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Early Dutch Maritime Cartography
The North Holland School of Cartography (c. 1580-c. 1620)
Series: - Explokart Studies in the History of Cartography, Volume: 17
Author:
Winner of the 2019 Menno Hertzberger Prize for Book History and Bibliography
This book is an exposition of an important, yet previously unknown chapter in the history of Dutch maritime cartography. While Amsterdam was developing into Europe’s most vital commercial hub in the seventeenth century, demanding and controlling the production of maps and sea-charts, a major School of Cartography was already flourishing in the so-called ‘Kop van Noord-Holland’ region just north of Amsterdam. This School specialised in the production of small-scale charts of larger areas, including the European coastlines and the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Its masters used to call themselves ‘caert-schrijvers’ or ‘map-scribes’ when clarifying their profession. The cities of Enkhuizen and Edam were important trading ports and as such provided an ideal environment for developing into centres of cartography, serving sea-borne navigation.
Apart from the well-known printed pilot guides by Lucas Jansz Waghenaer, the output of these ‘caert-schrijvers’ consists mainly of manuscript charts on vellum. Copies, though few they are, nowadays can be found across the globe. Sea-charts provided invaluable on-board navigation assistance to ship captains. However, another surprising contemporaneous purpose for financing these charts become popular. Rich ship owners and merchants would commission new charts to serve as wall-decoration as well as a reference point for their maritime-related conversations. They feature a decorative lay-out filled with magnificent colours. Moreover, many of these charts are embellished with miniature paintings, certainly making them some of the most beautiful exemplars ever produced by Dutch cartography during its Golden Age.
This book is an exposition of an important, yet previously unknown chapter in the history of Dutch maritime cartography. While Amsterdam was developing into Europe’s most vital commercial hub in the seventeenth century, demanding and controlling the production of maps and sea-charts, a major School of Cartography was already flourishing in the so-called ‘Kop van Noord-Holland’ region just north of Amsterdam. This School specialised in the production of small-scale charts of larger areas, including the European coastlines and the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Its masters used to call themselves ‘caert-schrijvers’ or ‘map-scribes’ when clarifying their profession. The cities of Enkhuizen and Edam were important trading ports and as such provided an ideal environment for developing into centres of cartography, serving sea-borne navigation.
Apart from the well-known printed pilot guides by Lucas Jansz Waghenaer, the output of these ‘caert-schrijvers’ consists mainly of manuscript charts on vellum. Copies, though few they are, nowadays can be found across the globe. Sea-charts provided invaluable on-board navigation assistance to ship captains. However, another surprising contemporaneous purpose for financing these charts become popular. Rich ship owners and merchants would commission new charts to serve as wall-decoration as well as a reference point for their maritime-related conversations. They feature a decorative lay-out filled with magnificent colours. Moreover, many of these charts are embellished with miniature paintings, certainly making them some of the most beautiful exemplars ever produced by Dutch cartography during its Golden Age.
Günter Schilder (Vienna, 1942) studied geography and history at Vienna University from 1960 to 1967. He undertook two years of research in the Netherlands for his dissertation, and in 1970 he received his PhD from Vienna University. From 1971 he worked in the Netherlands at Utrecht University, researching the history of cartography. In 1981 he was appointed Professor of History of Cartography, a position he held until his retirement in 2005. Schilder is the author of numerous publications on the history of Dutch cartography and maritime discoveries, inter alia the books Australia unveiled. The share of the Dutch navigators in the discovery of Australia (1976); Voyage to the Great South Land. Willem de Vlamingh, 1696-1697 (1985); Wall-maps of the 16th and 17th centuries, published in The Netherlands, 4 vols. (1977-81); Sailing for the East (co-authored with Hans Kok) (2010).
His nine-volume Opus Magnum, Monumenta Cartographica Neerlandica (1986-2013) has substantially increased our knowledge of and appreciation for Dutch cartography in its Golden Age.
In 1981, Professor Schilder founded the Explokart Research Programme at Utrecht University. This renowned programme was later (2013) relocated to the University of Amsterdam, Special Collections Department. Contributions made by the Research Group, which consists of academics and dedicated volunteers, are published in Explokart Studies on the History of Cartography, which enjoys both domestic and international esteem.
His nine-volume Opus Magnum, Monumenta Cartographica Neerlandica (1986-2013) has substantially increased our knowledge of and appreciation for Dutch cartography in its Golden Age.
