Do you want to stay informed about this journal? Click the buttons to subscribe to our alerts.
This article analyzes the groundbreaking 1952 plan by US Army leadership to develop a sizeable cargo helicopter program in the face of interservice opposition. It examines the influence that decision had in the next decade on the Army, the helicopter industry, and vtol technology. The Army’s procurement of large helicopters that could transport soldiers and materiel was neither a fait accompli nor based on short-term needs. Rather, archival records reveal that the decision was based on long-range concerns about the postwar health of the helicopter industry, developing the state of the art, and fostering new doctrinal concepts. The procurement had long-term consequences. Helicopters became central to Army war planning, and the ground service’s needs dictated the next generation of helicopter designs. That technology made possible the revolutionary airmobility concept that the Army took into Vietnam and also led to a flourishing commercial helicopter field.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
[ACoS Force Development] Assistant Chief of Staff for Force Development. 1965. “Department of the Army Report of Test and Evaluation Army Air Mobility Concept, inclosure 8 (“Reallocation Plan”) to inclosure 1 – Staff Analysis,” 5 Jan. NARA RG319/E77 (A1), box 94, fol. 2, tab P.
Bell Helicopter Company. 1965. “The HUEYCOBRA,” Sep. University of North Texas Bell Helicopter Records, box 140, fol. 34. Bolte, Maj. Gen. C. L. 1950. “Organic Transport for Army Corps and Divisions,” 9 Aug., incl. 3 to Chief of Army Field Forces of “Army Helicopter Program,” 11 July 1952. NARA RG336/E4 (UD-WW), fol. 71, box 31. *
Boeing-Vertol. 1961. “Chinook: Crane Capabilities,” Feb. NARA RG335/E21 (A1), box 33.
Bunker, Col. William B. 1951. “Observation of Marine Helicopter Operations in Korea,” to Col. H. T. Miller, 22 Oct., NARA RG336/E4 (UD-WW), box 36, fol. 9, tab C.
Bunker, Col. William B. 1952. Speech to Theater Training Officer Conference, 18 Dec. NARA RG336/E4 (UD-WW), box 37, fol. 3.
Carlson, Col. R. F. 1952. “Army Rotary Wing Aviation.” In “History of Army-Air Force Conflicts Concerning the Functions of Army Organic Aviation,” 25 Jun. ATL ref. no. 870–5.2490, tab U.
[CoT] Chief of Transportation. 1951. “Transportation Helicopter Battalion,” incl. 5, 8 Nov. NARA RG336/E4 (UD-WW), box 31, fol. 71.
[CoT] Chief of Transportation. 1952a. “Army Helicopter Program,” memo to Army Chief of Staff, G-3, incl. 10 of OCOFT, “Army Helicopter Program,” 11 July [originally 4 Dec. 1951]. NARA RG336/E4 (UD-WW), box 31, fol. 71.
[CoT] Chief of Transportation. 1952b. “Army Transport Helicopter Program Staff Study,” tab D, “Army Requirements,” 18 Jul. NARA RG336/E4 (UD-WW), box 33, fol. 17.
[CoT] Chief of Transportation. 1952c. “Policy Statement Approved by Chief of Staff 21 August on Cargo Helicopter Program,” 21 Aug. NARA RG336/E4 (UD-WW), box 31, fol. 71.
[CoT] Chief of Transportation. 1953. “Procurement and Production Program,” 8 January. NARA RG336/E4 (UD-WW), box 36, fol. 33, tab D5.
[CoT] Chief of Transportation. 1954. “Army Helicopters, Transport and Cargo: An Evaluation of 1950–1953 Experience as a Basis for Current and Future Programming,” Jan. Washington: Office of the Chief of Transportation. Annex P, ATL, fol. 870–5.2496.
