ‘Ming Dynasty Admiral Key to China’s Promotion of Sea Links,’ Voice of America 22 September. Available from: <http://www.voanews.com/content/ming-dynasty-admiral-key-in-china-promotion-of-sea-links/2457998.html>. [25 June 2015].
International Monetary Fund 2013, dots Statistics: Saudi Arabia. Available from: <http://elibrary-data.imf.org/DataReport.aspx?c=1449337&d=33060&e=162002>. [13 December 2013].
Kemp Geoffrey (2010). The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute Press.
Khan Ghazanfar Ali2009, ‘ Students Lay Stone for Chinese-Saudi Friendship Park,’ The Arab News 13 February. Available from: < http://www.arabnews.com/node/320925>. [20 June 2015].
Khan Shahid Ali2010, ‘300 Million Riyal Mall Opens in Riyadh,’ The Saudi Gazette 1 November. Available from: <http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm? method=home.regcon&contentID=2010110186531>. [20 June 2015].
King Laura2015, ‘ Pan-Arab force could add to chaos; the nascent military alliance could bring new regional crises and sharpen sectarian conflicts, analysts say,’ The Los Angeles Times 31 March, p. 1. Available from: LexisNexis Academic. [20 June 2015].
Klapper Bradley, Lee, Matthew & Pace, Julie 2013, ‘Clandestine meetings between us and Iran set stage for nuclear deal,’ The Associated Press 24 November. Available from: <http://www.newser.com/article/daa8su9g0/ap-exclusive-clandestine-meetings-between-us-and-iran-set-stage-for-nuclear-deal.html>. [15 June 2015].
Lambert Fred2015, ‘ Senegal Pledges more than 2,000 troops for Saudi-led campaign in Yemen,’ upi 5 May. Available from: <http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2015/05/05/Senegal-pledges-more-than-2000-troops-for-Saudi-led-Yemen-campaign/6251430853911/>. [10 May 2015].
Liu Mingfu (2015). The China Dream: Great Power Thinking & Strategic Posture in the Post-American Era. New York: Beijing Mediatime Books CO, LTDD. & C.N. Times Books.
Manan Abdul2015, ‘China’s security as important as Pakistan’s, Nawaz tells Chinese President,’ The Express Tribune 20 April, Available from: <http://tribune.com.pk/story/872813/chinese-president-xi-arrives-in-capital-to-rousing-welcome/>. [22 June 2015].
McDowall Angus2015, ‘ Crunch time coming for Saudi campaign as options narrow in Yemen,’ Reuters Canada, 11 June. Available From: LexisNexis Academic. [26 June 2015].
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China 2013, ‘ President Xi Jinping Meets with Malaysian Former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad,’ 5 October. Available from: <http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpfwynmlxycx21apec_665682/t1085199.shtml>. 20 December 2013].
Monteverde Marco (2015), ‘Chinese carry heavy burden,” The Courier Mail (Australia) 10 January, p. 85. Available from: LexisNexis Academic. [8 November 2015].
Montgomery Paul L. 1975, ‘ Faisal, Rich and Powerful, Led Saudis into 20th Century and to Arab Forefront,’ The New York Times 26 March, p. 10. Available from: ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2009). [23 June 2015].
Naar Ismaeel, 2015, ‘ Saudi F.M.: U.S. support of Gulf at ‘record high.’ Al-Arabiya News 31 October. Available from: <http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/10/31/Iran-threatens-Arabs-as-much-as-ISIS-says-Bahrain.html>. [8 November 2015].
Nader Emir2015, ‘ No troops on the ground in Yemen: Military spokesman,’ The Daily News Egypt 14 April. Available from: <http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/04/14/no-troops-on-the-ground-in-yemen-military-spokesperson/>. [20 June 2015].
Naffee, Ibrahim 2014(a), “Made in China’ label discourages Saudis,’ The Arab News 22 January. Available from: <http://www.arabnews.com/news/513161>. [10 June 2015].
Naffee Ibrahim2014(b), ‘ Number of Saudi Students in America reaches 111,000,’ The Arab News 20 April. Available from: <http://www.arabnews.com/news/558416>. [10 June 2015].
Naffee Ibrahim2014(c), ‘ Syrians in Trouble as Embassy Closes,’ The Arab News 16 March. Available from: <http: //www.arabnews.com/news/541016>. [24 June 2015].
