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Virtue, Piety and the Law
A Study of Birgivī Meḥmed Efendī’s al-Ṭarīqa al-muḥammadiyya
Series: - The Ottoman Empire and its Heritage, Volume: 72
Author:
In
Virtue, Piety and the Law Katharina Ivanyi examines Birgivī Meḥmed Efendī’s (d. 981/1573)
al-Ṭarīqa al-muḥammadiyya, a major work of pietist exhortation and advice, composed by the sixteenth-century Ottoman jurist,
Ḥadīth scholar and grammarian, who would articulate a style of religiosity that had considerable reformist appeal into modern times.
Linking the cultivation of individual virtue to questions of wider political, social and economic concern, Birgivī played a significant role in the negotiation and articulation of early modern Ottoman Ḥanafī piety. Birgivī’s deep mistrust of the passions of the human soul led him to prescribe a regime of self-surveillance and control that was only matched in rigor by his likewise exacting interpretation of the law in matters of everyday life, as much as in state practices, such as the cash waqf, Ottoman land tenure and taxation.
Linking the cultivation of individual virtue to questions of wider political, social and economic concern, Birgivī played a significant role in the negotiation and articulation of early modern Ottoman Ḥanafī piety. Birgivī’s deep mistrust of the passions of the human soul led him to prescribe a regime of self-surveillance and control that was only matched in rigor by his likewise exacting interpretation of the law in matters of everyday life, as much as in state practices, such as the cash waqf, Ottoman land tenure and taxation.
Katharina A. Ivanyi, Ph.D. (2012), Princeton University, is External Lecturer at the Department of Near Eastern Studies at the University of Vienna.
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations and Frequently Cited Sources
Note on Transliteration and Transcription
Introduction
1 Please Provide Chapter Title
1 Context I: Birgivī’s Life
2 Context II: Birgivī’s oeuvre
3 Context III: the Bigger Picture—Early Modern Sunnitization, the Negotiation of Orthodoxy and the Pietist Turn
2 The Intellectual Framework
1 The Ḥanafī Tradition—Law and Ethics
2 Post-Classical fatāwā Handbooks
3 Abū al-Layth al-Samarqandī
4 Other Ḥanafī Literature
5 The Corruption of Times
6 Legal Sources beyond the Ḥanafī School
7 Birgivī and the Ḥanbalīs
8 Birgivī and Ḥadīth
9 Sufism
10 Science of the Hearts
11 Ghazālī
12 Emulation of the Prophet
13 Birgivī in Contemporary Comparison: Shāhzāde Ḳorḳud
14 Birgivī and the Ottoman naṣīḥat-nāme: Muṣṭafā ʿĀlī
15 Birgivī and Ottoman Jurisprudence: Ebūʾs-Suʿūd
3 The Fundamentals of Piety: an Overview of the Structure and Contents of al-Ṭarīqa al-muḥammadiyya
1 Introduction
2 A Note on the Textual History of al-Ṭarīqa al-muḥammadiyya
3 General Structure of TM and Overview of Contents
4 Detailed Summary of Contents—Introduction
5 Innovation
6 Bidʿa and Sufism
7 Moderation
8 Part Two—Chapter One—Doctrine
9 The Legal Status of the various sciences
10 Part Two, Chapter Three: Piety
11 The Practical Manifestations of Piety—the Core of TM
12 The Vices of the Heart
13 Birgivī’s Conception of the Soul
14 The Vices of the Tongue
15 The Vices of the Ear
16 The Vices of the Eye
17 The Vices of the Hand
18 The Vices of the Belly
19 The Vices of the Private Parts
20 The Vices of the Leg
21 Vices Unspecified by Any One Part of the Body
22 Part Three of TM—Ritual Purity
23 Part Three—Chapter Two—Finance, Land Tenure and Taxation
24 What Holds It All Together
4 The Slippery Slope of Piety: Birgivī on Sincerity, Sanctimony and How to Determine Right Intention
1 Introduction
2 Vocabulary and Semantics, Definitions and Classifications
3 Riyāʾ as Lesser Shirk
4 Other Types of Dissimulation
5 Sincerity (ikhlāṣ and iḥsān)
6 Truthfulness (ṣidq)
7 Various Taxonomies of riyāʾ
