Effects of Neutral and Fearful Mood on Duration Estimation of Neutral and Fearful Face Stimuli
In: Timing & Time PerceptionPrevious research showed that fearful faces produce longer temporal estimates than neutral faces. This study probed whether fearful mood enhances this effect. In two experiments, participants viewed neutral and threatening film excerpts and subsequently evaluated the duration of neutral and fearful faces in a bisection task. In Experiment 1, where neutral mood was induced before fearful mood, skin conductance levels (SCLs) and subjective emotion ratings indicated successful mood induction. Compared to neutral mood, fearful mood lengthened subjective duration estimates irrespective of stimulus quality. Additionally, stimuli of fearful faces were temporally overestimated relative to neutral faces; but only in neutral, not in fearful mood. In Experiment 2, where fearful mood was induced before neutral mood, subjective emotion ratings, but not SCLs, indicated successful mood induction. Moreover, neither mood nor facial expressions influenced duration estimation. Taken together, the results show that fearful mood may accelerate an internal pacemaker but does not enhance temporal perception differences between fearful and neutral faces. Additionally, this study highlights the importance of dissociating stimulus, state, and trait emotionality for our understanding of emotional influences on temporal perception.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
-
Allman M. J., , Teki S., Griffiths T. D., , & Meck W. H. (2014). Properties of the internal clock: First- and second-order principles of subjective time. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 65, 743–771.
-
Angrilli A., , Cherubini P., , Pavese A., , & Manfredini S. (1997). The influence of affective factors on time perception. Percept. Psychophys., 59, 972–982.
-
Bar-Haim Y., , Kerem A., , Lamy D., , & Zakay D. (2010). When time slows down: The influence of threat on time perception in anxiety. Cogn. Emot., 24, 255–263.
-
Bradley M. M., , & Lang P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, 25, 49–59.
-
Bradley B. P., , Mogg K., , Falla S. J., , & Hamilton L. R. (1998). Attentional bias for threatening facial expressions in anxiety: Manipulation of stimulus duration. Cogn. Emot. 12, 737–753.
-
Brainard D. H. (1997). The psychophysics toolbox. Spatial Vis., 10, 433–436.
-
Buetti S., , & Lleras A. (2012). Perceiving control over aversive and fearful events can alter how we experience those events: An investigation of time perception in spider-fearful individuals. Front. Psychol., 3, 337. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00337.
-
Buhusi C. V., , & Meck W. H. (2005). What makes us tick? Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 755–765.
-
Cattell R. B., , & Scheier I. H. (1961). The meaning and measurement of neuroticism and anxiety. New York, NY, USA: Ronald Press.
-
Chambon M., , Droit-Volet S., , & Niedenthal P. M. (2008). The effect of embodying the elderly on time perception. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 44, 672–678.
-
Davis M., , Walker D. L., , Miles L., , & Grillon C. (2010). Phasic vs sustained fear in rats and humans: role of the extended amygdala in fear vs anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 105–135.
-
Doi H., , & Shinohara K. (2009). The perceived duration of emotional face is influenced by the gaze direction. Neurosci. Lett., 457, 97–100.
-
Droit-Volet S., , & Gil S. (2009). The time-emotion paradox. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B., 364, 1943–1953.
-
Droit-Volet S., , & Meck W. H. (2007). How emotions colour our perception of time. Trends Cogn. Sci., 11, 504–513.
-
Droit-Volet S., , Brunot S., , & Niedenthal P. (2004). Brief report: Perception of the duration of emotional events. Cogn. Emot., 18, 849–858.
-
Droit-Volet S., , Fayolle S. L., , & Gil S. (2011). Emotion and time perception: Effects of film induced mood. Front. Integr. Neurosci., 5, 33. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2011.00033.
-
Droit-Volet S., , Fayolle S., , Lamotte M., , & Gil S. (2013). Time, emotion and the embodiment of timing. Timing Time Percept., 1, 99–126.
-
Droit-Volet S., , Fayolle S., , & Gil S. (2016). Emotion and time perception: Similar effects in children and adults for different task-difficulty levels. Timing Time Percept., 4, 7–29.
-
Effron D. A., , Niedenthal P. M., , Gil S., , & Droit-Volet S. (2006). Embodied temporal perception of emotion. Emotion, 6, 1–9.
-
Gard M. G., , & Kring A.M. (2007). Sex differences in the time course of emotion. Emotion, 7, 429–437.
-
Gibbon J., , Church R. M., , & Meck W. H. (1984). Scalar timing in memory. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 423, 52–77.
