Do you want to stay informed about this journal? Click the buttons to subscribe to our alerts.
Since Nigeria’s return to competitive multiparty democracy elections have been held regularly. However, the costs of conducting the elections have been increasing such that Nigeria’s elections have been described as the most expensive in Africa and one of the most expensive in the world. Despite their huge costs, the quality of elections continues to dwindle thus most of the elections have been regarded as flawed. This article examines the paradox of increasing elections cost and the dwindling quality of elections in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic. It argues that the rising cost of elections borne out of the desire to conduct quality elections has impacted negatively on the country’s electoral processes. While elections cost keeps increasing, elections quality continues to ebb such that elections held since 1999 have lost their democratic essence. The article further contends that experiences of poorly conducted elections have eroded the trust of the people in the nation’s electoral process which is inimical to democratic sustenance. The article is qualitative and descriptive drawing data from annual reports of INEC, reports of local and international election observers and extant secondary literature.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Abdallah, N.M. (2018, May 17). Nigeria’s elections among world most expensive. Retrieved October 20, 2020 from https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/nigerias-elections-among-world-most-expensive.html.
Adejumobi, S. & Kehinde, M. (2007). Building democracy without democrats?: Political parties and threats of democratic reversal in Nigeria. Journal of African Elections, 6(2):95–113
Adejumobi, S. (2000). Elections in Africa: A fading shadow of democracy? International Political Science Review, 21(1):52–73
Africa Checker (2020, September 5). Two claims about the ‘astronomical’ cost of Nigeria’s election. Retrieved September 26, 2020 from https://africacheck.org/reports/checked-two-claims-about-the-astronomical-cost-of-nigerias-election/.
Aiyede, R.E. and Aregbeyen, O. (2012). The cost of the 2011 general elections in Nigeria. Journal of African Elections, 11(1): 136–152
Alvarez, R., & Hall, T.E. (2006). Controlling democracy: The principal-agent problems in election administration. Policy Studies Journal 34(4): 491–510.
Bekoe, D.A. (2011). Voting in Fear: electoral violence in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace.
Berr, J. (2016, November 8). Election 2016’s price tag: $6.8 billion. Retrieved September 26, 2020 from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/election-2016s-price-tag-6-8-billion/.
Beetham, D. (2004). The quality of democracy: Freedom as the foundation. Journal of Democracy, 15(4):61–75
Birch, S. (2011). Electoral Malpractice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Boone, C. & Kriger, N. (2010). Multiparty elections and land patronage: Zimbabwe and Côte d’Ivoire. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 48:2, 173–202. DOI: 10.1080/ 14662041003672502
Bratton, M. & Lewis, P. (2007). The durability of political goods? Evidence from Nigeria’s new democracy. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 45(1): 1–33
Burnell, P. (2005) Globalising party-based democracy: political parties, globalisation and international democracy assistance. CSGR Working Paper. Warwick: Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalizations, University of Warwick.
Burchard, S.M. (2015). Electoral violence in Sub-Saharan Africa: Causes and consequences. USA: First Forum Press.
Cheeseman, N., Lynch, G. & Willis, J. (2018). Digital dilemmas: The unintended consequences of election technology. Democratization, 25(8): 1397–1418
Clark, A. (2014). Investing in electoral management. In: P. Norris, R. Frank & F. Martinez I Coma (eds.) Advancing Electoral integrity. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 165–188.
Clark, A. (2019). The cost of democracy: The determinants of spending on the public administration of elections. International Political Science Review, 40(3):354–369. DOI:10.1177/0192512118824787
Diamond, L. (2002). Thinking about hybrid regimes. Journal of democracy 13(2), 21–35.
Elklit, J. & Reynolds, A. (2005). A framework for the systematic study of election quality. Democratization, 12(2):147–162
Elkitt, J. and Renolds, A. (2000). The Impact of Election Administration of the Legitimacy of Emerging Democracies: A New Research Agenda. Working Paper No 281: The Helen Kellogg Institute for international studies
European Union Election Observation Mission (2007, April 14). EU’s final report on April 2007 elections. Retrieved November 21, 2020 from http://www.eods.eu/library/FR%20NIGERIA%202007_en.pdf.
European Union Election Observation Mission (2011). Nigeria: general elections April 2011 Final Report. Abuja: EUEOM
European Union Election Observation Mission (2015, April 13). More efficient polling although increased incidents of violence and interference. Second Preliminary Statement, European Union Election Observation Mission Federal Republic of Nigeria. Retrieved November 21, 2020 from http://www.eueom.eu/files/pressreleases/english/ps1-nigeria_en.pdf.
