Overview of the activities of the European Food Safety Authority on mycotoxins in food and feed
In: World Mycotoxin JournalSearch for other papers by M. Eskola in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by A. Altieri in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by J. Galobart in
Current site
Google Scholar
Mycotoxins are widely occurring in foods and feeds and dietary exposure to them can induce various types of adverse health effects in humans and animals. Since its establishment in 2002, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has assessed risks of dietary exposure to mycotoxins for public health and for the health of farm and companion animals on the request of the European Commission and has assessed safety and efficacy of feed additives for the reduction of contamination of feed by mycotoxins within the European Union authorisation process for feed additives. Over 40 scientific opinions on risks of mycotoxins for human and animal health and other reports on mycotoxins have been issued by the authority for the use of the European risk managers. Mycotoxins belong to one of the important areas of the EFSA work. Occurrence data on mycotoxins submitted to EFSA by the European national food safety bodies and research institutions have been collected in the EFSA databases and have informed its scientific opinions and reports on mycotoxins. Similarly, many EFSA-funded projects conducted by the European research organisations, not only to generate data on occurrence, but also data on toxicity of mycotoxins, have provided valuable information for the risk assessments of EFSA. Aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol are the mycotoxins, for which EFSA has delivered most of its scientific mycotoxin opinions. Very recently also modified forms of mycotoxins have been included in the EFSA risk assessments. In this review paper an overview of many different EFSA activities on mycotoxins is given. It also includes a brief description how EFSA develops its scientific opinions and works.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
-
Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC), 1993. Energy and protein requirements of ruminants: an advisory manual. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
-
Alexander, J., Benford, D., Boobis, A., Eskola, M., Fink-Gremmels, J., Fürst, P., Heppner, C., Schlatter, J. and Van Leeuwen, R., 2012. Risk assessment of contaminants in food and feed. EFSA Journal 10: s1004.
'Risk assessment of contaminants in food and feed ' () 10 EFSA Journal : s1004.
-
Asam, S., Habler, K. and Rychlic, M., 2017.Fusarium mycotoxins in food. In: Schrenk, D. and Cartus, A. (eds.) Chemical contaminants and residues in food. Woodhead Publishing, Duxford, UK, pp. 295-336.
'Fusarium mycotoxins in food ', in Chemical contaminants and residues in food , () 295 -336.
-
Battilani, P., Camardo Leggieri, M., Rossi, V. and Giorni, P., 2013. AFLA-maize, a mechanistic model forAspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin B1 contamination in maize. Computer and Electronics in Agriculture 94: 38-46.
'AFLA-maize, a mechanistic model forAspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin B1 contamination in maize ' () 94 Computer and Electronics in Agriculture : 38 -46.
-
Battilani, P., Costa, L.G., Dossena, A., Gullino, M.L., Marchelli, R., Galaverna, G., Pietri, A., Dall’Asta, C., Giorni, P., Spadaro, D. and Gualla, A., 2009. Scientific information on mycotoxins and natural plant toxicants. EFSA Supporting Publication 6: EN-24.
'Scientific information on mycotoxins and natural plant toxicants ' () 6 EFSA Supporting Publication .
-
Battilani, P., Rossi, V., Giorni, P., Pietri, A., Gualla, A., Van der Fels-Klerx, H.J., Booij, C.J.H., Moretti, A., Logrieco, A., Miglietta, F., Toscano, P., Miraglia, M., De Santis, B. and Brera, C., 2012. Modelling, predicting and mapping the emergence of aflatoxins in cereals in the EU due to climate change. EFSA Supporting Publication 9: EN-223.
'Modelling, predicting and mapping the emergence of aflatoxins in cereals in the EU due to climate change ' () 9 EFSA Supporting Publication .
-
Benford, D., 2017. Risk assessment of chemical contaminants and residues in food. In: Schrenk, D. and Cartus, A. (eds.) Chemical contaminants and residues in food. Woodhead Publishing, Duxford, UK, pp. 3-13.
'Risk assessment of chemical contaminants and residues in food ', in Chemical contaminants and residues in food , () 3 -13.
-
Bennett, J.W. and Klich, M., 2003. Mycotoxins. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 16: 497-516.
'Mycotoxins ' () 16 Clinical Microbiology Reviews : 497 -516.
-
Berthiller, F., Brera, C., Iha, M.H., Krska, R., Lattanzio, V.M.T, MacDonald, S., Malone, R.J., Maragos, C., Solfrizzo, M., Stranska-Zachariasova, M., Stroka, J. and Tittlemier, S.A., 2017. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2015-2016. World Mycotoxin Journal 10: 5-29.
'Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2015-2016 ' () 10 World Mycotoxin Journal : 5 -29.
-
Berthiller, F., Crews, C., Dall’Asta, C., De Saeger, S., Haesaert, G., Karlovsky, P., Oswald, I.P., Seefelder, W., Speijers, G. and Stroka, J., 2013. Masked mycotoxins: a review. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 57: 165-186.
'Masked mycotoxins: a review ' () 57 Molecular Nutrition and Food Research : 165 -186.
-
Brera, C., De Santis, B., Debegnach, F., Miano, B., Moretti, G., Lanzone, A., Del Sordo, G., Buonsenso, D., Chiaretti, A., Hardie, L., White, K., Brantsæter, A.L., Knutsen, H., Eriksen Sundstøl, G., Sandvik, M., Wells, L., Allen, S. and Sathyapalan, T., 2015. Experimental study of deoxynivalenol biomarkers in urine. EFSA Supporting Publication 2015: EN-818.
'Experimental study of deoxynivalenol biomarkers in urine ' () 2015 EFSA Supporting Publication .
-
Commission Regulation (EC) No 429/2008 of 25 April 2008 on detailed rules for the implementation of Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the preparation and the presentation of applications and the assessment and the authorisation of feed additives. Official Journal of the European Union L133: 1-65.
-
Dall’Asta, C. and Berthiller, F., 2016. Masked mycotoxins in food: formation, occurrence and toxicological relevance. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, 205 pp.
'Masked mycotoxins in food: formation, occurrence and toxicological relevance ', () 205.
-
Diana Di Mavungu, J., Larionova, D.A., Malysheva, S.V., Van Peteghem, C. and De Saeger, S., 2011. Survey on ergot alkaloids in cereals intended for human consumption and animal feeding. EFSA Supporting Publication 8: EN-214.
'Survey on ergot alkaloids in cereals intended for human consumption and animal feeding ' () 8 EFSA Supporting Publication .
-
Dorne, J.L.C.M. and Fink-Gremmels, J., 2013. Human and animal health risk assessments of chemicals in the food chain: comparative aspects and future perspectives. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 270: 187-195.
'Human and animal health risk assessments of chemicals in the food chain: comparative aspects and future perspectives ' () 270 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology : 187 -195.
-
European Commission (EC), 2002. Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. Official Journal of the European Union L 31: 1-24.
-
European Commission (EC), 2006a. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union L 364: 5-24.
-
European Commission (EC), 2006b. Commission Recommendation 2006/576/EC of 17 August 2006 on the presence of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 and fumonisins in products intended for animal feeding. Official Journal of the European Union L 229: 7-9.
-
European Commission (EC), 2013. Commission Recommendation of 27 March 2013 on the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in cereals and cereal products 2013/165/EU. Official Journal of the European Union L 91: 12-15.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and World Health Organization (WHO), 2016. Review of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach and development of new TTC decision tree. EFSA Journal 13: EN-1006.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2004a. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) related to aflatoxin B1 as undesirable substance in animal feed. EFSA Journal 2: 39.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2004b. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) related to deoxynivalenol (DON) as undesirable substance in animal feed. EFSA Journal 2: 73.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2004c. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) related to zearalenone as undesirable substance in animal feed. EFSA Journal 2: 89.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2004d. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM) related to ochratoxin A (OTA) as undesirable substance in animal feed. EFSA Journal 2: 101.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2005a. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) related to ergot as undesirable substance in animal feed. EFSA Journal 3: 225.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2005b. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) related to fumonisins as undesirable substances in animal feed. EFSA Journal 3: 235.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2006. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) related to ochratoxin A in food. EFSA Journal 4: 365.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2007a. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) related to the potential increase of consumer health risk by a possible increase of the existing maximum levels for aflatoxins in almonds, hazelnuts and pistachios and derived products. EFSA Journal 5: 446.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2009. Statement of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain on a request from the European Commission on the effects on public health of an increase of the levels for aflatoxin total from 4 μg/kg to 10 μg/kg for tree nuts other than almonds, hazelnuts and pistachios. EFSA Journal 6: 1168.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2010a. Statement of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) on recent scientific information on the toxicity of ochratoxin A. EFSA Journal 8: 1626.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2010b. Standard sample description for food and feed. EFSA Journal 8: 1457.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2011a. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) on the risks for public health related to the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in food and feed. EFSA Journal 9: 2481.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2011b. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) on the risks for public health related to the presence of zearalenone in food. EFSA Journal 9: 2197.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2011c. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence ofAlternaria toxins in feed and food. EFSA Journal 9: 2407.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2011d. Use of the EFSA comprehensive European food consumption database in exposure assessment. EFSA Journal 9: 2097.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2011e. Evaluation of the FoodEx, the food classification system applied to the development of the EFSA comprehensive European food consumption database. EFSA Journal 9: 1970.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2011f. Report on the development of a food classification and description system for exposure assessment and guidance on its implementation and use. EFSA Journal 9: 2489.