This article analyzes the relationship between the pentateuchal tithe laws in Lev 27:30–33; Num 18:21–32, and Deut 14:22–29 from a literary perspective and finds that (1) Lev 27:30–33 is the oldest tithe law in the Pentateuch that may have been the common source of the other pentateuchal tithe laws, (2) the tithe law in Num 18:21–32 may have been literarily dependent upon the tithe law in Deut 14:22–29, (3) the purpose of the legal revision of the pentateuchal tithe laws was to replace rather than to supplement the older legislation, and (4) the tithe law in Lev 27:30–33 may have been a product of the Priestly School, whereas the tithe law in Num 18:21–32 may have stemmed from the Holiness School albeit from a later stratum than H proper (Lev 17–26).
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Achenbach, Reinhard. Die Vollendung der Tora: Studien zur Redaktionsgeschichte des Numeribuches im Kontext von Hexateuch und Pentateuch. BZAR 3. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2003.
Baumgarten, Joseph M. “On the Non-Literal Use of Ma‘ǎśēr/Dekatē.” JBL 103 (1984): 245–251.
Baumgarten, Joseph M. “The First and Second Tithes in the Temple Scroll.” Pages 5–15 in Biblical and Related Studies Presented to Samuel Iwry. Edited by Ann Kort and Scott Morschauser. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1985.
Beentjes, Pancratius C. “Inverted Quotations in the Bible: A Neglected Stylistic Pattern.” Bib 63 (1982): 506–523.
Ben-Porat, Ziva. “The Poetics of Literary Allusion.” PTL: A Journal for Descriptive Poetics and Theory of Literature 1 (1976): 105–128.
Bergsma, John S. “The Biblical Manumission Laws: Has the Literary Dependence of H on D Been Demonstrated?” Pages 65–91 in A Teacher for All Generations: Essays in Honor of James C. Vanderkam. Edited by Eric F. Mason. JSJSup 153. Leiden: Brill, 2012.
Berman, Joshua A. Inconsistency in the Torah. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Berman, Joshua A. “Supersessionist or Complementary? Reassessing the Nature of Legal Revision in the Pentateuchal Law Collections.” JBL 135 (2016): 201–222.
Carr, David M. “Method in Determination of Direction of Dependence: An Empirical Test of Criteria Applied to Exodus 34,11–26 and Its Parallels.” Pages 107–140 in Gottes Volk am Sinai: Untersuchungen zu Ex 32–34 und Dtn 9–10. Edited by Matthias Köckert and Erhard Blum. Veröffentlichungen der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft für Theologie. Gütersloh: Chr. Kaiser, 2001.
Dandamaev, M. A. “Der Tempelzehnte in Babylonien während des 6.–4. Jh.v.u.Z.” Pages 82–90 in Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte und deren Nachleben: Festschrift für Franz Altheim I. Edited by I. R. Steihl. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1969.
Driver, Samuel R. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Deuteronomy. 3rd ed. ICC. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1902.
Driver, Samuel R. An Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1914.
Edenburg, Cynthia. “How [Not] to Murder a King: Variations on a Theme in 1 Sam 24; 26.” SJOT 12 (1998): 64–85.
Eissfeldt, Otto. Erstlinge und Zehnten im Alten Testament: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des israelitisch-jüdischen Kultus. Leipzig: Hinrich, 1917.
Gerstenberger, Erhard S. Leviticus: A Commentary. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1996.
Gray, George B. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Numbers. ICC. New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1903.
Herman, Menahem. Tithe as Gift: The Institution in the Pentateuch and in Light of Mauss’s Prestation Theory. San Francisco, CA: Mellen Research University Press, 1991.
Hieke, Thomas. Levitikus 16–27. HThKAT. Freiburg: Herder, 2014.
Jagersma, Henk. “The Tithes in the Old Testament.” Pages 116–128 in Remembering All the Way: A Collection of Old Testament Studies. Leiden: Brill, 1981.
Joosten, Jan. People and Land in the Holiness Code: An Exegetical Study of the Ideational Framework of the Law in Leviticus 17–26. VTSup 67. Leiden: Brill, 1996.
Kalimi, Isaac. The Reshaping of Ancient Israelite History in Chronicles. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2005.
Keil, Carl Friedrich, and Franz Delitzsch. The Pentateuch. Vol. 1 of Commentary on the Old Testament. Translated by James Martin. Reprint; Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1996.
