Do you want to stay informed about this journal? Click the buttons to subscribe to our alerts.
Perceived Control in the Lab and in Daily Life Impact Emotion-Induced Temporal Distortions
In: Timing & Time PerceptionAbstract
Prior research has shown that the arousal and valence dimensions of emotional images distort the perceived duration of those images. Further, these time distortions are eliminated when observers feel in control over the events in the experiment. The present study had two goals. The first goal was to replicate the effect of perceived control on time perception, using a design where perceived control was manipulated within subjects. The second goal was to evaluate whether the experimental manipulation of perceived control was related to feelings of control experienced in daily life, as assessed by the Desire for Control and Locus of Control scales. In all, 109 participants completed a time bisection task and evaluated the same emotional images under low and high levels of perceived control over the events. The results replicated the finding that the temporal distortions by emotional events observed under low perceived control were eliminated under high perceived control. Furthermore, individual differences regarding control in daily life modulated the effects of perceived control on time perception. Individuals with a high desire for control and a high degree of internality seemed to have an enhanced experience of positive events. These same individuals also benefited more from the experimental control manipulation, speeding the passage of time and perhaps making the task more enjoyable. The results are discussed in the context of current models of time perception.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
-
Allman, M. J., & Meck, W. H. (2012). Pathophysiological distortions in time perception and timed performance. Brain, 135, 656–677. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr210.
-
Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (1979). Judgment of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: Sadder but wiser? J. Exp. Psychol. Gen., 108, 441–485. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.108.4.441.
-
Alloy, L. B., Peterson, C., Abramson, L. Y., & Seligman, M. E. (1984). Attributional style and the generality of learned helplessness. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 46, 681–687. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.681.
-
Amat, J., Baratta, M. V., Paul, E., Bland, S. T., Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F. (2005). Medial prefrontal cortex determines how stressor controllability affects behavior and dorsal raphe nucleus. Nat. Neurosci., 8, 365–371. doi: 10.1038/nn1399.
-
Amat J, Paul, E., Zarza, C., Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F. (2006). Previous experience with behavioral control over stress blocks the behavioral and dorsal raphe nucleus activating effects of later uncontrollable stress: role of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex. J. Neurosci., 26, 13264–13272. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3630-06.2006.
-
Amoura, C., Berjot, S., Gillet, N., & Altintas, E. (2014). Desire for control, perception of control: their impact on autonomous motivation and psychological adjustment. Motiv. Emot., 38, 323–335. doi: 10.1007/s11031-013-9379-9.
-
Angrilli, A., Cherubini, P., Pavese, A., & Manfredini, S. (1997). The influence of affective factors on time perception. Percept. Psychophys., 59, 972–982. doi: 10.3758/BF03205512.
-
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4, J. Stat. Softw., 67, 1–48. doi: 10.18637/jss.v067.i01.
-
Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression. Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. New York, NY, USA: Harper & Row.
-
Bjork, J. M., & Hommer, D.W. (2007). Anticipating instrumentally obtained and passively-received rewards: a factorial fMRI investigation. Behav. Brain Res., 177, 165–170. doi:: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.10.034.
-
Bredemeier, K., Spielberg, J. M., Silton, R. L., Berenbaum, H., Heller, W., & Miller, G. A. (2010). Screening for depressive disorders using the Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire Anhedonic Depression Scale: A receiver-operating characteristic analysis. Psychol. Assess., 22, 702–710. doi: 10.1037/a0019915.
-
Buchanan-Smith, H. M., & Badihi, I. (2012). The psychology of control: Effects of control over supplementary light on welfare of marmosets. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 137, 166–174. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2011.07.002.
-
Buetti, S., & Lleras, A. (2012). Perceiving control over aversive and fearful events can alter how we experience those events: an investigation of time perception in spider-fearful individuals. Front. Psychol., 3, 337. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00337.