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2011g. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP Panel) on the safety and efficacy of bentonite (dioctahedral montmorillonite) as feed additive for all species. EFSA Journal 9: 2007.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2011h. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP Panel) on the efficacy of bentonite (dioctahedral montmorillonite) for all species. EFSA Journal 9: 2276.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2012a. Guidance of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP Panel) for the preparation of dossiers for technological additives. EFSA Journal 10: 2528.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2012b. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) on ergot alkaloids in food and feed. EFSA Journal 10: 2798.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2012c. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of phomopsins in feed and food. EFSA Journal 10: 2567.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2012d. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of citrinin in food and feed. EFSA Journal 10: 2605.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2012e. Effect on dietary exposure of an increase of the levels for aflatoxin total from 4 μg/kg to 10 μg/kg for dried figs. EFSA Supporting Publications 9: EN-311.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2013a. Opinion on the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of sterigmatocystin in feed and food. EFSA Journal 11: 3254.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2013b. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of nivalenol in food and feed. EFSA Journal 11: 3262.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2013c. Statement of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) on the risks for public health related to a possible increase of the maximum level of deoxynivalenol for certain semi-processed cereal products. EFSA Journal 11: 3490.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2013d. Standard sample description ver. 2.0. EFSA Journal 11: 3424.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2013e. Aflatoxins (sum of B1, B2, G1, G2) in cereals and cereal-derived food products. EFSA Supporting Publications 10: EN-406.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2013f. Deoxynivalenol in food and feed: occurrence and exposure. Scientific report EFSA Journal 11: 3379.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2013g. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP Panel) on the safety and efficacy of microorganism DSM 11798 when used as a technological feed additive for pigs. EFSA Journal 11: 3203.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2014a. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of beauvericin and enniatins in food and feed. EFSA Journal 12: 3802.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2014b. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed. EFSA Journal 12: 3916.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2014c. Evaluation of the increase of risk for public health related to a possible temporary derogation from the maximum level of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins for maize and maize products. EFSA Journal 12: 3699.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2014d. Guidance on data exchange version 2.0. EFSA Journal 12: 3945.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2014e. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP Panel) on the safety and efficacy of fumonisin esterase (FUMzyme®) as a technological feed additive for pigs. EFSA Journal 12: 3667.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2015. The food classification and description system FoodEx2 (revision 2). EFSA Supporting Publication 12: EN-804.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2016a. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) on the appropriateness to set a group health-based guidance value for zearalenone and its modified forms. EFSA Journal 14: 4425.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2016b. Scientific report on the dietary exposure assessment toAlternaria toxins in the European population. Scientific Report EFSA Journal 14: 4654.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2016c. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP Panel)) on the safety and efficacy of fumonisin esterase (FUMzyme®) as a technological feed additive for all avian species. EFSA Journal 14: 4617.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2017a. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed. EFSA Journal 15: 4718.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2017b, Scientific Committee, update: guidance on the use of the benchmark dose approach in risk assessment. EFSA Journal 15: 4658.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2017c. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) on the appropriateness to set a group health based guidance value for T-2 and HT-2 toxin and its modified forms 2017. EFSA Journal 15: 4655.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2017d. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) on the appropriateness to set a group health based guidance value for nivalenol and its modified forms. EFSA Journal 15: 4751.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2017f. Scientific report on human and animal dietary exposure to T-2 and HT-2 toxin. Scientific Report EFSA Journal 15: 4972.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2017e. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM Panel) on the risks for animal health related to the presence of zearalenone and its modified forms in feed. EFSA Journal 15: 4851.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2017g. Scientific report on human and animal dietary exposure to ergot alkaloids. Scientific Report EFSA Journal 15: 4902.
-
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2017h. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP Panel) on the safety and efficacy of microorganism DSM 11798 as a technological additive for all avian species. EFSA Journal 15: 4676.
-
European Union (EU), 1993. Council Regulation (EEC) No 315/93 of February 1993 laying down community procedures for contaminants in food. Official Journal of the European Union L 37: 1-3. Available at:http://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html?locale=en.
-
European Union (EU), 2002. Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 7 May 2002 on undesirable substances in animal feed. Official Journal of the European Union L 140: 10-21. Available at:http://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html?locale=en.