European Union Election Observation Mission (2019, March 23). Final report: Nigeria 2019 general elections. Retrieved April 2, 2020 from http://www.eods.eu/library/nigeria_2019_eu_eom_final_report-web.pdf.
Ewokor, C. (2011, April 13). Will Nigeria’s elections be free and fair? Retrieved November, 23 202 from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13070735.
Fortman B. D. G. (2000). Elections and civil strife: Some implications for international election observation. In: J. Abbink & G. Hesseling (Eds.) Election observation and democratization in Africa. New York: Palgrave Publishers.
Freytas-Tamura, K. (2017, September 1). Kenya Supreme Court nullifies presidential election. Retrieved October 26, 2020 from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/01/world/africa/kenya-election-kenyatta-odinga.html.
Gylfason, T. (2013). Democracy in Africa. Africa Growth Agenda. 10 (4):6–11.
Hale, K. & Slaton, C.D. (2008). Building capacity in election administration: Local responses to complexity and interdependence. Public Administration Review, 68(5): 839–849.
Höglund, K. (2009). Electoral violence in conflict-ridden societies: Concepts, causes, and consequences. Terrorism and Political Violence, 21(3):412–427.
Hounkpe, M. & Gueye, A.B. (2010). The role of security forces in the electoral process: The case of six West African Countries. Abuja: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
Human Rights Watch (2004, June 1). Nigeria’s 2003 elections: The unacknowledged violence. Retrieved August 2, 2020 from https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/nigeria0604/nigeria0604.pdf.
Human Rights Watch (2011, May 16). Nigeria: Post-election violence killed 800. Retrieved April 1, 2020 from www.org/nead2011/05/16/nigeria-post-election-violence-killed800.
Independent National Electoral Commission (1999). The Independent National Electoral Commission: Report of Activities, August 1998-December 1999. Abuja: INEC
Independent National Electoral Commission (2003). INEC Report of activities: Jan-uary 2003 – December 2003. Abuja: INEC.
Independent National Electoral Commission (2007). The official report in the 2007 general. Abuja: INEC.
Independent National Electoral Commission (2011). Report on the 2011 general elections in Nigeria. Abuja: INEC.
Independent National Electoral Commission (2019, February 16). Election results. Retrieved November 26, 2020 from https://www.inecnigeria.org/elections/election-results/.
International Crisis Group (2007). The 2007 Nigerian failed elections: failing state? Report of the ICG on the 2007 Nigeria general elections. Brussels: ICG.
International IDEA (2017, December 21). Election costs: Informing the narrative. Retrieved October 25, 2020 from https://www.idea.int/news-media/news/election-costs-informing-narrative.
International Republican Institute (2007). Federal Republic of Nigeria state and national elections April 14 and 21, 2007. Washington DC: USA.
International Republican Institute (2003). 2003 Nigeria Election Observation Report. Abuja: IRI.
International Republican Institute/National Democratic Institute Observer Mission (2019). Nigeria’s 2019 election final report. Washington DC: IRI/NDI.
Iwuoha, V.C. (2018). ICT and elections in Nigeria: Rural dynamics of biometric voting technology adoption. Africa Spectrum, 53(3):89–113.
Iyayi, F. (2006). INEC and the Problems of Elections in Nigeria, Abuja: INEC.
Iyayi, F. (2004). Elections and electoral practices in Nigeria: Dynamics and implications. Journal of Constitutional Development 5(2):49–52.
Jega, A. (2015, March 19). Transcript of interview with Professor Attahiru M. Jega Retrieved November 3, 2020 from https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/africasource/interview-with-professor-attahiru-m-jega-ofr-chairman-of-nigeria-s-independent-national-electoral-commission/.
Lindberg, S.I. (2004). The democratic qualities of competitive elections: Participation, competition and legitimacy in Africa. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 42:1, 61–105.
López-Pintor R. (2000). Electoral management bodies as institutions of governance. New York: UNDP.
López-Pintor, R. (2005). Comparative costs and cost management case studies report. In: R. López-Pintor & J. Fischer (Eds.) A global survey on the cost of registration and elections. New York: UNDP.
Mboya, T. (2020). The cost of parliamentary politics in Kenya. Retrieved October 24, 2021 from https://www.wfd.org/category/pdf-document/cost-of-politics-documents/.