Collins, Gen. J. Lawton. 1950. “Army Organic Aircraft,” to Chief of Staff, US Air Force, 8 Sept. In App. B, as addendum to “Army Organic Air Transport,” 23 Oct. 1950, which itself is incl. 2 of OCAFF Army Helicopter Program Study, 11 Jul. 1952. NARA RG336/E4 (UD-WW), box 31, fol. 71.
Gavin, James. 1959. Letter to Hamilton Howze, 13 Apr. AHEC, Howze-Hawkins Family Papers, box 1, fol. 3.
Heileman, Maj. Gen. F. A. 1951. “Production of Transport Helicopters,” memo for Army Chief of Staff G-4, 7 Jun. In Office of the Chief of Transportation, Army Transport Helicopter Program Staff Study, 18 Jul. 1952. NARA RG336/E4 (UD-WW), box 33, fol. 17, tab D, annex III.
[Howze Board] Department of the Army. 1962. “US Army Tactical Mobility Requirements Board Final Report,” 20 Aug. AHEC.
[MRRP] Memorandum for Army Chief of Staff. 1952.“Material Requirements Review Panel Review of the Army Helicopter Program,” 31 Jul. NARA RG336/E4 (UD-WW), box 31, fol. 71.
Pace, Frank. 1952. “Army Helicopter Program,” to Gen. J. Lawton Collins, 2 Oct. In Transportation Corps Information Binder, incl. 3. NARA RG336/E4 (UD-WW), box 31, fol. 71.
Pack, Harry S. 1950. “Telephone Conversation with AIA,” to C.H. Miller, 26 Jun. HML, Boeing-Vertol Division Records, box 21, fol. 1.
Pack, Harry S. 1952. “A Brief Report on PHC and the Army Helicopter Program for Honorable Earl D. Johnson,” Aug. HML, Piasecki Helicopter Corporation. Boeing-Vertol Division Records, box 28, fol. 3, Administrative Papers of Piasecki Helicopter Corp.
Ridgway, Gen. Matthew B. 1951. Incl. 5 of “Army Helicopter Program,” to Department of the Army, 8 November [2 October 1952],, found in incl. 3 of Transportation Corps Information Binder. NARA RG336/E4 (UD-WW), box 31, fol. 71.
Transportation School. 1955. “Helicopters in Korea, 1 July 1951–31 August 1953,” Fort Eustis. ST 55–170, Apr. ATL ref. no. 870–5.2494.
Twining, Nathan. 1952. “Requirements for Cargo Type Helicopters,” to Gen. J. Lawton Collins, 4 Mar. Tab S of “Williams Report, Army-Air Force Rivalry, 1941–52, Gen. Robert R. Williams.” ATL ref. no. 870–5.2490.
[AIA] Aircraft Industries Association. 1953. Annual Report of the President of the Aircraft Industries Association of America, Inc., 1953. Washington, DC: Aircraft Industries Association of America, Inc.
[AIA] Aircraft Industries Association. 1960. Aircraft Industries Association Facts and Figures, 1960. Washington, DC: Aircraft Industries Association of America, Inc.
[AIA] Aircraft Industries Association. 1962. Aircraft Industries Association, Facts and Figures, 1962. Washington, DC: Aircraft Industries Association of America, Inc.
[AHS] American Helicopter Society. 1960. AHS Membership Solicitation Advertisement. American Helicopter Society Newsletter 6, no. 1 (Jan.): 19.
Anonymous. 1942. “Helicopter Ferry is Foreseen as Latest Craft Passes Test.” Popular Mechanics Magazine 77, no. 4 (Apr.): 7.
Anonymous. 1952. “Production Briefing.” Aviation Week 56, no. 4 (28 Jan.), 50.
Anonymous. 1953a. “Aviation Industry Statistics: U.S. Aircraft Industry – 1952.” Aviation Week 58, no. 9 (2 Mar.), 64. Anonymous. 1953b. “New Sikorsky Plant Site.” New York Times, 2 Jul., 18.
