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The Origins of International Counterterrorism
Switzerland at the Forefront of Crisis Negotiations, Multilateral Diplomacy, and Intelligence Cooperation (1969-1977)
Series: - New Perspectives on the Cold War, Volume: 2
Author:
Switzerland suffered four major terrorist attacks in 1969 and 1970, which forced the Swiss government to address the issue of international terrorism for the first time. Subsequently, “neutral” Switzerland worked closely with Western Cold War powers to develop international counterterrorism measures and forged a European-Israeli counterterrorist alignment to counter Palestinian terrorism in Europe.
Using recently declassified archival records, this book is the first study to examine how the Swiss government positioned the country within the international struggle against terrorism. The book brings to light the creation of the Club de Berne, a secret European network of intelligence agencies connected to Israel and the United States. It offers new insights about the history of Swiss, Western European, and Israeli security cooperation.
Using recently declassified archival records, this book is the first study to examine how the Swiss government positioned the country within the international struggle against terrorism. The book brings to light the creation of the Club de Berne, a secret European network of intelligence agencies connected to Israel and the United States. It offers new insights about the history of Swiss, Western European, and Israeli security cooperation.
Aviva Guttmann, Ph.D. (2016), is a Research Fellow at King’s College London, Department of War Studies. Her research is financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). She has been a visiting scholar at the Johns Hopkins University – SAIS Europe
“Auch wenn man aus realpolitischer Sicht diese negative Bewertung nicht unbedingt teilen muss, so handelt es sich bei Guttmanns Studie zweifellos um einen wichtigen Beitrag zur weiteren Erforschung der nach aussen hin eher vorsichtig und hinter den Kulissen aktiver betriebenen Politik der Dynamisierung der Berner Diplomatie in den 1970er Jahren.”
---- Philip Rosin, Potsdam, in: Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte (2022)72 (2): pp.329-330
---- Philip Rosin, Potsdam, in: Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte (2022)72 (2): pp.329-330
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Introduction
From Bystander to Shaper of European Counterterrorism Cooperation
Method and Sources
Defining “Terrorism”
International Terrorism and the Global Cold War
State Security and the Culture of the Cold War in Switzerland
Part 1. Compliance, Coordination, and Censorship: Switzerland’s Response to Palestinian and Brazilian Terrorism
1 Switzerland and Palestinian Terrorism: The 1969 Kloten Airport Attack and the 1970 Skyjack Sunday
Meticulously Prepared Crisis Mismanagement
Swiss Policymakers’ Role during the Crisis Management
Summary of Swiss Reactions to Palestinian Terrorism
2 Switzerland and Brazilian Terrorism: The Abduction of Ambassador Bucher (1970–71)
After Zarqa, Now Rio
First Round in the “War of the Nerves”—Unmaking of Swiss Policy
Second Round in the “War of the Nerves”—Limited Options
The Protracted Last Phase of the Crisis
Controlling the Kidnapping’s Media Coverage
The Swiss Authorities’ Threat Evaluation after the “Bucher Crisis”
Summary of Swiss Reactions to Brazilian Terrorism
Conclusions of Part 1: A Comparison of Crisis Management
Part 2. At the Forefront through the Backdoor: Switzerland’s Counterterrorism Diplomacy
The Working Group on Terrorism and its Context
The WGT: The Start of Swiss Counterterrorism Policymaking
3 Swiss Counterterrorism Diplomacy at the ICAO: “An Elegant Way of Doing Nothing”
Preparations for Rome: Constructive Obstruction
The Limit of Enhancing Aviation Security Laws
4 Swiss Counterterrorism Diplomacy at the UN: A Fastidiously Balanced Position
Drafting of the Swiss Position at the UN
The Swiss Position at the UN
UN Counterterrorism Efforts Deadlocked
5 Swiss Counterterrorism Diplomacy at the CoE: Experts “Making” Foreign Policy
The “Non-Beginning” of the Convention
The ECCP Accelerates the Process
New Terrorist Attacks, Renewed Counterterrorism Efforts
The Police against the Rest: Inner Swiss Negotiations
Revision, Fast-Track, and Finalisation of the ECST
France against the Rest: The CoE Negotiations
French Decision-Making: Worrying About the Third World
Reinsertion of the Political Offence Clause
ECST: Success or Dead Letter?