-
Burger, J. M. (2017). And the wisdom to know the difference: Locus of control and desire for control. In J. W. Reich & F. J. Infurna, (Eds), Perceived Control: Theory, Research, and Practice in the first 50 years (pp. 45–70). New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press.
-
Burger, J. M., & Arkin, R. M. (1980). Prediction, control, and learned helplessness. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 38, 482–491. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.38.3.482.
-
Burger, J. M., & Cooper, H. M. (1979). The desirability of control. Motiv. Emot., 3, 381–393. doi: 10.1007/BF00994052.
-
Bürkner, P. C. (2016). brms: Bayesian regression models using Stan. R package version 0.10. 0. Available online at: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=brms.
-
Burnham, K. P., & Anderson, D. R. (2002). Model selection and Multimodel Inference: A practical Information-Theoretic Approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY, USA: Springer.
-
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. J. Abnorm. Psychol., 100, 316–336. doi: 10.1037//0021-843x.100.3.316.
-
Coricelli, G., Critchley, H. D., Joffily, M., O’Doherty, J. P., Sirigu, A., & Dolan, R. J. (2005). Regret and its avoidance: a neuroimaging study of choice behavior. Nat. Neurosci., 8, 1255–1262. doi: 10.1038/nn1514.
-
Coull, J. T., Cheng, R.-K., & Meck, W. H. (2010). Neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates of timing. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, 3–25. doi: 10.1038/npp.2010.113.
-
Dallal, N. L., Yin, B., Nekovářová, T., Stuchlík, A., & Meck, W. H. (2015). Impact of vestibular lesions on allocentric navigation and interval timing: the role of self-initiated motion in spatial-temporal integration. Timing Time Percept., 3, 269–305. doi: 10.
-
Delgado, M. R., Stenger, V. A., & Fiez, J. A. (2004). Motivation-dependent responses in the human caudate nucleus. Cereb. Cortex, 14, 1022–1030. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhh062.
-
Delgado M.R., Nearing, K. I., Ledoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (2008). Neural circuitry underlying the regulation of conditioned fear and its relation to extinction. Neuron, 59, 829–838. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.06.029.
-
DeNeve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychol. Bull., 124, 197–229. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.197.
-
Depue, R. A., & Iacono, W. G. (1989). Neurobehavioral aspects of affective disorders. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 40, 457–492. doi:doi: 10rg/10.1146/annurev.ps.40.020189.002325.
-
Depue, R. A., Krauss, S., Spoont, M. R., & Arbisi, P. (1989). General Behavior Inventory identification of unipolar and bipolar affective conditions in a nonclinical university population. J. Abnorm. Psychol., 98, 117–126.
-
Dirnberger, G., Hesselmann, G., Roiser, J. P., Preminger, S., Jahanshahi, M., & Paz, R. (2012). Give it time: Neural evidence for distorted time perception and enhanced memory encoding in emotional situations. NeuroImage, 63, 591–599. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.041.
-
Droit-Volet, S., Brunot, S., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2004). Perception of the duration of emotional events. Cogn. Emot., 18, 849–858. doi: 10.1080/02699930341000194.
-
Droit-Volet, S., & Gil, S. (2009). The time–emotion paradox. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 364, 1943–1953. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0013.
-
Droit-Volet, S., Mermillod, M., Cocenas-Silva, R., & Gil, S. (2010). The effect of expectancy of a threatening event on time perception in human adults. Emotion, 10, 908–914. doi: 10.1037/a0020258.
-
Droit-Volet, S., Ramos, D., Bueno, J. L. O., & Bigand, E. (2013). Music, emotion, and time perception: the influence of subjective emotional valence and arousal? Front. Psychol., 4, 417. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00417.
-
Dunn, B. D., Stefanovitch, I., Buchan, K., Lawrence, A. D., & Dalgleish, T. (2009). A reduction in positive self-judgment bias is uniquely related to the anhedonic symptoms of depression. Behav. Res. Ther., 47, 374–381. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.01.016.
