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A Descriptive and Comparative Grammar of Western Old Japanese (2 vols)
Revised, Updated and Enlarged Second Edition
Series: - Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 5 Japan, Volume: 16
Author:
This is the revised, updated and enlarged second edition of the first detailed descriptive grammar in English (indeed, in any language other than Japanese and more complete than even any grammar in Japanese) dedicated to the Western Old Japanese, which was spoken in the Kansai region of Japan during the seventh and eighth centuries. The grammar is divided into two volumes, with the first volume dealing with sources, script, phonology, lexicon, nominals and adjectives. The second volume focuses on verbs, adverbs, particles, conjunctions and interjections. In addition to descriptive data, the grammar also includes comparisons between Western Old Japanese and Eastern Old Japanese and Ryukyuan, occasionally with a critical analysis of various external parallels.
Alexander Vovin, currently Directeur d’études in Japanese and Inner Asian historical linguistics, an elected member of the Academia Europaea and a Laureate of 2015 prize of Japan’s National Institute for Humanities (Centre des recherches linguistiques sur l’Asie orientale), has published extensively on Japanese, Ainu, Korean, Mongolian and Tungusic, as well as other languages of East and Inner Asia. Among his major works are
A Reconstruction of Proto-Ainu (Brill, 1993),
A Reference Grammar of Classical Japanese Prose (RoutledgeCurzon, 2003),
Nihongo Keitōron no Genzai/Perspectives on the Origins of the Japanese Language (co-edited with Osada Toshiki, the International Center for Japanese Studies, Kyōto, 2003),
Koreo-Japonica (University of Hawai’i Press, 2010),
A Descriptive and Comparative Grammar of Western Old Japanese, vol. 1-2 (Global Oriental 2005, 2009, second edition Brill 2020), and a multivolume edition and translation of the
Man’yōshū, the first and the largest Japanese poetical anthology (Global Oriental/Brill, 2009). Most recently he has deciphered (together with Dieter Maue) two Mongolian inscriptions that predate the other extant Mongolian texts by at least 600 years (
Journal Asiatique 306.2 and 307.1 (2018-19),
The International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics 1.1 (2019)).
'the second edition of GWOJ is a useful tool of primary importance to anyone interested in the study of pre-Heian period Japanese language and literature, not to mention specialists in diachronic or comparative Japonic and/or East Asian linguistics. It retains all of its predecessor’s valuable characteristics while throwing in several worthwhile additions and updates. It will be indispensable in the library of any Japanologist working on pre-modern Japanese philology and a welcome addition to the booklists of otherwise oriented Japanologists and linguists.' - Aleksandra Jarosz,
Silva Japonicarum LXIV/LXV (2021)
'The book surely is addressed to linguists, specialists in Japanese linguistics and historical linguistics (of the region and in general), but excellent multifaceted and multidirectional commentaries should attracht the attention of anyone involved in the study of Japan or just wishing to deepen her/his knowledge about the cultrue and realities of (not onl ancient) Japan.' - Alfred F. Majewicz, Rocznik OrientalistycznyLXXV, 2 (2022).
'The book surely is addressed to linguists, specialists in Japanese linguistics and historical linguistics (of the region and in general), but excellent multifaceted and multidirectional commentaries should attracht the attention of anyone involved in the study of Japan or just wishing to deepen her/his knowledge about the cultrue and realities of (not onl ancient) Japan.' - Alfred F. Majewicz, Rocznik OrientalistycznyLXXV, 2 (2022).