-
European Union (EU), 2009. Commission Regulation (EC) No 386/2009 of 12 May 2009 amending Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the establishment of a new functional group of feed additives. Official Journal of the European Union L 118: 66.
-
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2004. Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 81. FAO, Rome, Italy. Available at:http://www.fao.org/3/a-y5499e.pdf.
-
Huybrechts, I., Sioen, I., Boon, P.E., Ruprich, J., Lafay, L., Turrini, A., Amiano, P., Hirvonen, T., De Neve, M., Arcella, D., Moschandreas, J., Westerlund, A., Ribas-Barba, L., Hilbig, A., Papoutsou, S., Christensen, T., Oltarzewski, M., Virtanen, S., Rehurkova, I., Azpiri, M., Sette, S., Kersting, M., Walkiewicz, A., Serra-Majem, L., Volatier, J.-L., Trolle, E., Tornaritis, M., Busk, L., Kafatos, A., Fabiansson, S., De Henauw, S. and Van Klaveren, J.D., 2011. Dietary exposure assessments for children in Europe (the EXPOCHI project): rationale, methods and design. Archives of Public Health 69: 1169-1184.
'Dietary exposure assessments for children in Europe (the EXPOCHI project): rationale, methods and design ' () 69 Archives of Public Health : 1169 -1184.
-
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2015. Mycotoxins control in low- and middle-income countries. IARC Working Group Report no. 9. IARC, Lyon, France.
-
Le Hégarat, L., Takakura, N., Simar, S., Nesslany, F. and Fessard, V., 2014. Thein vivo genotoxicity studies on nivalenol and deoxynivalenol. EFSA Supporting Publication 2014: EN-697.
'Thein vivo genotoxicity studies on nivalenol and deoxynivalenol ' () 2014 EFSA Supporting Publication .
-
Leslie, J.F. and Logrieco, A.F., 2014. Mycotoxin reduction in grain chains. Wiley-Blackwell, Inc., Ames, IA, 376 pp.
'Mycotoxin reduction in grain chains ', () 376.
-
López Sánchez, P., De Nijs, M., Spanjer, M., Pietri, A., Bertuzzi, T., Starski, A., Postupolski, J., Castellari, M. and Hortós, M., 2017. Generation of occurrence data on citrinin in food. EFSA supporting publication 2017: EN-1177.
'Generation of occurrence data on citrinin in food ' () 2017 EFSA supporting publication .
-
Merten, C., Ferrari, P., Bakker, M., Boss, A., Hearty, Á., Leclercq, C., Lindtner, O., Tlustos, C., Verger, P., Volatier, J.L. and Arcella, D. 2011. Methodological characteristics of the national dietary surveys carried out in the European Union as included in the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database. Food Additives and Contaminants, part A 28: 975-995.
'Methodological characteristics of the national dietary surveys carried out in the European Union as included in the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database ' () 28 Food Additives and Contaminants, part A : 975 -995.
-
Mol, H.G.J., Pietri, A., MacDonald, S.J., Anagnostopoulos, C. and Spanjer, M., 2015. Survey on sterigmatocystin in food. EFSA Supporting Publication 2015: EN-774.
'Survey on sterigmatocystin in food ' () 2015 EFSA Supporting Publication .
-
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2009. Guidance document on overview of residue chemistry studies (as revised in 2009). Series on testing and assessment no. 64 and series on pesticides no. 32. OECD Environment, Health and Safety Publications, Paris, France, 93 pp.
-
Pitt, J.I. and Miller, J.D., 2016 A concise history of mycotoxin research. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65(33): 7021-7033.
'A concise history of mycotoxin research ' () 65 Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry : 7021 -7033.
-
Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition. Official Journal of the European Union L 268: 29-43. Available at:http://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html?locale=en.
-
Rychlik, M., 2017. Mycotoxins exceptFusarium toxins in food. In: Schrenk, D. and Cartus, A. (eds.) Chemical contaminants and residues in food. Woodhead Publishing, Duxford, UK, pp. 279-294.
'Mycotoxins exceptFusarium toxins in food ', in Chemical contaminants and residues in food , () 279 -294.
-
Schuchardt, S., Ziemann, C. and Hansen, T., 2014. Combined toxicokinetic andin vivo genotoxicity study onAlternaria toxins. EFSA Supporting Publication 2014: EN-679.
'Combined toxicokinetic andin vivo genotoxicity study onAlternaria toxins ' () 2014 EFSA Supporting Publication .
-
Schuhmacher-Wolz, U., Heine, K. and Schneider, K., 2010. Report on toxicity data on trichothecene mycotoxins HT-2 and T-2 toxins. EFSA Supporting Publication 7: EN-65.