-
Ettwig, J. F., & Bronkhorst, A. W. (2015). Attentional switches and dual-task interference. PLoS One, 10, e0118216. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118216.
-
Fayolle, S., Gil, S., & Droit-Volet, S. (2015). Fear and time: Fear speeds up the internal clock. Behav. Processes, 120, 135–140. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.09.014.
-
Folta-Schoofs, K., Wolf, O. T., Treue, S., & Schoofs, D. (2014). Perceptual complexity, rather than valence or arousal accounts for distracter-induced overproductions of temporal durations. Acta Psychol. (Amst.), 147, 51–59. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.10.001.
-
Fresco, D. M., Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., & Turk, C. L. (2003). Using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire to identify individuals with generalized anxiety disorder: A receiver operating characteristic analysis. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, 34, 283–291. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2003.09.001.
-
Fujiwara, J., Usui, N., Park, S. Q., Williams, T., Iijima, T., Taira, M., Tsutsui, K.-I., & Tobler, P. N. (2013). Value of freedom to choose encoded by the human brain. J. Neurophysiol., 110, 1915–1929. doi: 10.1152/jn.01057.2012.
-
Gebhardt, W. A., & Brosschot, J. F. (2002). Desirability of control: psychometric properties and relationships with locus of control, personality, coping, and mental and somatic complaints in three Dutch samples. Eur. J. Pers., 16, 423–438. doi: 10.1002/per.463.
-
Ghorbani, N., Krauss, S. W., Watson, P. J., & Lebreton, D. (2008). Relationship of perceived stress with depression: Complete mediation by perceived control and anxiety in Iran and the United States. Int. J. Psychol., 43, 958–968. doi: 10.1080/00207590701295264.
-
Gibbon, J. (1977). Scalar expectancy theory and Weber’s law in animal timing. Psychol. Rev. 84, 279–325. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X84.3.279.
-
Gibbon, J., Church, R. M. & Meck, W. H. (1984). Scalar timing in memory. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 423, 52–77. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb23417.x.
-
Gil, S., & Droit-Volet, S. (2012). Emotional time distortions: the fundamental role of arousal. Cogn. Emot., 26, 847–862. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2011.625401.
-
Gil, S., Niedenthal, P. M., & Droit-Volet, S. (2007). Anger and time perception in children. Emotion, 7, 219–225. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.219.
-
Glass, D. C., McKnight, J. D., & Valdimarsdottir, H. (1993). Depression, burnout, and perceptions of control in hospital nurses. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., 61, 147–155. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.61.1.147.
-
Goldstein, S. B., Dudley, E. A., Erickson, C. M., & Richer, N. L. (2002). Personality traits and computer anxiety as predictors of Y2K anxiety. Comput. Hum. Behav., 18, 271–284. doi:doi: 10.
-
Good, I. J. (1985). Weight of evidence: a brief survey (with discussion). In J. M. Bernardo, M. H. DeGroot, D. V. Lindley, & A. F. M. Smith (Eds.), Bayesian statistics 2: Proceedings of the Second Valencia International Meeting, September 6/10, 1983 (pp. 249–269). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland.
-
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behav. Brain Sci., 33, 61–83. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X0999152X.
-
Jenkins, H. M., & Ward, W. C. (1965). Judgment of contingency between responses and outcomes. Psychol. Monogr., 79, Suppl 1, 1–17. doi: 10.1037/h0093874.
-
Kass, R. E., & Raftery, A. E. (1995). Bayes factors. J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 90, 773–795. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1995.10476572.
-
Kleftaras, G., & Georgiou, C. (2014). Substance use: depressive symptomatology, desire for control and time perspective. Ment. Health. Subst. Use, 7, 230–242. doi: 10.1080/17523281.2013.806949.