Anonymous. 1966. “Army Presses Viet Helicopter Buildup.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 84, no. 9 (28 Feb.): 77.
Bacevich, A. J. 1986. The Pentomic Era: The US Army Between Korea and Vietnam. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press.
Bell, Lawrence D. 1946. “Testimony of on 21 September 1945 before the United States Senate Special Committee on Investigating the National Defense Program.” Seventy-Ninth Congress, First Session, Part 32. Washington, DC: GPO.
Brown, Gates M. 2019. “Technology’s Unrealistic Promise: The U.S. Army in the 1950s and Technological Determinism,” Vulcan 7: 62–80.
Brownlow, Cecil. 1966. “DoD Stressing Competition.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 85no. 27 (15 Dec.): 16–21.
Bunker, Brig. Gen. William B. 1999. “An Introductory History of Army Aviation.” 8 February 1960. Paper #34.” Redstone Arsenal, AL: US Army Material Command Historical Office.
Bykofsky, Joseph. 1955. “The Support of Army Aviation, 1950–1954.” Washington, DC: United States Army Office of the Chief of Transportation.
Cheng, Christopher C. S. 1994. Air Mobility: The Development of a Doctrine. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Daddis, Gregory A. 2014. Westmoreland’s War: Reassessing American Strategy in Vietnam. New York: Oxford University Press.
Garrett-Glaser, Brian. 2019. “How Major Helicopter Manufacturers Are Preparing for the Urban Air Mobility Market.” Aviation Today, 13 November.
Gavin, James M. 1954. “Cavalry, and I Don’t Mean Horses.” Harper’s Magazine 208, no. 1247(Apr.): 54–60.
Gavin, James M. 1958. War and Peace in the Space Age. New York: Harper & Bros.
Hermes, Walter G. 1992. Truce Tent and Fighting Front. Washington, DC: ACMH.
Joiner, Stephen. 2017. “Birth of the Cobra.” Air & Space Magazine (Aug.): https://www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/13_aug2017-birth-of-the-cobra-180963930.
Kroger, William. 1950. “Big Year Assured for Plane Makers.” Aviation Week 52, no. 13(27 Mar.): 11–14.
Leyes, II, Richard A. and William A. Fleming. 1999. The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines. Washington, DC and Reston, VA: National Air and Space Museum and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Linn, Brian McAllister. 2016. Elvis’s Army: Cold War GIs and the Atomic Battlefield. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Lock-Pullan, Richard. 2006. US Intervention Policy and Army Innovation: From Vietnam to Iraq. London: Routledge.
McClendon, R. Earl. 1954. Army Aviation, 1947–1953. Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press.
McSurely, Alexander. 1950. “Aircraft Industry Shows Production Gains.” Aviation Week 52, no. 9 (Feb.), 27.
Moore, Lee. 1953. “Carriers Outline Helicopter Requirements.” Aviation Week 59, no. 20 (16 Nov.): 99–101.
Murphy, Charles J. V. 1966. “The New Multi-Purpose US Army.” Army Aviation 15no. 6. (Jun.): 17–21, 24–27, 30–31.
Mutza, Wayne. 2005. Loach! The Story of the H-6/Model 500 Helicopter. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military History.
Norris, John G. 1950. “Army to Run Big Combat Helicopters.” The Washington Post, 21 Oct., 1.
Olson, Robert A. 1965. “Air Mobility for the Army: A Case Study of Policy Evolution in Relation to Changing Strategy.” Military Affairs 28, no. 4 (winter): 163–172.
Peters, A. Gerald and Donald F. Wood. 1977. “Helicopter Airlines in the United States, 1945–75,” The Journal of Transport History 4, no. 1 (Feb.): 1–16.
Piasecki, Frank. 1952. “The Helicopter.” National Defense Transportation Journal 8, no. 6 (Nov.-Dec.): 47–49.
