On this point, see Susan Niditch, Oral World and Written Word (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1996), 1-36; Raymond Person, “The Israelite Scribe as Performer,” jbl 117.4 (1998): 601-09; David Carr, Writing on the Tablet of the Heart: Origins of Scripture and Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 3-16; Van der Toorn, Scribal Culture, 1-26; Robert Miller, Oral Tradition in Ancient Israel (Eugene: Cascade Books, 2011), 40-58.

On this point, see Susan Niditch, Oral World and Written Word (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1996), 1-36; Raymond Person, “The Israelite Scribe as Performer,” jbl 117.4 (1998): 601-09; David Carr, Writing on the Tablet of the Heart: Origins of Scripture and Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 3-16; Van der Toorn, Scribal Culture, 1-26; Robert Miller, Oral Tradition in Ancient Israel (Eugene: Cascade Books, 2011), 40-58.)| false
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Julius Wellhausen, Die Composition des Hexateuchs (4th ed.; Berlin: De Gruyter, 1963), 254.

Julius Wellhausen, Die Composition des Hexateuchs (4th ed.; Berlin: De Gruyter, 1963), 254.)| false
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Wellhausen, Composition des Hexateuchs, 254; Driver, Notes, 263; McCarter, ii Samuel, 157-60; Oeming, “Die Eroberung Jerusalems,” 407-08.

Wellhausen, Composition des Hexateuchs, 254; Driver, Notes, 263; McCarter, ii Samuel, 157-60; Oeming, “Die Eroberung Jerusalems,” 407-08.)| false
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Leonhard Rost, The Succession to the Throne of David (trans. M. Rutter and D. Gunn; Sheffield: Almond Press, 1982), 8-9; Grønbaek, Die Geschichte vom Aufstieg Davids, 31-36, 246-258.

Leonhard Rost, The Succession to the Throne of David (trans. M. Rutter and D. Gunn; Sheffield: Almond Press, 1982), 8-9; Grønbaek, Die Geschichte vom Aufstieg Davids, 31-36, 246-258.)| false
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Grønbaek, Die Geschichte vom Aufstieg Davids, 246-48, 254-58; McCarter, ii Samuel, 142-43; Rolf Rendtorff, “Beobachtungen zur altisraelitischen Geschichtsschreibung anhand der Geschichte vom Aufstieg Davids” in Probleme biblischer Theologie (ed. H. Wolff; München: Chr. Kaiser, 1971), 435-36; Hans Joachim Stoebe, Das Zweite Buch Samuelis (katviii2; Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlag, 1994), 156-57.

Grønbaek, Die Geschichte vom Aufstieg Davids, 246-48, 254-58; McCarter, ii Samuel, 142-43; Rolf Rendtorff, “Beobachtungen zur altisraelitischen Geschichtsschreibung anhand der Geschichte vom Aufstieg Davids” in Probleme biblischer Theologie (ed. H. Wolff; München: Chr. Kaiser, 1971), 435-36; Hans Joachim Stoebe, Das Zweite Buch Samuelis (kat viii₂; Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlag, 1994), 156-57.)| false
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Stoebe, Das Zweite Buch Samuelis, 161-62; Alexander Fischer, Von Hebron nach Jerusalem: Eine redaktionsgeschichtliche Studie zur Erzählung von König David in ii Sam 1-5 (bzaw 335; Berlin: de Grutyer, 2004), 223, 227-243.

Stoebe, Das Zweite Buch Samuelis, 161-62; Alexander Fischer, Von Hebron nach Jerusalem: Eine redaktionsgeschichtliche Studie zur Erzählung von König David in ii Sam 1-5 (bzaw 335; Berlin: de Grutyer, 2004), 223, 227-243.)| false
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Stoebe, Das Zweite Buch Samuelis, 169; McCarter, ii Samuel, 137; Rendtorff, “Beobachtungen,” 435-36; Oeming, “Die Eroberung Jerusalems,” 415.

Stoebe, Das Zweite Buch Samuelis, 169; McCarter, ii Samuel, 137; Rendtorff, “Beobachtungen,” 435-36; Oeming, “Die Eroberung Jerusalems,” 415.)| false
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Nadav Na’aman, “Sources and Composition in the History of David,” in The Origins of Ancient Israelite States (eds. V. Fritz and P. Davies; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996), 170-73; and Walter Dietrich, The Early Monarchy in Israel: The Tenth Century bce (trans. J. Vette; Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2007) 191-92, 265-66.

Nadav Na’aman, “Sources and Composition in the History of David,” in The Origins of Ancient Israelite States (eds. V. Fritz and P. Davies; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996), 170-73; and Walter Dietrich, The Early Monarchy in Israel: The Tenth Century bce (trans. J. Vette; Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2007) 191-92, 265-66.)| false
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Ibid., 146-58. On this point, see also idem., Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (2nd ed.; London: Routledge, 2002), 94-98; and idem., “Orality, Literacy, and Medieval Texualization,” New Literary History 16.1 (1984): 1-12.

Ong, Orality and Literacy, 10, 26-27, 34-35; Ruth Finnegan, Oral Literature in Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), 389-425. On the decreasing attestations of proverbs over time within vernacular literature as literacy increased in pre-industrial Europe see, for example, James Obelkevitch, “Proverbs and Social History,” in The Social History of Language (eds. P. Burke and R. Porter; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 43-72.