'Report on toxicity data on trichothecene mycotoxins HT-2 and T-2 toxins ' () 7 EFSA Supporting Publication .
-
Uhlig, S., Sundstøl Eriksen, G., Skow Hofgaard, I., Krska, R., Beltrán, E. and Sulyok, M., 2013. Faces of a changing climate: semi-quantitative multi-mycotoxin analysis of grain grown in exceptional climatic conditions in Norway. Toxins 5: 1682-1697.
'Faces of a changing climate: semi-quantitative multi-mycotoxin analysis of grain grown in exceptional climatic conditions in Norway ' () 5 Toxins : 1682 -1697.
-
Van der Fels-Klerx, H., Olesen, J.E., Madsen, M. and Goedhart, P., 2012a. Climate change increases deoxynivalenol contamination of wheat in north-western Europe. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A 29: 1593-1604.
'Climate change increases deoxynivalenol contamination of wheat in north-western Europe ' () 29 Food Additives and Contaminants Part A : 1593 -1604.
-
Van der Fels-Klerx, H., Olesen, J.E., Naustvoll, L.-J., Friocourt, Y., Mengelers, M. and Christensen, J., 2012b. Climate change impacts on natural toxins in food production systems, exemplified by deoxynivalenol in wheat and diarrhetic shellfish toxins. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A 29: 1647-1659.
'Climate change impacts on natural toxins in food production systems, exemplified by deoxynivalenol in wheat and diarrhetic shellfish toxins ' () 29 Food Additives and Contaminants Part A : 1647 -1659.
-
Van der Fels-Klerx, H.J, 2010. Occurrence data of trichothecene mycotoxins T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in food and feed. EFSA Supporting Publication 7: EN-66.
'Occurrence data of trichothecene mycotoxins T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in food and feed ' () 7 EFSA Supporting Publication .
-
Van der Fels-Klerx, H.J., Liu, C. and Battilani, P., 2016. Modelling climate change impacts on mycotoxin contamination. World Mycotoxin Journal 9: 717-726.
'Modelling climate change impacts on mycotoxin contamination ' () 9 World Mycotoxin Journal : 717 -726.
-
Wu, F. and Mitchell, N.J., 2016. How climate change and regulations can affect the economics of mycotoxins. World Mycotoxin Journal 9: 653-663.
'How climate change and regulations can affect the economics of mycotoxins ' () 9 World Mycotoxin Journal : 653 -663.
-
Wu, F., Groopman, J.D. and Pestka, J.J., 2014 Public health impacts of foodborne mycotoxins. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 5: 351-372.
'Public health impacts of foodborne mycotoxins ' () 5 Annual Review of Food Science and Technology : 351 -372.
-
Yoe, C., 2012. Principles of risk analysis: decision making under uncertainty. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 561 pp.
'Principles of risk analysis: decision making under uncertainty ', () 561.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 537 | 325 | 18 |
| Full Text Views | 88 | 19 | 2 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 106 | 37 | 3 |
Overview of the activities of the European Food Safety Authority on mycotoxins in food and feed
In: World Mycotoxin JournalSearch for other papers by M. Eskola in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by A. Altieri in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by J. Galobart in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Mycotoxins are widely occurring in foods and feeds and dietary exposure to them can induce various types of adverse health effects in humans and animals. Since its establishment in 2002, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has assessed risks of dietary exposure to mycotoxins for public health and for the health of farm and companion animals on the request of the European Commission and has assessed safety and efficacy of feed additives for the reduction of contamination of feed by mycotoxins within the European Union authorisation process for feed additives. Over 40 scientific opinions on risks of mycotoxins for human and animal health and other reports on mycotoxins have been issued by the authority for the use of the European risk managers. Mycotoxins belong to one of the important areas of the EFSA work. Occurrence data on mycotoxins submitted to EFSA by the European national food safety bodies and research institutions have been collected in the EFSA databases and have informed its scientific opinions and reports on mycotoxins. Similarly, many EFSA-funded projects conducted by the European research organisations, not only to generate data on occurrence, but also data on toxicity of mycotoxins, have provided valuable information for the risk assessments of EFSA. Aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol are the mycotoxins, for which EFSA has delivered most of its scientific mycotoxin opinions. Very recently also modified forms of mycotoxins have been included in the EFSA risk assessments. In this review paper an overview of many different EFSA activities on mycotoxins is given. It also includes a brief description how EFSA develops its scientific opinions and works.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 537 | 325 | 18 |
| Full Text Views | 88 | 19 | 2 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 106 | 37 | 3 |