Poole, Walter S. 1998. The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy. Vol. 4, 1950–1952. Washington, DC: Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Office of Joint History.
Raines, Jr., Edgar F. 2000. “Organic Tactical Air Transport, 1952–1965.” Military Review 90, no. 1 (Jan.-Feb.): 84–89.
Raines, Jr., Edgar F. 2000. Eyes of Artillery: The Origins of Modern US Army Aviation in World War II. Washington, DC: ACMH.
Rawlins, Eugene W. 1976. Marines and Helicopters, 1946–1962. Washington, DC: US Marine Corps History and Museums Division.
Spenser, Jay P. 1998. Whirlybirds: A History of the US Helicopter Pioneers. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
Spore, John B. 1952. “An Army with Wings.” The Reporter 6, no. 1 (8 Jan.), 33.
Stimson, Jr., Thomas E. 1951. “Here’s Your Helicopter Coupe.” Popular Mechanics Magazine 95, no. 2 (Feb.): 118–121, 266–268.
Tolson, John J. 1973. Airmobility, 1961–1971. Washington, DC: ACMH.
Trauschweizer, Ingo. 2008. The Cold War US Army: Building Deterrence for Limited War. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Trauschweizer, Ingo. 2019. Maxwell Taylor’s Cold War: From Berlin to Vietnam. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
US House of Representatives. 1938. Development of Autogiro and Rotary-Wing Aircraft, Hearings Before the Committee on Military Affairs House of Representatives, Seventy-Fifth Congress, H.R. 8143. 26–27 April 1938. Washington, DC: GPO.
US Senate. 1960. “Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, Department of Defense Appropriations for 1961.” Eighty-Sixth Congress, Second Session on HR 11998, Part 1. Washington, DC: GPO.
von Kann, Clifton. 1961. “The Importance of the Army-Industry Team.” Army Aviation 10, no. 5 (May): 265–267, 270.
Waters, Jr., John M. 1967. “Challenge to the Industry: Saving the Lives of 10,000 US Highway Accident Victims a Year.” Vertiflite 13, no. 11 (Oct.): 4–8.
Weinert, Jr., Richard P. 1991. A History of Army Aviation, 1950–1962. Fort Monroe, VA: Office of the Command Historian, TRADOC.
Whitcomb, Darrel. 2011. Call Sign–Dustoff: A History of US Army Aeromedical Evacuation from Conception to Hurricane Katrina. Frederick, MD: Office of the Surgeon General, Borden Institute.
White, Theodore H. 1955. “Tomorrow’s Battlefield.” The Army Combat Forces Journal 5, no. 8 (Mar.): 20–21.
Williams, Robert R. 1966. “The Growing Interest in Tactical Airmobile Operations.” Army Aviation 15, no. 11 (20 Nov.): 8–13, 16.
Wilson, John B. 1998. Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades. Washington, DC: ACMH. Wolf, Richard I. 1987. The United States Air Force: Basic Documents on Roles and Missions. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force.
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 224 | 24 | 2 |
Full Text Views | 319 | 43 | 0 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 262 | 84 | 1 |
This article analyzes the groundbreaking 1952 plan by US Army leadership to develop a sizeable cargo helicopter program in the face of interservice opposition. It examines the influence that decision had in the next decade on the Army, the helicopter industry, and vtol technology. The Army’s procurement of large helicopters that could transport soldiers and materiel was neither a fait accompli nor based on short-term needs. Rather, archival records reveal that the decision was based on long-range concerns about the postwar health of the helicopter industry, developing the state of the art, and fostering new doctrinal concepts. The procurement had long-term consequences. Helicopters became central to Army war planning, and the ground service’s needs dictated the next generation of helicopter designs. That technology made possible the revolutionary airmobility concept that the Army took into Vietnam and also led to a flourishing commercial helicopter field.
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 224 | 24 | 2 |
Full Text Views | 319 | 43 | 0 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 262 | 84 | 1 |