Okoshi Masahiro2015, ‘ Beijing Expects European Backing for infrastructure bank,’ Nikkei Asian Review 12 March. Available from: LexisNexis Academic. [24 June 2015].
Olimat Muhamad (2013). China and the Middle East: From Silk Road to Arab Spring. New York: Routledge.
Oren Michael (2010). Six Days of War.New York: Rosetta Books.
Page Jeremy2013, ‘Chinese Territorial Strife Hits Archaeology,’ The Wall Street Journal 2 December. Available from: <http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304470504579164873258159410>. [15 January 2015].
Page Jeremy, , Peker Emre2015, ‘As Muslim Uighurs Flee, China Sees Jihad Risks: As Homeland Grows Violent: Some Uighurs Seek Haven in Turkey The Wall Street Journal http://www.wsj.com/articles/as-muslim-uighurs-flee-china-sees-jihad-risk-1422666280,’ , 30 January. Available from: <>. [1 June 2015].
Peker Emre, Wong, Chan Han 2015, ‘ China accuses Turks of Aiding Illegal Travel,’ The Wall Street Journal 15 January. Available from: <http://www.wsj.com/articles/china-accuses-turks-of-aiding-illegal-travel-1421345118>. [9 June 2015].
Peritz Aki, Alikhan, Faris 2014, ‘ The U.S.-Iran non-alliance against the Islamic State,’ Reuters 29 October. Available from: <http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/10/28/the-u-s-iran-non-alliance-alliance-against-islamic-state/>. [20 June 2015].
Pitlo III Lucio Blanco2015, ‘ China’s One Belt, One Road to Where?’ The Diplomat, 17 February. Available from: <http://thediplomat.com/2015/02/chinas-one-belt-one-road-to-where/>. [20 February 2015].
Qizhi Zhang (2015). An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture.New York: Springer.
Saudi Telecom Company, ‘Akbar Mušajji‘a as-Su‘ūdīya,’ 24 November (video file), Available from <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qF_Davwn9ek>. [1 December 2014].
Sen Tan Ta (2009). Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia.Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asia Studies.
Sender Henry2012, ‘ Iran accepts renminbi for crude oil,’ The Financial Times 7 May. Available from: <http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/63132838-732d-11e1-9014-00144feab49a.html#axzz3eBT4Awt6>. [26 June 2015].
Shackle Samira2015, ‘ Pakistan and the Saudi-led action in Yemen,’ The Middle East Monitor 9 April. Available from: <https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/blogs/politics/17962-pakistan-and-the-saudi-led-action-in-yemen>. [20 April 2015].
Shah Saeed2015, ‘ China to Build Pipeline from Iran to Pakistan,’ The Wall Street Journal 9 April. Available from: <http://www.wsj.com/articles/china-to-build-pipeline-from-iran-to-pakistan-1428515277>. [10 April 2015].
Shah Saeed, Page, Jeremy 2015, ‘ China Readies $46 billion for Pakistan Trade Route,’ The Wall Street Journal 16 April. Available from: <http://www.wsj.com/articles/china-to-unveil-billions-of-dollars-in-pakistan-investment-1429214705>. [20 May 2015].
Sheehan Edward R. F.1974, ‘ Unradical Sheiks Who Shake the World,’ The New York Times 24 March, pp. 13–14, 50–54, 58–60, 66–68. Available from: ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2009). [10 April 2015].
Shen Dingli, 2015, ‘ China’s One Road, One Belt Strategy Is Not Another Marshall Plan,’ Chinausfocus.com 16 March. Available from: <http://www.chinausfocus.com/ finance-economy/china-advances-its-one-belt-one-road-strategy/>. [1 June 2015]
Siddiqui Taha2014, ‘Saudi Arabia woos Pakistan with $1.5 billion grant. Why now?’ The Christian Science Monitor 28 March. Available from: <http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Under-the-Radar/2014/0328/Saudi-Arabia-woos-Pakistan-with-1.5-billion-grant.-Why-now>. [17 June 2015].
Smith Ben, , Elder Miriam2013, ‘ Obama’s Very Personal Deal with Iran: Did he finally earn the Nobel?’ BuzzFeed World 24 November. Available from: <http://www.buzzfeed.com/bensmith/obamas-very-personal-deal-with-iran>. [24 June 2015].
