The formation of the books Judges and Samuel is re-examined in this article. The author maintains that two main editions of the book of Samuel were created. The first was composed in Jerusalem during the reign of Solomon. The author of this edition was also the author of the second edition of the Book of Judges (“B”). The first edition of Judges, the “book of saviors,” which was composed in the north at the beginning of the age of monarchy (“A”), was also one of the four main sources which were incorporated into the first edition of Samuel. The other sources were: the “acts of Saul”; the “acts of David,” and the “book of Jashar.” The second edition of Samuel and the third of Judges were edited by a single person, the Deuteronomist, in Babylonia, ca. 560 BCE. He prepared an extensive composition describing the history of Israel from Moses to Jeremiah. In Deuteronomy the path was delineated and norms were determined. The main body (Joshua–Kings) records the ups and downs in Israel’s relationship with God; and the epilogue (the book of Jeremiah) focuses on the destruction and Exile, explaining the events and informing the exiles of the message of redemption.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Alonso-Schökel, Luis. “Erzählkunst im Buche der Richter.” Bib 42 (1961): 143–172.
Alter, Robert. “Samson Without Folklore.” Pages 47–56 in Text and Tradition. Edited by Susan Niditch. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1990.
Alter, Robert. The David Story: A Translation with Commentary of 1 and 2 Samuel. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1999.
Amit, Yairah. “Bochim, Bethel, and Hidden Polemic (Judg 2, 1–5).” Pages 121–131 in Studies in Historical Geography and Biblical Historiography Presented to Z. Kallai. Edited by Gershon Galil and Moshe Weinfeld. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
Amit, Yairah. Hidden Polemic in Biblical Narrative. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
Amit, Yairah. Judges: Introduction and Commentary. Mikra LeyIsra’el. Tel Aviv/Jerusalem: Am Oved/Magnes Press, 1999. (Hebrew)
Amit, Yairah. “The Story of Ehud (Judges 3:12–30): The Form and the Message.” Pages 97–123 in Signs and Wonders: Biblical Text in Literary Focus. Edited by Cheryl Exum. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1989.
Anderson, Arnold A. 2 Samuel. WBC 11. Waco, TX: Word, 1989.
Assis, Elie. Self-Interest or Communal Interest: An Ideology of Leadership in the Gideon, Abimelech, and Jephthah Narratives (Judg. 6–12). Leiden: Brill, 2005.
Auld, A. Grame. Joshua Retold. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1998.
Auld, A. Grame. “Judges 1 and History: A Reconsideration.” VT 25 (1975): 261–285.
Auld, A. Grame. I & II Samuel. OTL. Louisville, KN: Westminster John Knox, 2001.
Baker, Robin. Hollow Men, Strange Women: Riddles, Codes and Otherness in the Book of Judges. Leiden: Brill, 2016.
Bartelmus, Rüdiger. “Forschung am Richterbuch seit Martin Noth.” ThR 56 (1991): 221–259.
Barthélemy, Dominique. Critique textuelle de l’Ancien Testament 1: Josué, Juges, Ruth, Samuel, Rois, Chroniques, Esdras, Néhémie, Ester. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1982.
Bauer, Uwe F. W. “Judges 18 as an Anti-Spy Story in the Context of an Anti-Conquest Story: The Creative Usage of Literary Genres.” JSOT 88 (2000): 37–47.
Becker, Uwe. Richterzeit und Königtum: Redaktionsgeschichtliche Studien zum Richterbuch. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1990.
van Bekkum, Koert. “Coexistence as Guilt: Iron I Memories in Judges I.” Pages 525–547 in The Ancient Near East in the 12th–10th centuries BCE: Culture and History. Edited by Gershon Galil et al. Münster: Ugarit, 2012.
Biddle, Mark E. Reading Judges: A Literary and Theological Commentary. Macon, GA: Smyth and Helwys, 2012.
Blenkinsopp, Joseph. “Structure and Style in Judges 13–16.” JBL 82 (1963): 65–76.
Block, Daniel I. “Echo Narrative Technique in Hebrew Literature: A Study in Judges 19.” WTJ 52 (1990): 325–341.
Bluedorn, Wolfgang. Yahweh Versus Baalism: A Theological Reading of the Gideon- Abimelech Narrative. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001.
Bohmbach, Karla G. “Conventions/Contraventions: The Meanings of Public and Private for the Judges 19 Concubine.” JSOT 83 (1999): 83–98.
Bray, Jason S. Sacred Dan: Religious Tradition and Cultic Practice in Judges 17–18. New York: T&T Clark, 2006.