-
Gil S., , & Droit-Volet S., , (2011a). How do emotional facial expressions influence our perception of time? In Masmoudi S., , Dai D. Y., , & Naceur A. (Eds), Attention, Representation, and Human Performance: Integration of Cognition, Emotion and Motivation (pp. 61–74). London, UK: Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis.
-
Gil S., , & Droit-Volet S. (2011b). ‘Time flies in the presence of angry faces’ … depending on the temporal task used! Acta Psychol., 136, 354–362.
-
Gil S., , & Droit-Volet S. (2011c). Time perception in response to ashamed faces in children and adults. Scand. J. Psychol., 52, 138–145.
-
Gil S., , & Droit-Volet S. (2012). Emotional time distortions: The fundamental role of arousal. Cogn. Emot., 26(5), 847–862.
-
Gomez P., , Zimmermann P. G., , Guttormsen Schär S., , & Danuser B. (2009). Valence lasts longer than arousal: Persistence of induced moods as assessed by psychophysiological measures. J. Psychophysiol., 23, 7–17.
-
Grommet E. K., , Droit-Volet S., , Gil S., , Hemmes N. S., , Baker A. H., , & Brown B. L. (2011). Time estimation of fear cues in human observers. Behav. Process., 85, 88–93.
-
Hare R. D. (1963). The estimation of short temporal intervals terminated by shock. J. Clin. Psychol., 19, 378–380.
-
Hewig J., , Hagemann D., , Seifert J., , Gollwitzer M., , Naumann E., , & Bartussek D. (2005). A revised film set for the induction of basic emotions. Cogn. Emot., 19, 1095–1109.
-
Kliegl K. M., , Limbrecht-Ecklundt K., , Dürr L., , Traue H. C., , & Huckauf A. (2015a). The complex duration perception of emotional faces: Effects of face direction. Front. Psychol., 6, 262. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00262.
-
Kliegl K. M., , Watrin L., , & Huckauf A. (2015b). Duration perception of emotional stimuli: Using evaluative conditioning to avoid sensory confounds. Cogn. Emot., 29, 1350–1367.
-
Langer J., , Wapner S., , & Werner H. (1961). The effect of danger upon the experience of time. Am. J. Physiol., 74, 94–97.
-
Langner O., , Dotsch R., , Bijlstra G., , Wigboldus D. H., , Hawk S. T., , & van Knippenberg A. (2010a). Presentation and validation of the Radboud Faces Database. Cogn. Emot., 24, 1377–1388.
-
Langner O., , Dotsch R., , Bijlstra G., , Wigboldus D. H., , Hawk S. T., , & Van Knippenberg A. (2010b). Support material for the article: Presentation and validation of the Radboud Faces Database (RaFD). Retrieved from http://www.socsci.ru.nl/rafd/CEM_136.09R_support.pdf.
-
Larsen R. J., , & Sinnett L. M. (1991). Meta-analysis of experimental manipulations: Some factors affecting the Velten mood induction procedure. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull., 17, 323–334.
-
Laux L., , Glanzmann P., , Schaffner P., , & Spielberger C. D. (1981). Das State–Trait-Angstinventar. Theoretische Grundlagen und Handanweisung [Testhandbuch]. Weinheim, Germany: Beltz Testgesellschaft.
-
Lee J. L., , Milton A. L., , & Everitt B. J. (2006). Reconsolidation and extinction of conditioned fear: inhibition and potentiation. J. Neurosci., 26, 10051–10056.
-
Loftus E. F., , Schooler J. W., , Boone S. M., , & Kline D. (1987). Time went by so slowly: Overestimation of event duration by males and females. Appl. Cogn. Psychol., 1, 3–13.
-
Manstead A. S. R., , Wagner H. L., , & MacDonald C. J. (1983). A contrast effect in judgments of own emotional state. Motiv. Emot., 7, 279–290.
-
Martin M. (1990). On the induction of mood. Clin. Psychol. Rev., 10, 669–697.
-
Matthews W. J., , & Meck W. H. (2014). Time perception: The bad news and the good. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci., 5, 429–446.
-
Mauss I. B., , & Robinson M. D. (2009). Measures of emotion: A review. Cogn. Emot., 23, 209–237.
-
Mella N., , Conty L., , & Pouthas V. (2011). The role of physiological arousal in time perception: Psychophysiological evidence from an emotion regulation paradigm. Brain Cogn., 75, 182–187.
-
Noulhiane M., , Mella N., , Samson S., , Ragot R., , & Pouthas V. (2007). How emotional auditory stimuli modulate time perception. Emotion, 7, 697–704.
-
Öhman A., (2010). Fear and anxiety. Overlaps and dissociations. In Lewis M., , Haviland-Jones J. M., , & Barret L. F. (Eds). Handbook of emotions. New York, NY, USA: Guilford Press.