-
Kliegl, K. M., Watrin, L., & Huckauf, A. (2015). Duration perception of emotional stimuli: Using evaluative conditioning to avoid sensory confounds. Cogn. Emot., 29, 1350–1367. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2014.978841.
-
Kober H., Felman Barret, L., Joseph, J., Bliss-Moreau, E., Lindquist, K., & Wager, T. D. (2008). Functional grouping and cortical–subcortical interactions in emotion: A meta-analysisof neuroimaging studies. NeuroImage, 42, 998–1031. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.059.
-
Kourmousi, N., Xythali, V., & Koutras, V. (2015). Reliability and validity of the multidimensional locus of control IPC scale in a sample of 3668 Greek educators. Soc. Sci., 4, 1067–1078. doi: 10.3390/socsci4041067.
-
Kurtycz, L. M., Wagner, K. E., & Ross, S. R. (2014). The choice to access outdoor areas affects the behavior of great apes. J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci., 17, 185–197. doi: 10.1080/10888705.2014.896213.
-
Lake, J. I. (2016). Recent advances in understanding emotion-driven temporal distortions. Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci., 8, 214–219. doi:doi: 10.
-
Lake, J. I., LaBar, K. S., & Meck, W. H. (2016). Emotional modulation of interval timing and time perception. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 64, 403–420. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.003.
-
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2008). International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Affective Ratings of Pictures and Instruction Manual. Technical Report A-8, Gainesville, FL, USA: University of Florida. Retrieved from https://www2.unifesp.br/dpsicobio/adap/instructions.pdf.
-
Lejeune H. (1998). Switching or gating? The attentional challenge in cognitive models of psychological time. Behav. Proc., 44, 127–145. doi: 10.1016/S0376-6357(98)00045-X.
-
Leotti, L. A., & Delgado, M. R. (2011). The inherent reward of choice. Psychol. Sci., 22, 1310–1318. doi: 10.1177/0956797611417005.
-
Leotti, L. A., Iyengar, S. S., & Ochsner, K. N. (2010). Born to choose: the origins and value of the need for control. Trends Cogn. Sci., 14, 457–463. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2010.08.001.
-
Levenson, H. (1981). Differentiating among internality, powerful others, and chance. In H. M. Lefcourt (Ed.), Research with the Locus of Control Construct, Vol. 1 (pp. 15–63). New York, NY, USA: Academic Press.
-
Lewis P.A. (2002). Finding the timer. Trends Cogn. Sci., 6, 195–196. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01906-X.
-
Lewis P.A., & Miall, R.C. (2006). Remembering the time: a continuous clock. Trends Cogn. Sci., 2006, 10, 401–406. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2006.07.006.
-
Litt, M. D. (1988). Self-efficacy and perceived control: Cognitive mediators of pain tolerance. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 54, 149–160. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.1.149.
-
Ludwick-Rosenthal, R., & Neufeld, R. W. J. (1993). Preparation for undergoing an invasive medical procedure: Interacting effects of information and coping style. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., 61, 156–164. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.61.1.156.
-
Macar, F., Lejeune, H., Bonnet, M., Ferrara, A., Pouthas, V., Vidal, F., & Maquet, P. (2002). Activation of the supplementary motor area and of attentional networks during temporal processing. Exp. Brain Res., 142, 475–485. doi: 10.1007/s00221-001-0953-0.
-
Maier, S. F, Amat, J., Baratta, M. V., Paul, E., & Watkins, L. R. (2006). Behavioral control, the medial prefrontal cortex, and resilience. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci., 8, 397–406.
-
Mazerolle, M. (2006). Improving data analysis in herpetology: using Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) to assess the strength of biological hypotheses. Amphib.-Reptil., 27. 169–180. doi: 10.1163/156853806777239922.
-
Meck, W. H. (1996). Neuropharmacology of timing and time perception. Cogn. Brain Res., 3, 227–242. doi:doi: 10.