Brenner, Athalya. “Women Frame the Book of Judges: How and Why?” Pages 125–138 in Joshua and Judges. Edited by Athalya Brenner and Gale A. Yee. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2013.
Brettler, Marc Zvi. The Book of Judges. London: Routledge, 2002.
Burney, Charles F. The Book of Judges. LBS. New York: Rivingtons, 1918.
Butler, Trent C. Judges. WBC 8. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 2009.
Campbell, Antony F., SJ. 1 Samuel. FOTL 7. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2003.
Campbell, Antony F., SJ. 2 Samuel. FOTL 8. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2005.
Caquot, André. “Deborah and Anat: A Study of Poetic Imagery (Judges 5).” ZAW 90 (1978): 374–381.
Caquot, André. “Les tribus d’Israël dans le cantique de Débora (Juges 5, 13–17).” Sem 36 (1986): 47–70.
Chisholm Jr., Robert B. A Commentary on Judges and Ruth. KEL. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel, 2013.
Clements, Ronald E. “The Deuteronomistic Interpretation of the Founding of the Monarchy in 1 Sam. VIII.” VT 24 (1974): 398–410.
Craigie, Peter C. “A Reconsideration of Shamgar Ben Anath (Judg 3:31 and 5:6).” JBL 91 (1972): 239–240.
Crenshaw, James L. Samson: A Secret Betrayed, a Vow Ignored. Atlanta, GA: John Knox, 1978.
Cross, Frank Moore. Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973.
Cross, Frank Moore. “The Structure of the Deuteronomistic History.” Perspectives in Jewish Learning 3 (1968): 9–24.
Danielus, Eva. “Shamgar Ben ʿAnath.” JNES 22 (1963): 191–193.
Davies, G. Henton. “Judges VIII 22–23.” VT 13 (1963): 151–157.
Dietrich, Walter. Samuel: Teilband 1: 1 Sam 1–12. BKAT 8.1. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener, 2011.
Dietrich, Walter. Samuel: Teilband 2: 1 Sam 13–26. BKAT 8.2. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener, 2015.
Dumbrell, William J. “‘In those days there was no king in Israel; every man did what was right in his eyes’: The Purpose of the Book of Judges Reconsidered.” JSOT 25 (1983): 23–33.
Edenburg, Cynthia. “The Story of the Outrage at Gibeah (Jdg. 19–21): Composition, Sources, and Historical Context.” Ph. D. diss. Tel Aviv University, 2003.
Eissfeldt, Otto. The Old Testament: An Introduction. Translated by Peter R. Ackroyd. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1965.
Elat, Moshe. Samuel and the Foundation of Kingship in Ancient Israel. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1998. (Hebrew)
Eynikel, Erik. “Judges 19–21, an ‘Appendix’: Rape, Murder, War and Abduction.” CV 47 (2005): 101–115.
Faiman, David. “Chronology in the Book of Judges.” JBQ 21 (1993): 31–40.
Fensham, F. Chales. “Shamgar Ben ʿAnath.” JNES 20 (1961): 197–198.
Fokkelman, Jan P. The Crossing Fates (I Sam. 13–31 & II Sam. 1). Vol. 2 of Narrative Art and Poetry in the Books of Samuel. Assen and Dover, NH: Van Gorcum, 1986.
Frolov, Serge. Judges. FOTL 6B. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2013.
Galil, Gershon. “Joshua and Moses in the Book of Joshua.” Pages 27–42 in “Now It Happened in Those Days”: Studies in Biblical, Assyrian and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography Presented to Mordechai Cogan on His 75th Birthday. Edited by Amitai Baruchi-Unna et al. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2017.
Galil, Gershon. “Polemics and Propaganda in the Deuteronomistic Composition.” Pages 293–306 in Leggo! Studies Presented to Frederick Mario Fales on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. Edited by Giovanni B. Lanfranchi et al.Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2012.
Galil, Gershon. “The Chronological Framework of the Deuteronomistic History.” Bib 85 (2004): 413–421.
Galil, Gershon. “The Formation of the Book of Joshua.” Pages 549–561 in Tell it in Gath: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Israel; Essays in Honor of A. M. Maeir on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday. Edited by Itzhaq Shai et al. Münster: Zaphon, 2018.
Galil, Gershon. “The Formation of the Book of Judges.” Pages 8–17 in The Book of Judges: A Critical Commentary on the Book of Judges, with an Introduction. Edited by Gershon Galil et al.Olam Hatanach. Jerusalem/Tel Aviv: Davidson-Atai, 1994. (Hebrew)
Galil, Gershon. “The Hebrew Inscription from Khirbet Qeiyafa / Netaʿim: Script, Language, Literature and History.” UF 41 (2009 [2010]): 193–242.