-
Povel D.-J., , & Essens J. (1985). Perception of temporal patterns. Music Percept., 2, 411–440.
-
Rosenthal R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA, USA: SAGE Publications.
-
Russell J. A., , Weiss A., , & Mendelsohn G. A. (1989). Affect Grid: A single-item scale of pleasure and arousal. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 57, 493–502.
-
Schaefer A., , Nils F., , Sanchez X., , & Philippot P. (2010). Assessing the effectiveness of a large database of emotion-eliciting films: A new tool for emotion researchers. Cogn. Emot., 24, 1153–1172.
-
Schirmer A. (2014). Emotion. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: SAGE Publications.
-
Schirmer A., , Ng T., , Escoffier N., , & Penney T. B. (2016). Emotional voices slow down time: Behavioral and neural correlates. Timing Time Percept., 4, 79–98.
-
Schwarz N. (1999). Self-reports: How the questions shape the answers. Am. Psychol., 54, 93–105.
-
Sequeira H., , Hot P., , Silvert L., , & Delplanque S. (2009). Electrical autonomic correlates of emotion. Int. J. Psychophysiol., 71, 50–56.
-
Sirota A. D., , Schwartz G. E., , & Kristeller J. (1987). Facial muscle-activity during induced mood states: Differential growth and carry-over of elated verses depressed patients. Psychophysiology, 20, 471–471.
-
Stewart S. H., , Buffett-Jerrott S. E., , & Kokaram R. (2001). Heartbeat awareness and heart rate reactivity in anxiety sensitivity: a further investigation. J. Anxiety Disord., 15, 535–553.
-
Stiedl O., , & Spiess J. (1997). Effect of tone-dependent fear conditioning on heart rate and behavior of C57BL/6N mice. Behav. Neurosci., 111, 703–711.
-
Tipples J. (2008). Negative emotionality influences the effects of emotion on time perception. Emotion, 8, 127–131.
-
Tipples J. (2011). When time stands still: Fear-specific modulation of temporal bias due to threat. Emotion, 11, 74–80.
-
Treisman M. (1963). Temporal discrimination and the indifference interval: Implications for a model of the “internal clock”. Psychol. Monogr., 77, 1–31.
-
Treisman M., , & Brogan D. (1992). Time perception and the internal clock: Effects of visual flicker on the temporal oscillator. Eur. J. Cogn. Psychol., 4, 41–70.
-
Usala P. D., , & Hertzog C. (1991). Evidence of differential stability of state and trait anxiety in adults. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 60, 471–479.
-
Watts F. N., , & Sharrock R. (1984). Fear and time estimation. Percept. Mot. Skills, 59, 597–598.
-
Wearden J. H., , Philpott K., , & Win T. (1999). Speeding up and (… relatively…) slowing down an internal clock in humans. Behav. Processes, 46, 63–73.
-
Westermann R., , Spies K., , Stahl G., , & Hesse F. W. (1996). Relative effectiveness and validity of mood induction procedures: A meta‐analysis. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol., 26, 557–580.
-
Wiens S., , Mezzacappa E. S., , & Katkin E. S. (2000). Heartbeat detection and the experience of emotions. Cogn. Emot., 14, 417–427.
| All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 320 | 110 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 209 | 7 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 13 | 3 | 0 |
Effects of Neutral and Fearful Mood on Duration Estimation of Neutral and Fearful Face Stimuli
In: Timing & Time PerceptionPrevious research showed that fearful faces produce longer temporal estimates than neutral faces. This study probed whether fearful mood enhances this effect. In two experiments, participants viewed neutral and threatening film excerpts and subsequently evaluated the duration of neutral and fearful faces in a bisection task. In Experiment 1, where neutral mood was induced before fearful mood, skin conductance levels (SCLs) and subjective emotion ratings indicated successful mood induction. Compared to neutral mood, fearful mood lengthened subjective duration estimates irrespective of stimulus quality. Additionally, stimuli of fearful faces were temporally overestimated relative to neutral faces; but only in neutral, not in fearful mood. In Experiment 2, where fearful mood was induced before neutral mood, subjective emotion ratings, but not SCLs, indicated successful mood induction. Moreover, neither mood nor facial expressions influenced duration estimation. Taken together, the results show that fearful mood may accelerate an internal pacemaker but does not enhance temporal perception differences between fearful and neutral faces. Additionally, this study highlights the importance of dissociating stimulus, state, and trait emotionality for our understanding of emotional influences on temporal perception.
| All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 320 | 110 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 209 | 7 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 13 | 3 | 0 |