In 1981, Professor Schilder founded the Explokart Research Programme at Utrecht University. This renowned programme was later (2013) relocated to the University of Amsterdam, Special Collections Department. Contributions made by the Research Group, which consists of academics and dedicated volunteers, are published in Explokart Studies on the History of Cartography, which enjoys both domestic and international esteem.
"[...] this work is comprehensive, well organized, profusely illustrated and enjoyable to read. It is an absolute must for the reference shelves of any map library as well as for anyone interested in the lore of the sea."
Richard Pflederer, in: The Portolan, Winter 2017, pp. 74-75.
"the book is a feast for the eye for the number and the splendour of the illustrations, many of which are known to specialists in the field, but numerous ones will be new to those who have been reading the literature in this specific field. [...] This book by Schilder is a must have for anyone who is interested in almost any aspect of Dutch and world history and who has an open eye for the interface between navigation, mapping and art." Kees Zandvliet, in Imago Mundi, vol. 70, part 2 (2018), pp. 242-243.
"As we have come to expect from Günter Schilder over the years, this book is yet another monumental piece of scholarship on the history of early modern Dutch cartography. [...] the book is beautifully illustrated and completely up to date bibliographically, and will be an indispensable reference work for maritime historians working on early modern European shipping and early Dutch colonialism for decades if not longer. All libraries and heritage institutions who take their map collections seriously should place this book on the open shelves of their reading rooms, always available for consultation. Most importantly, the book is the paragon of virtue in terms of meticulous and wide-ranging research on handwritten, printed, visual, and cartographic sources from collections across the world. It is, in one word, a masterpiece. [...] it is difficult to envisage how scholarship on maritime cartography can ever become better than this." Michiel van Groesen, in International Journal of Maritime History, vol. 29, issue 4, pp. 974-975.
Richard Pflederer, in: The Portolan, Winter 2017, pp. 74-75.
"the book is a feast for the eye for the number and the splendour of the illustrations, many of which are known to specialists in the field, but numerous ones will be new to those who have been reading the literature in this specific field. [...] This book by Schilder is a must have for anyone who is interested in almost any aspect of Dutch and world history and who has an open eye for the interface between navigation, mapping and art." Kees Zandvliet, in Imago Mundi, vol. 70, part 2 (2018), pp. 242-243.
"As we have come to expect from Günter Schilder over the years, this book is yet another monumental piece of scholarship on the history of early modern Dutch cartography. [...] the book is beautifully illustrated and completely up to date bibliographically, and will be an indispensable reference work for maritime historians working on early modern European shipping and early Dutch colonialism for decades if not longer. All libraries and heritage institutions who take their map collections seriously should place this book on the open shelves of their reading rooms, always available for consultation. Most importantly, the book is the paragon of virtue in terms of meticulous and wide-ranging research on handwritten, printed, visual, and cartographic sources from collections across the world. It is, in one word, a masterpiece. [...] it is difficult to envisage how scholarship on maritime cartography can ever become better than this." Michiel van Groesen, in International Journal of Maritime History, vol. 29, issue 4, pp. 974-975.
Foreword
I Printed Dutch Rutters and Charts for European Navigation up to c. 1585: an Overview
I.1 The Earliest Dutch Printed Rutters and Charts
I.2 The Pioneering Work of Cornelis Anthonisz.
I.3 The Leeskaartboek van Wisbuy
I.4 The Rutters of Govert Willemsz. van Hollesloot
I.5 The Cartographical Work of Adriaen Gerritsz.