Garsiel, Moshe. “Ideological Discordance between the Prophets Nathan and Samuel as Reflecting the Divergence between the Authors of the Book.” Pages 175–198 in The Ancient Near East in the 12th–10th centuries BCE: Culture and History. Edited by Gershon Galil et al. Münster: Ugarit, 2012.
Garsiel, Moshe. The Book of Samuel: Studies in History, Historiography, Theology and Poetics Combined. Jerusalem: Rubin Mass Publishers, 2018.
Gaß, Erasmus. Die Ortsnamen des Richterbuchs in historischer und redaktioneller Perspektive. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2005.
Gillmayr-Bucher, Susanne. Erzählte Welten im Richterbuch. Leiden: Brill, 2012.
Globe, Alexander. “The Muster of the Tribes in Judges 5, 11e–18.” ZAW 87 (1975): 169–184.
Gordon, Robert P. I & II Samuel: A Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1986.
Gray, John. Joshua, Judges, Ruth. 2nd ed. NCB. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1986 2.
Green, Barbara. David’s Capacity for Compassion: A Literary-Hermeneutical Study of 1–2 Samuel. London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2017.
Guillaume, Philippe. Waiting for Josiah: The Judges. London: T&T Clark, 2004.
Gunn, David M. Judges. BBC. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005.
Halpern, Baruch. “The Resourceful Israelite Historian: The Song of Deborah and Israelite Historiography.” HTR 76 (1983): 379–401.
Halpern, Baruch. The First Historians: The Hebrew Bible and History. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1988.
Hauser, Alan J. “The ‘Minor Judges’: A Re-Evaluation.” JBL 94 (1975): 190–200.
Hertzberg, Hans Wilhelm. Die Bücher Josua, Richter, Ruth. 4th ed. ATD 9. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1969.
Hertzberg, Hans Wilhelm. “Die Kleinen Richter.” TLZ 79 (1954): 285–290.
Hutton, Jeremy M. “Levitical Aspirations and Saintly Foundation Stories in Judges 17–18.” Eretz Israel 33 (2018): 98*–105*.
Irwin, Brian P. “Not Just Any King: Abimelech, the Northern Monarchy, and the Final Form of Judges.” JBL 131 (2012): 443–454.
Kallai, Zecharia. Biblical Historiography and Historical Geography: Collection of Studies. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1998.
Kauffman, Yehezkel. Sefer Shofṭim. Jerusalem: Kiryat Sepher, 1962. (Hebrew)
Klein, Ralph W. 1 Samuel. WBC 10. Waco, TX: Word, 1983.
Lilley, J. P. U. “A Literary Appreciation of the Book of Judges.” TB 18 (1967): 94–102.
Lindars, Barnabas. “Gideon and Kingship.” JTS 16 (1965): 315–326.
Lindars, Barnabas. Judges 1–5: A New Translation and Commentary. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1995.
Malamat, Abraham. “The Danite Migration and the Pan-Israelite Exodus Conquest: A Biblical Narrative Pattern.” Bib 51 (1970): 1–16.
Martin, Lee Roy. “‘Where Are All His Wonders?’: The Exodus Motif in the Book of Judges.” JBPR 2 (2010): 87–109.
Martin, Lee Roy. “Yahweh Conflicted: Unresolved Theological Tension in the Cycle of Judges.” OTE 22 (2009): 356–372.
Matthews, Victor H. Judges and Ruth. NCBC. Cambridge: University Press, 2004.
Mayes, A. D. H. Judges. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1985.
Mayfield, Tyler. “The Accounts of Deborah (Judges 4–5) in Recent Research.” CBR 7 (2009): 306–335.
McCann, J. Clinton. Judges. Interpretation. Louisville, KY: John Knox, 2002.
McCarter, Peter Kyle. I Samuel. AB 8. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1980.
McCarter, Peter Kyle. “The Apology of David.” JBL 99 (1980): 489–504.
McCarter, Peter Kyle. “The Books of Samuel.” Pages 260–280 in The History of Israel’s Traditions: The Heritage of Martin Noth. Edited by Steven L. McKenzie and M. Patrick Graham. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1994.
Michelson, Marty Alan. Reconciling Violence and Kingship: A Study of Judges and 1 Samuel. Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications, 2011.
Moore, George F. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Judges. ICC. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1895.
