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A Grammar of Makasar
A Language of South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Series: - Grammars and Sketches of the World's Languages, Volume: 10
- Mainland and Insular South East Asia, Volume: 10
Author:
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The book is a grammar of the Makasar language, spoken by about 2 million people in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Makasarese is a head–marking language which marks arguments on the predicate with a system of pronominal clitics, following an ergative/absolutive pattern. Full noun phrases are relatively free in order, while pre-predicate focus position which is widely used. The phonology is notable for the large number of geminate and pre–glottalised consonant sequences, while the morphology is characterised by highly productive affixation and pervasive encliticisation of pronominal and aspectual elements. The work draws heavily on literary sources reaching back more than three centuries; this tradition includes two Indic based scripts, a system based on Arabic, and various Romanised conventions.
Anthony Jukes, Ph.D. (2006), University of Melbourne, has worked on documenting and describing several languages of Sulawesi (Indonesia) especially Makassarese, and written about language language endangerment and documentation.
Paul James Sidwell, Ph.D. (1999) University of Melbourne, has published extensively on the history of the Austroasiatic languages. He was a Senior Research Fellow at the Australian National University until 2016 and subsequently worked in forensic linguistics as a private consultant.
Paul James Sidwell, Ph.D. (1999) University of Melbourne, has published extensively on the history of the Austroasiatic languages. He was a Senior Research Fellow at the Australian National University until 2016 and subsequently worked in forensic linguistics as a private consultant.
List of Figures and Tables
Abbreviations of Grammatical Terms
A Note on Spelling Conventions
Abbreviations of Sources for Example Sentences
1 Introduction
1.1 The Area and Inhabitants
1.2 Historical Background
1.3 Religion and Culture
1.4 Comparative and Historical Data
1.5 Linguistic Ecology
1.6 Previous Studies of Makasar
1.7 Work on Related Languages
1.8 Sources of Data
2 Makasar Writing and Literature
2.1 Makasar and Bugis Scripts
2.2 Arabic Script (serang)
2.3 Romanised Orthography
2.4 Literature
3 Phonetics & Phonology
3.1 Phoneme Inventory
3.2 Phonotactics
3.3 Morphophonological Processes
4 Morphological Units
4.1 Roots
4.2 Affixes
4.3 Clitics
4.4 Affixal Clitics
4.5 Particles
4.6 Words
5 Word Classes
5.1 Root Class and Word Class
5.2 Nouns
5.3 Verbs
5.4 Adjectives
5.5 Adverbs
5.6 Pronouns
5.7 Locatives
5.8 Numerals
5.9 Classifiers, Partitives and Measures
5.10 Prepositions
5.11 Conjunctions
5.12 Discourse Particles
5.13 Interjections
6 Nouns and Noun Phrases
6.1 Subclasses of Noun
6.2 Nominal Derivation
6.3 The Noun Phrase
7 Basic Clause Structure
7.1 Word Order
7.2 Clitic Pronouns
7.3 Ambient Clauses
7.4 Intransitive Clauses
7.5 Semi-transitive Clauses
7.6 Transitive Clauses
7.7 Ditransitive Clauses
8 Voice/Valence-Signalling Prefixes
8.1 The Verb Prefixes
8.2 Actor Focus aN–
8.3 Passive ni–
8.4 Involuntary/Accidental taC–
8.5 Other Accounts of South Sulawesi Prefixes
8.6 Voice
9 Causative pa– and Related Forms
9.1 Causative pa–
9.2 Causative paka–
9.3 Experiencer-Oriented pi–
10 Applicative Suffixes
10.1 The Suffix Form –i
10.2 The Suffix Form –ang
10.3 –i and –ang Together
11 Other Verbal Affixes
11.1 Unitary/Mutual/Reciprocal si–
11.2 Erratic piti⟩rdp–V⟨i
11.3 Subjunctive –a
12 Grammatical Relations
12.1 Grammatical Relations
12.2 Focus and Topic Marking
13 Other Clause Types
13.1 Imperatives
13.2 Questions
13.3 Negation
13.4 Existentials
13.5 Ascriptives/Presentatives
Appendix A: Excerpt of the Gowa Chronicle from Manuscript KIT 668–216
Appendix B: Karaeng Ammanaka Bembe: The Karaeng Who Gave Birth to a Goat
Appendix C: A'jappa–jappa ri Bulukumba: A Trip to Bulukumba
Bibliography
Index
Abbreviations of Grammatical Terms
A Note on Spelling Conventions
Abbreviations of Sources for Example Sentences
1 Introduction
1.1 The Area and Inhabitants
1.2 Historical Background
1.3 Religion and Culture
1.4 Comparative and Historical Data
1.5 Linguistic Ecology
1.6 Previous Studies of Makasar
1.7 Work on Related Languages
1.8 Sources of Data
2 Makasar Writing and Literature
2.1 Makasar and Bugis Scripts
2.2 Arabic Script (serang)
2.3 Romanised Orthography
2.4 Literature
3 Phonetics & Phonology
3.1 Phoneme Inventory
3.2 Phonotactics
3.3 Morphophonological Processes
4 Morphological Units
4.1 Roots
4.2 Affixes
4.3 Clitics
4.4 Affixal Clitics
4.5 Particles
4.6 Words
5 Word Classes
5.1 Root Class and Word Class
5.2 Nouns
5.3 Verbs
5.4 Adjectives
5.5 Adverbs
5.6 Pronouns
5.7 Locatives
5.8 Numerals
5.9 Classifiers, Partitives and Measures
5.10 Prepositions
5.11 Conjunctions
5.12 Discourse Particles
5.13 Interjections
6 Nouns and Noun Phrases
6.1 Subclasses of Noun
6.2 Nominal Derivation
6.3 The Noun Phrase
7 Basic Clause Structure
7.1 Word Order
7.2 Clitic Pronouns
7.3 Ambient Clauses
7.4 Intransitive Clauses
7.5 Semi-transitive Clauses
7.6 Transitive Clauses
7.7 Ditransitive Clauses
8 Voice/Valence-Signalling Prefixes
8.1 The Verb Prefixes
8.2 Actor Focus aN–
8.3 Passive ni–
8.4 Involuntary/Accidental taC–
8.5 Other Accounts of South Sulawesi Prefixes
8.6 Voice
9 Causative pa– and Related Forms
9.1 Causative pa–
9.2 Causative paka–
9.3 Experiencer-Oriented pi–
10 Applicative Suffixes
10.1 The Suffix Form –i
10.2 The Suffix Form –ang
10.3 –i and –ang Together
11 Other Verbal Affixes
11.1 Unitary/Mutual/Reciprocal si–
11.2 Erratic piti⟩rdp–V⟨i
11.3 Subjunctive –a
12 Grammatical Relations
12.1 Grammatical Relations
12.2 Focus and Topic Marking
13 Other Clause Types
13.1 Imperatives
13.2 Questions
13.3 Negation
13.4 Existentials
13.5 Ascriptives/Presentatives
Appendix A: Excerpt of the Gowa Chronicle from Manuscript KIT 668–216
Appendix B: Karaeng Ammanaka Bembe: The Karaeng Who Gave Birth to a Goat
Appendix C: A'jappa–jappa ri Bulukumba: A Trip to Bulukumba
Bibliography
Index
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