-
Meck, W. H. (2006a). Frontal cortex lesions eliminate the clock speed effect of dopaminergic drugs on interval timing. Brain Res., 1108, 157–167. doi:doi: 100.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.046.
-
Meck, W. H. (2006b). Neuroanatomical localization of an internal clock: A functional link between mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, and mesocortical dopaminergic systems. Brain Res., 1109, 93–107. doi:doi: 10.
-
Meck, W. H. (2006c). Temporal memory in mature and aged rats is sensitive to choline acetyltransferase inhibition. Brain Res., 1108, 168–175. doi:doi: 10.
-
Mereu, S., & Lleras, A. (2013). Feelings of control restore distorted time perception of emotionally charged events. Consc. Cogn., 22, 306–314. doi:doi: 10.
-
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behav. Res. Ther., 28, 487–495. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6.
-
Miller, J., & Ulrich, R. (2001). On the analysis of psychometric functions: the Spearman-Kärber method. Percept. Psychophys., 63, 1399–1420. doi: 10.3758/BF03194551.
-
Moulding, R., & Kyrios, M. (2007). Desire for control, sense of control and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Cogn. Ther. Res., 31, 759–772. doi: 10.1007/s10608-006-9086-x.
-
Nitschke, J. B., Heller, W., Imig, J. C., McDonald, R. P., & Miller, G. A. (2001). Distinguishing dimensions of anxiety and depression. Cogn. Ther. Res., 25, 1–22. doi: 10.1023/A:1026485530405.
-
Noulhiane, M., Mella, N., Samson, S., Ragot, R., & Pouthas, V. (2007). How emotional auditory stimuli modulate time perception. Emotion, 7, 697–704. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.697.
-
Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends Cogn. Sci., 2005;9:242–249. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010.
-
O’Doherty, J, Dayan, P., Schultz, J., Deichmann, R., Friston, K., & Dolan, R. J. (2004). Dissociable roles of ventral and dorsal striatum in instrumental conditioning. Science, 304:452–454. doi: 10.1126/science.1094285.
-
Pashler, H. (1994). Dual-task interference in simple tasks: Data and theory. Psychol. Bull., 116, 220–244.
-
Penney, T. B., Gibbon, J., & Meck, W. H. (2008). Categorical scaling of duration bisection in pigeons (Columba livia), mice (Mus musculus), and humans (Homo sapiens). Psychol. Sci., 19, 1103–1109. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02210.x.
-
Presson, P. K., & Benassi, V. A. (1996). Illusion of control: A meta-analytic review. J. Soc. Behav. Personal., 11(3), 493–510.
-
Sackett, A. M., Meyvis, T., Nelson, L. D., Converse, B. A., & Sackett, A. L. (2010). You’re having fun when time flies: the hedonic consequences of subjective time progression. Psychol. Sci., 21, 111–117. doi: 10.1177/0956797609354832.
-
Seligmans, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness. San Francisco, CA, USA: W. H. Freeman.
-
Smith, S. D., McIver, T. A., DiNella, M. S., & Crease, M. L. (2011). The effects of valence and arousal on the emotional modulation of time perception: Evidence for multiple stages of processing. Emotion, 11, 1305–1313. doi: 10.1037/a0026145.
-
Sternberg, S. (1969). The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donders’ method. Acta Psychol. (Amst.), 30, 276–315. doi:doi: 10.
-
Sternberg, S. (1998). Discovering mental processing stages: The method of additive factors. In D. Scarborough & S. Sternberg (Eds.), Methods, models, and conceptual issues: An invitation to cognitive science, Vol. 4. (pp. 703–863). Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.
-
Thompson, S. C. (1999). Illusions of control: how we overestimate our personal influence. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci., 8, 187–190. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00044.
-
Thompson, S. C. (2002). The role of personal control in adaptive functioning. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 202–213). New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press.