I.6 Aelbert Haeyen’s Amstelredamsche Zee-Caerten
II Lucas Jansz. Waghenaer: Pioneer of Dutch Maritime Cartography
II.1 Waghenaer and Enkhuizen
II.2 The First Printed Sea Atlas: The Spieghel der Zeevaerdt, 1584/85
II.3 Waghenaer’s Charts of Europe, 1583 and 1592
II.4 Unknown Charts by Lucas Jansz. Waghenaer
II.5 Chart of Europe in Four Sheets, 1589
II.6 A Pilot Guide in oblong: The Thresoor der zee-vaert, 1592
II.7 Waghenaer’s Enckhuyser Zee-caert-boeck, 1598
III Amsterdam: Distribution Centre of Geographical and Cartographical Knowledge
IV A Landmark in Dutch Cartography: The Wall Map of the World by Petrus Plancius, 1592
V To Farther Horizons: A Set of Printed Dutch Charts with Coastlines beyond Europe (1592-1594)
V.1 Map of the Azores, Canary Islands and Parts of the Iberian Peninsula and North-Western Africa
V.2 Map of the Atlantic Ocean with the North-Western Coasts of Africa and a Part of Brazil between 31oN and 15oS
V.3 Map of Southern Africa between 2oN and 44oS
V.4 Map of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Philippines with Surrounding Regions
V.5 Map of the Northern Atlantic Ocean
V.6 Map of the Northern Part of South America down to 35oS
V.7 Map of the Southern Part of South America and Magellanica
V.8 Map of Europe
VI Sixteenth-Century Dutch Cartography of the Mediterranean Sea
VI.1 Ascendance of the Shipping through the Strait of Gibraltar (Straatvaart)
VI.2 Willem Barentsz. and his Nieuwe beschryvinghe ende Caertboeck vande Midlandtsche Zee, 1595
VI.3 The Overview-map of the Mediterranian Sea
VII Jan Huygen van Linschoten: Forerunner of Dutch Activities in Oversea
VII.1 Jan Huygen van Linschoten (1562-1611)
VII.2 The Publication of Van Linschoten’s Itinerario, 1595/96
VII.3 The Maps in Van Linschoten’s Itinerario
VII.3.1 Map of the Atlantic Ocean between 8oN and 35oS
VII.3.2 Map of the Western Indian Ocean between 8oN and 35oS
VII.3.3 Map of the Northern Indian Ocean between 0o and 43oN
VII.3.4 Map of the Indonesian Archipelago and Far East between 20oS and 40oN
VII.3.5 Map of South America and a Part of Central America with Adjacent Islands
VIII Amsterdam Publications on the Art of Navigation and Cosmography
VIII.1 Pedro de Medina and his Arte de navegar
VIII.2 William Bourne and his A Regiment for the Sea
VIII.3 Rodrigo Zamorano and his Compendio de la arte de navegar
VIII.4 Thomas Hood and his The Mariner’s Guide
VIII.5 Peter Apian and his Cosmographie
VIII.6 Robert Hues and his Tractatus de globis
IX The North Holland School of Cartography (c. 1580-c. 1620)
X Cornelis Doedsz.: Caertschrijver woonende t’Edam inde Vierheems-Kinderen
X.1 Life and Work
X.2 A Chart for the Eastern and Northern Navigation, 1589
X.3 Two Manuscript Charts of Europe by Cornelis Doedsz.
X.3.1 Chart of Europe of c. 1600
X.3.2 Chart of Europe, 1607
X.4 A Commercial Chart of Europe, 1602
X.5 Willem Jansz. [Blaeu]: Publisher of Charts of Europe by Cornelis Doedsz.
X.5.1 Doedsz.’s Chart of 1605.
X.5.2 Doedsz.’s Chart of 1606
X.6 Doedsz.’s Chart of Europe, Published by Dirck Pietersz. Pers, 1610
X.7 The Graetboeck Compiled by Cornelis Doedsz.
X.8 The Atlantic Scene: The Chart of the Atlantic Ocean by Cornelis Doedsz., 1600
X.8.1 To New Horizons: Dutch Navigation to the West
X.8.2 The Chart of the Atlantic Ocean, 1600
X.9 Chart of the Western Part of the Indian Ocean, [1601-1606]
X.10 Following the Track of the Ship de Liefde: Three Dutch Charts in Tokyo
X.11 A Chart of the Indische Noord, Attributed to Cornelis Doedsz., c. 1600
XI Evert Gijsbertsz.: Caertschrijver tot Edam in die Pascaert
XI.1 A Masterpiece in Prague: Evert Gijsbertsz.’s Chart of Europe, 1598
XI.2 A Remarkable Chart of the North Sea, 1601
XI.3 Two Representation Charts in the Former Possession of Maurits, Prince of Nassau, [1596]
XI.3.1 Chart of the West Indies and South America, Attributed to Evert Gijsbertsz.
XI.3.2 Chart of Western Part of the Indian Ocean, Attributed to Evert Gijsbertsz.
XI.4 A Show-piece in Sydney: Evert Gijsbertsz. ‘s Chart of the Indian Ocean and Far East, 1599
VII.5 A Navigation Chart of the Indian Ocean and Far East in Paris, 1599
XII The Manuscript Charts of the Atlantic Ocean by Jan Dircksz. Rijckemans and Claes Pietersz.