Sutter Robert (2012). Chinese Foreign Relations: Power and Policy since the Cold War. Plymouth, United Kingdom: Rowan and Littlefield.
Sun Yun, 2012, ‘Syria: What China Has Learned From Its Libya Experiences,’ Asia Pacific Bulletin (152, February 27). Available from: <https://www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/private/apb152_1.pdf>. [24 June 2015].
Tagliacozzo Eric (2013). The Longest Journey: Southeast Asians and the Pilgrimage to Mecca.New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tao Zan2013, ‘An alternative partner to the West? Turkey’s growing partnership with China,’ The Middle East Institute: Middle East-Asia Partnership 25 October. Available from: <http://www.mei.edu/content/alternative-partner-west-turkey%E2%80%99s-growing-relations-china>. [27 June 2015].
Tharoor Ishaan2015, ‘Pakistan’s Long History of Fighting Saudi Arabia’s Wars,’ The Washington Post 27 March. Available from: <http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/03/27/pakistans-long-history-of-fighting-saudi-arabias-wars/>. [24 June 2015].
Tobias Sharone2013, ‘Why did China Release an Israeli-Palestinian Peace Plan,’ Council on Foreign Relations: Asia Unbound 4 May. Available from: <http://blogs.cfr.org/asia/2013/05/14/why-did-china-release-an-israeli-palestinian-peace-plan/>. [1 June 2015].
Tozzi John2014, ‘America’s Hookah-Smoking Teens are Wealthy and White,’ Bloomberg Business 8 July. Available from: <http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-07-08/americas-hookah-smoking-teens-are-wealthy-and-white>. [1 June 2015].
U.S. Energy Information Administration 2013, ‘The South China Sea is an important world energy trade route,’ 3 April. Available from: <http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=10671>. [27 June 2015].
VanderKlippe Nathan2013, ‘The good life,’ The Globe and Mail (Toronto) 2 November. Available from: LexisNexis. [11 June 2015].
Wan William, 2015, ‘Chinese soccer is terrible, and now Xi Jinping has officials jumping to fix it,’ The Washington Post 21 February. Available from: <https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/chinese-soccer-is-terrible-and-now-xi-jinping-has-officials-jumping-to-fix-it/2015/02/21/68f24c42-a6fc-11e4-a162-121d06ca77f1_story.html>. [2 November 2015].
Yasin Asim, Anis, Muhammad 2015, ‘ Pakistan is China’s ‘Iron Brother’: President Xi,’ The News 22 April. Available from: <http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-37119-Pakistan-is-Chinas-iron-brother-President-Xi>. [30 May 2015].
Yiyi Chen 2015(a), ‘ Will China interfere in the Arab-Israeli Conflict?,’ Middle East Institute: Middle East Asia Partnership 6 May. Available from: <http://www.mei.edu/content/map/will-china-interfere-israeli-palestinian-conflict>. [9 November 2015]
Yiyi Chen 2015(b), ‘ The Sino-Israel Relationship from the Chinese Perspective.’ Paper delivered to “China and the Middle East,” Conference Jointly Run by Indiana University and Peking University 18 March.’
Yousef Kamran2014, ‘Ouster of Assad: Riyadh wins Islamabad’s support on Syria,’ The Express Tribune 18 February. Available from: <http://tribune.com.pk/story/673146/ouster-of-assad-regime-riyadh-wins-islamabads-support-on-syria/>. [12 June 2015].
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 748 | 141 | 5 |
Full Text Views | 192 | 6 | 1 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 84 | 24 | 2 |
For much of the last twenty years, China’s ties with Saudi Arabia have been understood in commercial terms, with most scholars arguing that the relationship has little cultural or historical depth. Drawing on multiple trips to China between 2011 and 2015 along with a ten-month period living continuously in Saudi Arabia in 2013 and 2014, this paper argues that there are factors other than economics that should be considered: namely, historical ties dating back to the seventh century, Saudi cultural and geo-strategic linkages to the United States, and the new economic and political geography of Eurasia. While cultural and strategic factors have limited the growth of Saudi-Sino ties since the start of the Arab Spring, they are likely to be the factors that allow for the two sides to realize the potential of their bilateral relationship in the future—even while retaining their close current alliances with other great powers.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 748 | 141 | 5 |
Full Text Views | 192 | 6 | 1 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 84 | 24 | 2 |