Abbreviations
List of Charts
1 Sources
2 Previous Scholarship
1 Script
1.1 Syllabic Script
1.2 Rebus Writing
2 Phonetics and Phonology
2.1 Consonants
2.2 Vowels
2.3 Pitch Accent
2.4 Phonotactics
2.5 Morphophonological Processes
1 Naturalized Loanwords from Ainu
2 Naturalized Loanwords from Korean
3 Naturalized Loanwords from Old and Middle Chinese
4 Loanwords from Chinese in Poetry
5 Loanwords from Chinese in Prose
1 Nouns
1.1 Prefixes
1.2 Suffixes
2 Pronouns
2.1 Morphological Peculiarities of Pronouns
2.2 Personal Pronouns
2.3 Reflexive Pronoun onǝ/onǝre
2.4 Demonstrative Pronouns
2.5 Interrogative Pronouns
2.6 Collective Pronouns
3 Numerals
3.1 Cardinal Numerals
3.2 Ordinal Numerals
3.3 Classifiers
3.4 Months of the Year
1 Uninflected Adjectives
1.1 Special Derived Form in -ra
1.2 -ka Adjectives
2 Inflected Adjectives
2.1 Converb Form -ku 2.2 Final Form -si
2.3 Attributive Form -ki
2.4 Nominalized Form -sa
2.5 Gerund -mi
2.6 Deverbal Adjectives in -asi
3 Defective Adjectives
3.1 Defective Adjective ka-
3.2 Defective Adjective sa
1 Verbal Grammatical Categories
1.1 Mode
1.2 Aspect
1.3 Tense
1.4 Mood
1.5 Voice
1.6 Retrospective
1.7 Reported Action
1.8 Iterative
1.9 Predication
1.10 Honorification
1.11 Politeness
2 Verbal Classes
2.1 Consonant Verbs
2.2 Vowel Verbs
2.3 Irregular Verbs
2.4 Defective Verbs
3 Verbal Affixes
3.1 Verbal Prefixes
3.2 Verbal Suffixes
4 Auxiliaries
4.1 Bound Auxiliaries
4.2 Lexical Auxiliaries
1 Adverb ita ~ itǝ ‘Very, Extremely’
2 Adverb sǝkǝmba ‘Very’
3 Adverbs paⁿda ~ panapaⁿda ‘Considerably’
4 Adverbs kǝkǝmba ~ kǝkǝmbaku, kǝkǝⁿda ~ kǝkǝⁿdaku ‘So Much, Extremely’
5 Adverb sapa ‘Many’
6 Adverb taⁿda ‘Only’
7 Adverb mata ‘Again’
8 Adverb iya ‘More [and More], Plentifully, Perfectly’
9 Adverb iyǝyǝ ‘More and More’
10 Adverb masu-masu ‘More and More’
11 Adverb yumɛ ‘At All’
12 Adverb imaⁿda ‘Yet, Still’
13 Adverb mǝtǝna ‘In Vain, Aimlessly, For No Reason’
14 Adverb simba ~ simba-simba ‘Often’
15 Adverb potǝpotǝ ‘Almost’
16 Adverb napo ‘Still, More’
17 Adverb sika ‘Thus, In This Way, So’
18 Adverb kɛⁿdasi ~ kɛⁿdasiku ‘Probably’
1 Conjunction tǝmǝ ‘Even If, Even Though’
2 Conjunction mǝnǝ ~ mǝnǝwo ‘Although, But’
3 Conjunction mǝnǝkara ‘Although’
4 Conjunction mǝnǝyuwe ‘Although, Because’
5 Conjunction napɛ ‘At the Same Time As, Just As’
6 Conjunction ŋgane ‘So That, in Order to/That’
7 Conjunction ŋgani ‘Like, As If, So That’
8 Conjunction karani ‘Just Because, As Soon As’
9 Conjunction toni ‘While, Before’
1 Focus Particles
1.1 Topic Particle pa
1.2 Focus Particle mǝ
1.3 Focus Particle sǝ ~ ⁿzǝ
1.4 Focus Particle namo
1.5 Focus Particle kǝsǝ
2 Interrogative Particles
2.1 Interrogative Particle ya
2.2 Interrogative Particle ka
3 Desiderative Particle mǝŋga ~ mǝŋgamǝ
4 Empathic Particles
4.1 Empathic Particle kamǝ
4.2 Empathic Particle si
4.3 Empathic Particle mǝ
4.4 Empathic Particle ya
4.5 Empathic Particle yǝ
4.6 Empathic Particle na
4.7 Empathic Particle wo
5 Restrictive Particles
5.1 Restrictive Particle nǝmï
5.2 Restrictive Particle ⁿdani
5.3 Restrictive Particle sura ~ sora
5.4 Restrictive Particle sapɛ
5.5 Restrictive Particle mbakari