Menocal, R. A. (2006) International assistance to political parties. London: Overseas Development Institute.
Mozaffar, S. & Schedler, A. (2002). The comparative study of electoral governance-introduction. International political Science review 23(1): 5–27.
Muzawazi, K.T. (2019, May 19). Rethinking pan-Africanism in the present epoch. Retrieved from https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/rethinking-pan-africanism-in-the-present-epoch.
National Bureau of Statistics (2020). Poverty and inequality in Nigeria. Abuja: NBS.
National Human Rights Commission (2015, February 13). 58 people die from pre-election violence in Nigeria. Retrieved November 1 from https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/176802-58-nigerians-killed-2015-preelection-violence-far-rights-commission.html.
Nwolise, O.B.C. (2007). Electoral violence and Nigeria’s 2007 elections. Journal of African Elections, 6(2):155–179.
Obasanjo, O.A. (2007, February 11). Obasanjo explodes – April polls do or die affair for PDP. Retrieved October 17, 2020 from allafrica.com/stories/200702110015.html.
Okolo, B.S. and Onunkwo, R.K. (2011). The 2011 Nigerian elections: An empirical review. Journal of African Elections, 10(2):54–71.
Omotola, J.S. & Nyuykonge, C. (2015). Nigeria’s 2015 general elections: Challenges and opportunities. Accord Policy and Practice Brief No. 33.
Omotola, J.S. (2009) Nigerian parties and political ideology. Journal of alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, 1(3):612–634 .
Omotola, J.S. (2009). ‘Garrison’ democracy in Nigeria: The 2007 general elections and the prospects of democratic consolidation. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 47:2, 194–220.
Pastor, R.A. (1999). The role of electoral administration in democratic transitions: Implications for policy and research. Democratization 6(4):1–27.
Shively, W. P. (2008). Power and choice: An introduction to political science. Boston, Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Tambe, E.B. (2017). Electoral participation in African democracies: The impact of individual and contextual factors. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 55:2, 119–140. DOI: 10.1080/14662043.2017.1274868
The Carter Centre/National Democratic Institute (1999). Observing the 1998–1999 Nigeria elections: Final report. Atlanta. Washington DC: The Carter Centre/NDI.
Transition Monitoring Group (1999, March 1). Interim report on the 1999 presidential election. Retrieved November 14, 2020 from https://nigeriaworld.com/focus/politics/tmg_report1.html
Transition Monitoring Group (2007). An election programmed to fail: Preliminary report on the Presidential and National Assembly elections held on Saturday, April 21, 2007. Abuja: TMG.
Transition Monitoring Group (2015). Preliminary statement on the 2015 presidential and national assembly elections, Abuja: TMG.
Tucker, H.J. (2004). Low voter turnout and American democracy. Paper prepared for presentation at the ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops Workshop 9: Low Turnout – Does It Matter? (Uppsala, April, 2004).
Van Rebrouck, D. (2018). Against elections: The case for democracy. New York: The Bodley Head.
Wahman, M. (2014) Electoral coordination in Anglophone Africa. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 52:2, 187–211. DOI: 10.1080/14662043.2014.892724
Winsor, M (2015, April 9). Nigeria elections 2015 considered ‘peaceful’ despite rising death toll and violence. Retrieved November 1 from https://www.ibtimes.com/nigeria-elections-2015-considered-peaceful-despite-rising-death-toll-violence-1874714.
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 332 | 292 | 9 |
Full Text Views | 3 | 3 | 0 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 7 | 7 | 0 |
Since Nigeria’s return to competitive multiparty democracy elections have been held regularly. However, the costs of conducting the elections have been increasing such that Nigeria’s elections have been described as the most expensive in Africa and one of the most expensive in the world. Despite their huge costs, the quality of elections continues to dwindle thus most of the elections have been regarded as flawed. This article examines the paradox of increasing elections cost and the dwindling quality of elections in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic. It argues that the rising cost of elections borne out of the desire to conduct quality elections has impacted negatively on the country’s electoral processes. While elections cost keeps increasing, elections quality continues to ebb such that elections held since 1999 have lost their democratic essence. The article further contends that experiences of poorly conducted elections have eroded the trust of the people in the nation’s electoral process which is inimical to democratic sustenance. The article is qualitative and descriptive drawing data from annual reports of INEC, reports of local and international election observers and extant secondary literature.
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 332 | 292 | 9 |
Full Text Views | 3 | 3 | 0 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 7 | 7 | 0 |