Mullen, E. Theodore. “Judges 1:1–36: The Deuteronomistic Reintroduction of the Book of Judges.” HTR 77 (1984): 33–54.
Neef, Heinz-Dieter. “‘Ich selber bin in ihm’ (Ex 23,21): Exegetische Beobachtungen zur Rede vom ‘Engel des Herrn’ in Ex 23,20–22; 32,34; 33,2; Jdc 2,1–5; 5,23.” BZ 39 (1995): 54–75.
Neef, Heinz-Dieter. “Josuazeit und Richterzeit: Exegetische Beobachtungen zu Jdc 2,6–10.” ZAW 124 (2012): 229–243.
Nelson, Richard D. The Double Redaction of the Deuteronomistic History. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1981.
Niditch, Susan. Judges: A Commentary. OTL. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 2008.
Niditch, Susan. “Hebrew Bible and Oral Literature: Misconceptions and New Directions.” Pages 3–18 in The Interface of Orality and Writing: Speaking, Seeing, Writing in the Shaping of New Genres. Edited by Annette Weissenrieder and Robert B. Coote. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2010.
Niditch, Susan. “Samson as Cultural Hero, Trickster, and Bandit: The Empowerment of the Weak.” CBQ 52 (1990): 608–624.
Niditch, Susan. “The Sodomite Theme in Judges 19–20: Family, Community, and Social Disintegration.” CBQ 44 (1982): 365–378.
Noth, Martin. Überlieferungsgeschichtliche Studien: Erster Teil: Die sammelnden und bearbeitenden Geschichtswerke im Alten Testament. Tübingen: Niemayer, 1943 = Überlieferungsgeschichtliche Studien. 2nd ed. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1963 = The Deuteronomistic History. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1981.
O’Brien, Mark A. The Deuteronomistic History Hypothesis: A Reassessment. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1989.
Polzin, Robert. Moses and the Deuteronomist: A Literary Study of the Deuteronomic History. I: Deuteronomy–Joshua–Judges. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1980.
Polzin, Robert. Samuel and the Deuteronomist: A Literary Study of the Deuteronomic History. II: 1 Samuel. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1989.
Polzin, Robert. David and the Deuteronomist: A Literary Study of the Deuteronomic History. III: 2 Samuel. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1993.
Pressler, Carolyn. Joshua, Judges and Ruth. Westminster Bible Companion. Louisville, KY: Westminster Press, 2002.
Rake, Mareike. “Juda wird aufsteigen!”: Untersuchungen zum ersten Kapitel des Richterbuches. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2006.
Richter, Wolfgang. Die Bearbeitungen des “Retterbuches” in der deuteronomischen Epoche. Bonn: Hanstein, 1964.
Richter, Wolfgang. “Die Überlieferungen um Jephtah: Ri 10,17–12,6.” Bib 47 (1966): 485–556.
Richter, Wolfgang. Die sogenannten vorprophetischen Berufungsberichte: Eine literaturwissenschaftliche Studie zu 1 Sam 9,1–10, 16, Ex 3f. und Ri 6,11b–17. FRLANT 101. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1970.
Richter, Wolfgang. Traditionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zum Richterbuch. Bonn: Hanstein, 1963.
Römer, Thomas. The So-Called Deuteronomistic History: A Sociological, Historical and Literary Introduction. London: T&T Clark, 2005.
Rost, Leonhard. The Succession to the Throne of David. Sheffield: The Almond Press, 1982. (= Die Überlieferung von der Thronnachfolge Davids. Translated by Michael D. Rutter and David M. Gunn. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1926).
Sasson, Jack M. “Ethically Cultured Interpretations: The Case of Eglon’s Murder (Judges 3).” Pages 571–595 in Homeland and Exile: Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Bustenay Oded. Edited by Gershon Galil, Mark Geller, and Alan Millard. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
Sasson, Jack M. Judges 1–12: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. AB 6D. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014.
Schellenberg, Annette. “A ‘Lying Pen of the Scribes’ (Jer 8:8)? Orality and Writing in the Formation of the Prophetic Books.” Pages 285–309 in The Interface of Orality and Writing: Speaking, Seeing, Writing in the Shaping of New Genres. Edited by Annette Weissenrieder and Robert B. Coote. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2010.
Schmid, Rudolf. “Gottesherrschaft und menschliche Institution: Die Bedeutung Menschlicher Initiative im Licht von 1 Sam 8 und 12.” Pages 43–55 in Zukunft in der Gegenwart: Wegweisungen in Judentum und Christentum. Edited by Clemens Thoma. JudChr 1. Bern: Lang, 1976.