-
Thompson, S. C., Sobolew-Shubin, A., Galbraith, M. E., Schwankovsky, L., & Cruzen, D. (1993). Maintaining perceptions of control: Finding perceived control in low-control circumstances. J Pers. Soc. Psychol., 64, 293–304. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.64.2.293.
-
Tipples, J. (2015). Rapid temporal accumulation in spider fear: Evidence from hierarchical drift diffusion modelling. Emotion, 15, 742–751. doi: 10.1037/emo0000079.
-
Tricomi, E. M., Delgado, M. R., & Fiez, J. A. (2004). Modulation of caudate activity by action contingency. Neuron, 41, 281–292. doi:: 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00848-1.
-
Wagenmakers, E.-J., & Farrell, S. (2004). AIC model selection using Akaike weights. Psychon. Bull. Rev., 11, 192–196. doi: 10.3758/BF03206482.
-
Wagenmakers, E.-J., Lodewyckx, T., Kuriyal, H., & Grasman, R. (2010). Bayesian hypothesis testing for psychologists: A tutorial on the Savage–Dickey method. Cogn. Psychol., 60, 158–189. doi:: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2009.12.001.
-
Waits, F. N., & Sharrock, R. (1984). Fear and time estimation. Percept. Mot. Skills, 59, 597–598. doi:doi: 10.
-
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J. S., Strauss, M. E., & McCormick, R. A. (1995a). Testing a tripartite model: II. Exploring the symptom structure of anxiety and depression in student, adult, and patient samples. J. Abnorm. Psychol., 104, 15–25. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.15.
-
Watson, D., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J. S., Clark, L. A., Strauss, M. E., & McCormick, R. A. (1995b). Testing a tripartite model: I. Evaluating the convergent and discriminant validity of anxiety and depression symptom scales. J. Abnorm. Psychol., 104, 3–14. doi:: 10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.3.
-
Wiener, M., Turkeltaub, P., & Coslett, H. B. (2010). The image of time: A voxel-wise meta-analysis. NeuroImage, 49, 1728–1740. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.064.
-
Williams, L. J. (1988). Tunnel vision or general interference? Cognitive load and attentional bias are both important. Am. J. Psychol., 101, 171–191.
-
Wulf, G., Freitas, H. E., & Tandy, R. D. (2014). Choosing to exercise more: Small choices increase exercise engagement. Psychol. Sport Exerc., 15, 268–271. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.01.007.
-
Zakay, D., & Block, R. A. (1995). An attentional-gate model of prospective time estimation. In M. Richelle, V. D. Keyser, G. d’Ydewalle, & A. Vandierendonck (Eds), Time and the dynamic control of behavior (pp. 167–178). Liège, Belgium: Université de Liège.
| All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 420 | 172 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 35 | 22 | 3 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 50 | 29 | 5 |
Perceived Control in the Lab and in Daily Life Impact Emotion-Induced Temporal Distortions
In: Timing & Time PerceptionAbstract
Prior research has shown that the arousal and valence dimensions of emotional images distort the perceived duration of those images. Further, these time distortions are eliminated when observers feel in control over the events in the experiment. The present study had two goals. The first goal was to replicate the effect of perceived control on time perception, using a design where perceived control was manipulated within subjects. The second goal was to evaluate whether the experimental manipulation of perceived control was related to feelings of control experienced in daily life, as assessed by the Desire for Control and Locus of Control scales. In all, 109 participants completed a time bisection task and evaluated the same emotional images under low and high levels of perceived control over the events. The results replicated the finding that the temporal distortions by emotional events observed under low perceived control were eliminated under high perceived control. Furthermore, individual differences regarding control in daily life modulated the effects of perceived control on time perception. Individuals with a high desire for control and a high degree of internality seemed to have an enhanced experience of positive events. These same individuals also benefited more from the experimental control manipulation, speeding the passage of time and perhaps making the task more enjoyable. The results are discussed in the context of current models of time perception.
| All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 420 | 172 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 35 | 22 | 3 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 50 | 29 | 5 |