The WGT: An Overview
Conclusions of Part 2: Swiss Counterterrorism Policymaking in Multilateral Fora
Part 3. In Defiance of Neutrality: Switzerland’s Secret Counterterrorism Cooperation
The Club de Berne
6 A Secret Counterterrorism Alliance: Intelligence-Sharing within the Club de Berne (1971–1972)
Suspect Profiling: The Conspicuous Traveller
Political Activists as Terrorist Suspects
Tracing Terrorist Organisations
Terrorist Innovations in Weaponry and Tactics
Perpetrated Terrorist Attacks and the Lessons Learnt
Threat Assessments and Concrete Warnings
Summary of One Year of Kilowatt Cooperation
Conclusions of Part 3: A Glimpse into the Club de Berne in the 1980s
Conclusions
Crisis Management Shaping Swiss Counterterrorism Policy
Swiss Counterterrorism Policymaking in the 1970s
Swiss Counterterrorism Intelligence Cooperation
Research Avenues and Reflections
How and Why Countries Cooperated
No Democratic Oversight
Politics of the Latest Outrage
Swiss Neutrality and Relations with the Third World
Further Research in Terrorism Studies
Summary and Outlook
Bibliography
Appendixes
Appendix 1: PFLP Propaganda Material
Appendix 2: UN Resolution 3034, 18.12.1972
Appendix 3: European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism, 27.01.1977
Index
Abbreviations
Introduction
From Bystander to Shaper of European Counterterrorism Cooperation
Method and Sources
Defining “Terrorism”
International Terrorism and the Global Cold War
State Security and the Culture of the Cold War in Switzerland
Part 1. Compliance, Coordination, and Censorship: Switzerland’s Response to Palestinian and Brazilian Terrorism
1 Switzerland and Palestinian Terrorism: The 1969 Kloten Airport Attack and the 1970 Skyjack Sunday
Meticulously Prepared Crisis Mismanagement
Swiss Policymakers’ Role during the Crisis Management
Summary of Swiss Reactions to Palestinian Terrorism
2 Switzerland and Brazilian Terrorism: The Abduction of Ambassador Bucher (1970–71)
After Zarqa, Now Rio
First Round in the “War of the Nerves”—Unmaking of Swiss Policy
Second Round in the “War of the Nerves”—Limited Options
The Protracted Last Phase of the Crisis
Controlling the Kidnapping’s Media Coverage
The Swiss Authorities’ Threat Evaluation after the “Bucher Crisis”
Summary of Swiss Reactions to Brazilian Terrorism
Conclusions of Part 1: A Comparison of Crisis Management
Part 2. At the Forefront through the Backdoor: Switzerland’s Counterterrorism Diplomacy
The Working Group on Terrorism and its Context
The WGT: The Start of Swiss Counterterrorism Policymaking
3 Swiss Counterterrorism Diplomacy at the ICAO: “An Elegant Way of Doing Nothing”
Preparations for Rome: Constructive Obstruction
The Limit of Enhancing Aviation Security Laws
4 Swiss Counterterrorism Diplomacy at the UN: A Fastidiously Balanced Position
Drafting of the Swiss Position at the UN
The Swiss Position at the UN
UN Counterterrorism Efforts Deadlocked
5 Swiss Counterterrorism Diplomacy at the CoE: Experts “Making” Foreign Policy
The “Non-Beginning” of the Convention
The ECCP Accelerates the Process
New Terrorist Attacks, Renewed Counterterrorism Efforts
The Police against the Rest: Inner Swiss Negotiations
Revision, Fast-Track, and Finalisation of the ECST
France against the Rest: The CoE Negotiations
French Decision-Making: Worrying About the Third World
Reinsertion of the Political Offence Clause
ECST: Success or Dead Letter?
The WGT: An Overview
Conclusions of Part 2: Swiss Counterterrorism Policymaking in Multilateral Fora
Part 3. In Defiance of Neutrality: Switzerland’s Secret Counterterrorism Cooperation
The Club de Berne
6 A Secret Counterterrorism Alliance: Intelligence-Sharing within the Club de Berne (1971–1972)
Suspect Profiling: The Conspicuous Traveller
Political Activists as Terrorist Suspects
Tracing Terrorist Organisations
Terrorist Innovations in Weaponry and Tactics
Perpetrated Terrorist Attacks and the Lessons Learnt
Threat Assessments and Concrete Warnings
Summary of One Year of Kilowatt Cooperation
Conclusions of Part 3: A Glimpse into the Club de Berne in the 1980s
Conclusions
Crisis Management Shaping Swiss Counterterrorism Policy
Swiss Counterterrorism Policymaking in the 1970s
Swiss Counterterrorism Intelligence Cooperation
Research Avenues and Reflections
How and Why Countries Cooperated
No Democratic Oversight
Politics of the Latest Outrage
Swiss Neutrality and Relations with the Third World
Further Research in Terrorism Studies
Summary and Outlook
Bibliography
Appendixes
Appendix 1: PFLP Propaganda Material
Appendix 2: UN Resolution 3034, 18.12.1972
Appendix 3: European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism, 27.01.1977
Index
Anyone interested in understanding counterterrorism history of the 1970s and anyone seeking new insight into the Global Cold War, the Arab-Israeli conflict, and the role of neutrals in this context.