Schneider, Tammi J. Judges. BO. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2000.
van Selms, Adrianus. “Judge Shamgar.” VT 14 (1964): 294–309.
Simpson, Cuthbert A. Composition of the Book of Judges. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1957.
Smend, Rudolf. “Das Gesetz und Völker: Ein Beitrag zur deuteronomistischen Redaktionsgeschichte.” Pages 494–509 in Probleme biblischer Theologie: Gerhard von Rad zum 70. Geburtstag. Edited by Hans Walter Wolff. München: Kaiser, 1971.
Smend, Rudolf. Die Entstehung des Alten Testaments. 3rd ed. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1984.
Snyman, Stephanus D. “Shamgar Ben Anath: A Farming Warrior or a Farmer at War?” VT 55 (2005): 125–129.
Soggin, J. Alberto. Judges: A Commentary. Translated by J. Bowden. 2nd ed. OTL. London: SCM Press, 1987.
Stanley, Janelle. “Judges 19: Text and Trauma.” Pages 275–289 in Joshua and Judges. Edited by Athalya Brenner and Gale A. Yee. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2013.
Sweeney, Marvin A. “Davidic Polemics in the Book of Judges.” VT 47 (1997): 517–529.
Thiel, Winfried. “Die David-Geschichten im Alten Testament.” ZdZ 3 (1977): 161–171.
Tsumura, David T. The First Book of Samuel. NICOT. Grand Rapids, MI/Cambridge: Eerdmans, 2007.
Van Seters, John. In Search of History: Historiography in the Ancient World and the Origins of Biblical History. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1983.
Veijola, Timo. Die ewige Dynastie: David und die Entstehung seiner Dynastie nach der deuteronomistischen Darstellung. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1975.
Wagner, Siegfried. “Die Kundschaftergeschichten im Alten Testament.” ZAW 76 (1964): 255–269.
Washburn, David L. “The Chronology of Judges: Another Look.” BS 147 (1990): 414–425.
Webb, Barry G. The Book of Judges. NICOT. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2012.
Weinfeld, Moshe. Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic School. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.
Weitzman, Steve. “Reopening the Case of the Suspiciously Suspended Nun in Judges 18:30.” CBQ 61 (1999): 448–460.
Williams, Jay G. “The Structure of Judges 2.6–16.31.” JSOT 49 (1991): 77–85.
Wong, Gregory T. K. Compositional Strategy of the Book of Judges: An Inductive, Rhetorical Study. Leiden: Brill, 2006.
Wong, Gregory T. K. “Is there a Direct Pro-Judah Polemic in Judges?” JSOT 19 (2005): 84–110.
Yee, Gale A. “Ideological Criticism: Judges 17–21 and the Dismembered Body.” Pages 138–160 in Judges and Method: New Approaches in Biblical Studies. Edited by Gale A. Yee. 2nd ed. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2007.
Zakovitch, Yair. “The Associative Arrangement of the Book of Judges and its Use for the Recognition of Stages in the Formation of the Book.” Pages 161–183 in Essays on the Bible and the Ancient World. Vol. 1 of Isac Leo Seeligmann Volume. Edited by Yair Zakovitch and Alexander Rofé. Jerusalem: Rubinstein, 1983. (Hebrew)
Zakovitch, Yair. The Life of Samson (Judges 13–16): A Critical-Literary Analysis. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1982. (Hebrew)
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 688 | 166 | 9 |
Full Text Views | 157 | 16 | 0 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 423 | 48 | 0 |
The formation of the books Judges and Samuel is re-examined in this article. The author maintains that two main editions of the book of Samuel were created. The first was composed in Jerusalem during the reign of Solomon. The author of this edition was also the author of the second edition of the Book of Judges (“B”). The first edition of Judges, the “book of saviors,” which was composed in the north at the beginning of the age of monarchy (“A”), was also one of the four main sources which were incorporated into the first edition of Samuel. The other sources were: the “acts of Saul”; the “acts of David,” and the “book of Jashar.” The second edition of Samuel and the third of Judges were edited by a single person, the Deuteronomist, in Babylonia, ca. 560 BCE. He prepared an extensive composition describing the history of Israel from Moses to Jeremiah. In Deuteronomy the path was delineated and norms were determined. The main body (Joshua–Kings) records the ups and downs in Israel’s relationship with God; and the epilogue (the book of Jeremiah) focuses on the destruction and Exile, explaining the events and informing the exiles of the message of redemption.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 688 | 166 | 9 |
Full Text Views | 157 | 16 | 0 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 423 | 48 | 0 |