Ong, Orality and Literacy, 10, 26-27, 34-35; Ruth Finnegan, Oral Literature in Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), 389-425. On the decreasing attestations of proverbs over time within vernacular literature as literacy increased in pre-industrial Europe see, for example, James Obelkevitch, “Proverbs and Social History,” in The Social History of Language (eds. P. Burke and R. Porter; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 43-72.)| false
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Ong, Orality and Literacy, 39-40; Paul Zumthor and Marilyn Engelhardt, “The Text and the Voice,” New Literary History 16.1 (1984): 84.

Ong, Orality and Literacy, 39-40; Paul Zumthor and Marilyn Engelhardt, “The Text and the Voice,” New Literary History 16.1 (1984): 84.)| false
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Ong, Orality and Literacy, 43-45; Zumthor and Engelhardt, “The Text and the Voice,” 76-77.

Ong, Orality and Literacy, 43-45; Zumthor and Engelhardt, “The Text and the Voice,” 76-77.)| false
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Robert Alter, The Art of Biblical Narrative (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 65. Alter goes on to write: “the primacy of dialogue is so pronounced that many pieces of third-person narration prove on inspection to be dialogue-bound, verbally mirroring elements of dialogue which precede them or which they introduce. Narration is thus often relegated to the role of confirming assertions made in dialogue. . . .” (p. 65).

Robert Alter, The Art of Biblical Narrative (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 65. Alter goes on to write: “the primacy of dialogue is so pronounced that many pieces of third-person narration prove on inspection to be dialogue-bound, verbally mirroring elements of dialogue which precede them or which they introduce. Narration is thus often relegated to the role of confirming assertions made in dialogue. . . .” (p. 65).)| false
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Alter, Art of Biblical Narrative, 65-73.

Alter, Art of Biblical Narrative, 65-73.)| false
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Ibid., 66.

John Miles Foley, The Singer of Tales in Performance (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), 83-85.

John Miles Foley, The Singer of Tales in Performance (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), 83-85.)| false
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A.N. Doane, “The Ethnography of Scribal Writing and Anglo-Saxon Poetry: Scribe as Performer,” Oral Tradition 9.2 (1994): 423.

A.N. Doane, “The Ethnography of Scribal Writing and Anglo-Saxon Poetry: Scribe as Performer,” Oral Tradition 9.2 (1994): 423.)| false
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Polak, “The Oral and the Written,” 59-105.

Polak, “The Oral and the Written,” 59-105.)| false
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Polak, “The Oral and the Written,” 75-76. For a similar argument regarding the syntactical complexity of written prose in relationship to oral storytelling, see Jack Goody, The Interface Between the Written and Oral (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 262-72.

Polak, “The Oral and the Written,” 75-76. For a similar argument regarding the syntactical complexity of written prose in relationship to oral storytelling, see Jack Goody, The Interface Between the Written and Oral (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 262-72.)| false
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On this point, see John Miles Foley, “Signs, Texts, and Oral Tradition,” Journal of Folklore Research 33.1 (1996): 25-28; Niditch, Oral World, 4-6, 11-13; Person, “Ancient Israelite Scribe,” 601-02; Carr, Writing on the Tablet of the Heart, 4-8.

On this point, see John Miles Foley, “Signs, Texts, and Oral Tradition,” Journal of Folklore Research 33.1 (1996): 25-28; Niditch, Oral World, 4-6, 11-13; Person, “Ancient Israelite Scribe,” 601-02; Carr, Writing on the Tablet of the Heart, 4-8.)| false
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Doane, “Ethnography,” 420.

Doane, “Ethnography,” 420.)| false
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Zumthor and Engelhardt, “The Text and the Voice,” 70.

Zumthor and Engelhardt, “The Text and the Voice,” 70.)| false
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Jeffrey Kittay and Wlad Godzich, The Emergence of Prose: An Essay in Prosaics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), ix-xx.

Jeffrey Kittay and Wlad Godzich, The Emergence of Prose: An Essay in Prosaics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), ix-xx.)| false
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Mark S. Smith, “Biblical Narrative Between Ugaritic and Akkadian Literature. Part I: Ugarit and the Bible: Consideration of Comparative Research,” Revue Biblique 114.1 (2007): 22-29.

Mark S. Smith, “Biblical Narrative Between Ugaritic and Akkadian Literature. Part I: Ugarit and the Bible: Consideration of Comparative Research,” Revue Biblique 114.1 (2007): 22-29.)| false
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Simon Goldhill, The Invention of Prose (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); Jonas Grethlein, “The Rise of Greek Historiography and the Invention of Prose,” in The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume I, Beginnings to ad 600 (eds. A. Feldherr and G. Hardy; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 148-70.

Simon Goldhill, The Invention of Prose (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); Jonas Grethlein, “The Rise of Greek Historiography and the Invention of Prose,” in The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume I, Beginnings to ad 600 (eds. A. Feldherr and G. Hardy; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 148-70.)| false
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Kittay and Godzich, The Emergence of Prose, 7.

Kittay and Godzich, The Emergence of Prose, 7.)| false
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For a similar critique, see Person, “Ancient Israelite Scribe,” 608-09.

For a similar critique, see Person, “Ancient Israelite Scribe,” 608-09.)| false
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For a summary, see Susan Niditch, “The Challenge of Israelite Epic,” in A Companion to Ancient Epic (ed. J. Foley; Malden, ma: Blackwell, 2005), 277-88.

For a summary, see Susan Niditch, “The Challenge of Israelite Epic,” in A Companion to Ancient Epic (ed. J. Foley; Malden, ma: Blackwell, 2005), 277-88.)| false
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