XII.1 Chart of the Atlantic Ocean by Jan Dircksz. Rijckemans, 1599
XII.2 Chart of the Atlantic Ocean by Claes Pietersz., 1607
XIII The Harmen and Marten Jansz. Brothers: Caertschrijvers inden Pascarte Tot Edam
XIII.1 Three World Maps in Manuscript by Harmen and Marten Jansz.
XIII.1.1 The World Map in Paris, 1610
XIII.1.2 The World Map in Dresden, [1607-1610]
XIII.1.3 The World Map in Greenwich, [1607-1610]
XIII.2 The Charts of Europe in Manuscript and Print
XIII.2.1 The Manuscript Copies
XIII.2.2 The Charts Printed by Jan Evertsz. Cloppenburch
XIII.3 Harmen Jansz.’s Manuscript Chart of the Atlantic Ocean, 1604
XIV The Edam Caert-Schrijvers as Chart-Suppliers for Voyages to the East
XV At the Cartographical Cradle of New Netherlands
XVI Joris Carolus: Stuyrman ende Caertschrijver tot Enchuysen
XVI.1 Voyage of Discovery in 1614
XVI.2 Voyages to the North-West, 1615-1617
XVI.3 The Scientific Voyage of 1618
XVI.4 A Chart of the Danish Waters
XVI.5 Charts of Iceland and the Northern Regions
XVI.6 The Pilot Guide of 1634
Appendices
1 List of Charts in Waghenaer’s Spieghel der Zeevaerdt, 1585.
2 List of Charts in Waghenaer’s Thresoor der zee-vaert, 1592.
Bibliography
Index on Peronal Names
I Printed Dutch Rutters and Charts for European Navigation up to c. 1585: an Overview
I.1 The Earliest Dutch Printed Rutters and Charts
I.2 The Pioneering Work of Cornelis Anthonisz.
I.3 The Leeskaartboek van Wisbuy
I.4 The Rutters of Govert Willemsz. van Hollesloot
I.5 The Cartographical Work of Adriaen Gerritsz.
I.6 Aelbert Haeyen’s Amstelredamsche Zee-Caerten
II Lucas Jansz. Waghenaer: Pioneer of Dutch Maritime Cartography
II.1 Waghenaer and Enkhuizen
II.2 The First Printed Sea Atlas: The Spieghel der Zeevaerdt, 1584/85
II.3 Waghenaer’s Charts of Europe, 1583 and 1592
II.4 Unknown Charts by Lucas Jansz. Waghenaer
II.5 Chart of Europe in Four Sheets, 1589
II.6 A Pilot Guide in oblong: The Thresoor der zee-vaert, 1592
II.7 Waghenaer’s Enckhuyser Zee-caert-boeck, 1598
III Amsterdam: Distribution Centre of Geographical and Cartographical Knowledge
IV A Landmark in Dutch Cartography: The Wall Map of the World by Petrus Plancius, 1592
V To Farther Horizons: A Set of Printed Dutch Charts with Coastlines beyond Europe (1592-1594)
V.1 Map of the Azores, Canary Islands and Parts of the Iberian Peninsula and North-Western Africa
V.2 Map of the Atlantic Ocean with the North-Western Coasts of Africa and a Part of Brazil between 31oN and 15oS
V.3 Map of Southern Africa between 2oN and 44oS
V.4 Map of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Philippines with Surrounding Regions
V.5 Map of the Northern Atlantic Ocean
V.6 Map of the Northern Part of South America down to 35oS
V.7 Map of the Southern Part of South America and Magellanica
V.8 Map of Europe
VI Sixteenth-Century Dutch Cartography of the Mediterranean Sea
VI.1 Ascendance of the Shipping through the Strait of Gibraltar (Straatvaart)
VI.2 Willem Barentsz. and his Nieuwe beschryvinghe ende Caertboeck vande Midlandtsche Zee, 1595
VI.3 The Overview-map of the Mediterranian Sea
VII Jan Huygen van Linschoten: Forerunner of Dutch Activities in Oversea
VII.1 Jan Huygen van Linschoten (1562-1611)
VII.2 The Publication of Van Linschoten’s Itinerario, 1595/96
VII.3 The Maps in Van Linschoten’s Itinerario
VII.3.1 Map of the Atlantic Ocean between 8oN and 35oS
VII.3.2 Map of the Western Indian Ocean between 8oN and 35oS
VII.3.3 Map of the Northern Indian Ocean between 0o and 43oN
VII.3.4 Map of the Indonesian Archipelago and Far East between 20oS and 40oN
VII.3.5 Map of South America and a Part of Central America with Adjacent Islands
VIII Amsterdam Publications on the Art of Navigation and Cosmography
VIII.1 Pedro de Medina and his Arte de navegar
VIII.2 William Bourne and his A Regiment for the Sea
VIII.3 Rodrigo Zamorano and his Compendio de la arte de navegar
VIII.4 Thomas Hood and his The Mariner’s Guide
VIII.5 Peter Apian and his Cosmographie
VIII.6 Robert Hues and his Tractatus de globis
IX The North Holland School of Cartography (c. 1580-c. 1620)
X Cornelis Doedsz.: Caertschrijver woonende t’Edam inde Vierheems-Kinderen
X.1 Life and Work
X.2 A Chart for the Eastern and Northern Navigation, 1589
X.3 Two Manuscript Charts of Europe by Cornelis Doedsz.