Kilchör, Benjamin. “The Direction of Dependence between the Laws of the Pentateuch.” ETL 89 (2013): 1–14.
Kilchör, Mosetora und Jahwetora: Das Verhältnis von Deuteronomium 12–26 zu Exodus, Levitikus und Numeri. BZABR 21. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2015.
Knohl, Israel. The Sanctuary of Silence: The Priestly Torah and the Holiness School. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995.
Leonard, Jeffery M. “Identifying Inner-Biblical Allusions: Psalm 78 as a Test Case.” JBL 127 (2008): 241–265.
Levine, Baruch A. Leviticus. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1989.
Levine, Baruch A. Numbers 1–20: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.
Levinson, Bernard M. Deuteronomy and the Hermeneutics of Legal Innovation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Lyons, Michael A. From Law to Prophecy: Ezekiel’s Use of the Holiness Code. New York: T&T Clark, 2009.
MacDonald, Dennis Ronald. “Introduction.” Pages 1–9 in Mimesis and Intertextuality in Antiquity and Christianity. Edited by Dennis Ronald MacDonald. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 2001.
Malul, Meir. The Comparative Method in Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical Legal Studies, AOAT. Kevelaer: Butzon & Becker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener, 1990.
Mattison, Kevin. Rewriting and Revision as Amendment in the Laws of Deuteronomy. FAT 2/100. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2018.
McConville, J. Gordon. Law and Theology in Deuteronomy. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1984.
Milgrom, Jacob. Leviticus 23–27: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2010.
Milgrom, Jacob. Studies in Levitical Terminology, I: The Encroacher and the Levite; the Term ’Aboda. Near Eastern Studies 14. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press, 1970.
Miller, Geoffrey David. “Intertextuality in Old Testament Research.” CBR 9 (2011): 283–309.
Nelson, Richard D. Deuteronomy: A Commentary. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2002.
Nihan, From Priestly Torah to Pentateuch: A Study in the Composition of the Books of Leviticus. FAT 2/25. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2007.
Nihan, Christophe. “The Priestly Laws of Numbers, the Holiness Legislation, and the Pentateuch.” Pages 109–137 in Torah and the Book of Numbers. Edited by Christian Frevel, Thomas Pola, and Aaron Schart. FAT 2/62. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013.
Noth, Martin. Numbers: A Commentary. Translated by James D. Martin. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1968.
Oppenheimer, A’hron. “Terumot and Ma’aserot.” EncJ 19:652–654.
Otto, Eckart. Deuteronomium 12–34, Vol. 1: 12,1–23,15. HThKAT. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 2016.
Seidel, Moshe. “Parallels between Isaiah and Psalms.” Sinai 38 (1955): 149–172, 229–240, 272–280, 335–355.
Stackert, Jeffrey. Rewriting the Torah: Literary Revision in Deuteronomy and the Holiness Legislation. FAT 52. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2007.
Talmon, Shemaryahu. “The Textual Study of the Bible – A New Outlook.” Pages 321–400 in Qumran and the History of the Biblical Text. Edited by Frank Moore Cross and Shemaryahu Talmon. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975.
Tigay, Jeffrey H. Deuteronomy. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1996.
Weinfeld, Moshe. The Place of the Law in the Religion of Ancient Israel. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2004.
Weinfeld, Moshe. “Tithe.” EncJ 19:737–739.
Wellhausen, Julius. Prolegomena to the History of Israel. Translated by J. Sutherland Black and Allan Menzies. Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black, 1885.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 413 | 103 | 20 |
Full Text Views | 62 | 9 | 1 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 188 | 27 | 0 |
This article analyzes the relationship between the pentateuchal tithe laws in Lev 27:30–33; Num 18:21–32, and Deut 14:22–29 from a literary perspective and finds that (1) Lev 27:30–33 is the oldest tithe law in the Pentateuch that may have been the common source of the other pentateuchal tithe laws, (2) the tithe law in Num 18:21–32 may have been literarily dependent upon the tithe law in Deut 14:22–29, (3) the purpose of the legal revision of the pentateuchal tithe laws was to replace rather than to supplement the older legislation, and (4) the tithe law in Lev 27:30–33 may have been a product of the Priestly School, whereas the tithe law in Num 18:21–32 may have stemmed from the Holiness School albeit from a later stratum than H proper (Lev 17–26).
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 413 | 103 | 20 |
Full Text Views | 62 | 9 | 1 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 188 | 27 | 0 |