8 Legal Categorization
9 The Why(s) and How(s) of riyāʾ
10 The “People of Religion”
11 When Things Are Not That Clear-Cut
12 Embarrassment
13 How to Cure the Evil of riyāʾ
14 Display in Order to Guide, but How Can You Be Sure
15 Conclusion
5 The Economics of Piety: Birgivī on Wastefulness, the Cash waqf and Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation
1 Introduction
2 Basic Concepts—the Good and Bad Qualities of Wealth
3 Stinginess, Generosity and Waste
4 The Causes, Manifestations and Antidotes of Wastefulness
5 Charity, Poverty and Begging
6 Payment for Religious Services
7 The Cash waqf
8 Land Tenure and Taxation
9 Conclusion
Conclusion
Bibliography
Reference Works, Library Catalogues, Bibliographies
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
Index
Abbreviations and Frequently Cited Sources
Note on Transliteration and Transcription
Introduction
1 Please Provide Chapter Title
1 Context I: Birgivī’s Life
2 Context II: Birgivī’s oeuvre
3 Context III: the Bigger Picture—Early Modern Sunnitization, the Negotiation of Orthodoxy and the Pietist Turn
2 The Intellectual Framework
1 The Ḥanafī Tradition—Law and Ethics
2 Post-Classical fatāwā Handbooks
3 Abū al-Layth al-Samarqandī
4 Other Ḥanafī Literature
5 The Corruption of Times
6 Legal Sources beyond the Ḥanafī School
7 Birgivī and the Ḥanbalīs
8 Birgivī and Ḥadīth
9 Sufism
10 Science of the Hearts
11 Ghazālī
12 Emulation of the Prophet
13 Birgivī in Contemporary Comparison: Shāhzāde Ḳorḳud
14 Birgivī and the Ottoman naṣīḥat-nāme: Muṣṭafā ʿĀlī
15 Birgivī and Ottoman Jurisprudence: Ebūʾs-Suʿūd
3 The Fundamentals of Piety: an Overview of the Structure and Contents of al-Ṭarīqa al-muḥammadiyya
1 Introduction
2 A Note on the Textual History of al-Ṭarīqa al-muḥammadiyya
3 General Structure of TM and Overview of Contents
4 Detailed Summary of Contents—Introduction
5 Innovation
6 Bidʿa and Sufism
7 Moderation
8 Part Two—Chapter One—Doctrine
9 The Legal Status of the various sciences
10 Part Two, Chapter Three: Piety
11 The Practical Manifestations of Piety—the Core of TM
12 The Vices of the Heart
13 Birgivī’s Conception of the Soul
14 The Vices of the Tongue
15 The Vices of the Ear
16 The Vices of the Eye
17 The Vices of the Hand
18 The Vices of the Belly
19 The Vices of the Private Parts
20 The Vices of the Leg
21 Vices Unspecified by Any One Part of the Body
22 Part Three of TM—Ritual Purity
23 Part Three—Chapter Two—Finance, Land Tenure and Taxation
24 What Holds It All Together
4 The Slippery Slope of Piety: Birgivī on Sincerity, Sanctimony and How to Determine Right Intention
1 Introduction
2 Vocabulary and Semantics, Definitions and Classifications
3 Riyāʾ as Lesser Shirk
4 Other Types of Dissimulation
5 Sincerity (ikhlāṣ and iḥsān)
6 Truthfulness (ṣidq)
7 Various Taxonomies of riyāʾ
8 Legal Categorization
9 The Why(s) and How(s) of riyāʾ
10 The “People of Religion”
11 When Things Are Not That Clear-Cut
12 Embarrassment
13 How to Cure the Evil of riyāʾ
14 Display in Order to Guide, but How Can You Be Sure
15 Conclusion
5 The Economics of Piety: Birgivī on Wastefulness, the Cash waqf and Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation
1 Introduction
2 Basic Concepts—the Good and Bad Qualities of Wealth
3 Stinginess, Generosity and Waste
4 The Causes, Manifestations and Antidotes of Wastefulness
5 Charity, Poverty and Begging
6 Payment for Religious Services
7 The Cash waqf
8 Land Tenure and Taxation
9 Conclusion
Conclusion
Bibliography
Reference Works, Library Catalogues, Bibliographies
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
Index
All interested in early modern Islamic intellectual history, the Ottoman Empire, Islamic Ethics, Islamic Law, Sufism, religion and culture, popular advice, history of emotions, Sunnitization, Middle East, Anatolia and the Balkans.