X.3.1 Chart of Europe of c. 1600
X.3.2 Chart of Europe, 1607
X.4 A Commercial Chart of Europe, 1602
X.5 Willem Jansz. [Blaeu]: Publisher of Charts of Europe by Cornelis Doedsz.
X.5.1 Doedsz.’s Chart of 1605.
X.5.2 Doedsz.’s Chart of 1606
X.6 Doedsz.’s Chart of Europe, Published by Dirck Pietersz. Pers, 1610
X.7 The Graetboeck Compiled by Cornelis Doedsz.
X.8 The Atlantic Scene: The Chart of the Atlantic Ocean by Cornelis Doedsz., 1600
X.8.1 To New Horizons: Dutch Navigation to the West
X.8.2 The Chart of the Atlantic Ocean, 1600
X.9 Chart of the Western Part of the Indian Ocean, [1601-1606]
X.10 Following the Track of the Ship de Liefde: Three Dutch Charts in Tokyo
X.11 A Chart of the Indische Noord, Attributed to Cornelis Doedsz., c. 1600
XI Evert Gijsbertsz.: Caertschrijver tot Edam in die Pascaert
XI.1 A Masterpiece in Prague: Evert Gijsbertsz.’s Chart of Europe, 1598
XI.2 A Remarkable Chart of the North Sea, 1601
XI.3 Two Representation Charts in the Former Possession of Maurits, Prince of Nassau, [1596]
XI.3.1 Chart of the West Indies and South America, Attributed to Evert Gijsbertsz.
XI.3.2 Chart of Western Part of the Indian Ocean, Attributed to Evert Gijsbertsz.
XI.4 A Show-piece in Sydney: Evert Gijsbertsz. ‘s Chart of the Indian Ocean and Far East, 1599
VII.5 A Navigation Chart of the Indian Ocean and Far East in Paris, 1599
XII The Manuscript Charts of the Atlantic Ocean by Jan Dircksz. Rijckemans and Claes Pietersz.
XII.1 Chart of the Atlantic Ocean by Jan Dircksz. Rijckemans, 1599
XII.2 Chart of the Atlantic Ocean by Claes Pietersz., 1607
XIII The Harmen and Marten Jansz. Brothers: Caertschrijvers inden Pascarte Tot Edam
XIII.1 Three World Maps in Manuscript by Harmen and Marten Jansz.
XIII.1.1 The World Map in Paris, 1610
XIII.1.2 The World Map in Dresden, [1607-1610]
XIII.1.3 The World Map in Greenwich, [1607-1610]
XIII.2 The Charts of Europe in Manuscript and Print
XIII.2.1 The Manuscript Copies
XIII.2.2 The Charts Printed by Jan Evertsz. Cloppenburch
XIII.3 Harmen Jansz.’s Manuscript Chart of the Atlantic Ocean, 1604
XIV The Edam Caert-Schrijvers as Chart-Suppliers for Voyages to the East
XV At the Cartographical Cradle of New Netherlands
XVI Joris Carolus: Stuyrman ende Caertschrijver tot Enchuysen
XVI.1 Voyage of Discovery in 1614
XVI.2 Voyages to the North-West, 1615-1617
XVI.3 The Scientific Voyage of 1618
XVI.4 A Chart of the Danish Waters
XVI.5 Charts of Iceland and the Northern Regions
XVI.6 The Pilot Guide of 1634
Appendices
1 List of Charts in Waghenaer’s Spieghel der Zeevaerdt, 1585.
2 List of Charts in Waghenaer’s Thresoor der zee-vaert, 1592.
Bibliography
Index on Peronal Names
All interested in maps, sea-charts and early Dutch maritime cartography.