1 Postposition ⁿzi ~ ⁿzimənə ‘Like’
2 Postposition sambï ‘Like’
3 Postposition məkərə ‘Like’
4 Postposition pa ‘Every’
1 Interjection iⁿza
2 Interjection ina
3 Interjection wo
4 Interjection ani
5 Interjection ana
6 Interjection wasi
7 Interjection apare
8 Interjection apare
Bibliography
Index of Personal Names
Index of Terms
Index of the Examples from Texts
Index of Forms and Constructions
List of Charts
Chapter 1: Sources and Previous Scholarship
1 Sources
2 Previous Scholarship
Chapter 2: Script and Phonology
1 Script
1.1 Syllabic Script
1.2 Rebus Writing
2 Phonetics and Phonology
2.1 Consonants
2.2 Vowels
2.3 Pitch Accent
2.4 Phonotactics
2.5 Morphophonological Processes
Chapter 3: Lexicon
1 Naturalized Loanwords from Ainu
2 Naturalized Loanwords from Korean
3 Naturalized Loanwords from Old and Middle Chinese
4 Loanwords from Chinese in Poetry
5 Loanwords from Chinese in Prose
Chapter 4: Nominals
1 Nouns
1.1 Prefixes
1.2 Suffixes
2 Pronouns
2.1 Morphological Peculiarities of Pronouns
2.2 Personal Pronouns
2.3 Reflexive Pronoun onǝ/onǝre
2.4 Demonstrative Pronouns
2.5 Interrogative Pronouns
2.6 Collective Pronouns
3 Numerals
3.1 Cardinal Numerals
3.2 Ordinal Numerals
3.3 Classifiers
3.4 Months of the Year
Chapter 5: Adjectives
1 Uninflected Adjectives
1.1 Special Derived Form in -ra
1.2 -ka Adjectives
2 Inflected Adjectives
2.1 Converb Form -ku 2.2 Final Form -si
2.3 Attributive Form -ki
2.4 Nominalized Form -sa
2.5 Gerund -mi
2.6 Deverbal Adjectives in -asi
3 Defective Adjectives
3.1 Defective Adjective ka-
3.2 Defective Adjective sa
Chapter 6: Verbs
1 Verbal Grammatical Categories
1.1 Mode
1.2 Aspect
1.3 Tense
1.4 Mood
1.5 Voice
1.6 Retrospective
1.7 Reported Action
1.8 Iterative
1.9 Predication
1.10 Honorification
1.11 Politeness
2 Verbal Classes
2.1 Consonant Verbs
2.2 Vowel Verbs
2.3 Irregular Verbs
2.4 Defective Verbs
3 Verbal Affixes
3.1 Verbal Prefixes
3.2 Verbal Suffixes
4 Auxiliaries
4.1 Bound Auxiliaries
4.2 Lexical Auxiliaries
Chapter 7: Adverbs
1 Adverb ita ~ itǝ ‘Very, Extremely’
2 Adverb sǝkǝmba ‘Very’
3 Adverbs paⁿda ~ panapaⁿda ‘Considerably’
4 Adverbs kǝkǝmba ~ kǝkǝmbaku, kǝkǝⁿda ~ kǝkǝⁿdaku ‘So Much, Extremely’
5 Adverb sapa ‘Many’
6 Adverb taⁿda ‘Only’
7 Adverb mata ‘Again’
8 Adverb iya ‘More [and More], Plentifully, Perfectly’
9 Adverb iyǝyǝ ‘More and More’
10 Adverb masu-masu ‘More and More’
11 Adverb yumɛ ‘At All’
12 Adverb imaⁿda ‘Yet, Still’
13 Adverb mǝtǝna ‘In Vain, Aimlessly, For No Reason’
14 Adverb simba ~ simba-simba ‘Often’
15 Adverb potǝpotǝ ‘Almost’
16 Adverb napo ‘Still, More’
17 Adverb sika ‘Thus, In This Way, So’
18 Adverb kɛⁿdasi ~ kɛⁿdasiku ‘Probably’
Chapter 8: Conjunctions
1 Conjunction tǝmǝ ‘Even If, Even Though’
2 Conjunction mǝnǝ ~ mǝnǝwo ‘Although, But’
3 Conjunction mǝnǝkara ‘Although’
4 Conjunction mǝnǝyuwe ‘Although, Because’
5 Conjunction napɛ ‘At the Same Time As, Just As’
6 Conjunction ŋgane ‘So That, in Order to/That’
7 Conjunction ŋgani ‘Like, As If, So That’
8 Conjunction karani ‘Just Because, As Soon As’
9 Conjunction toni ‘While, Before’
Chapter 9: Particles
1 Focus Particles
1.1 Topic Particle pa
1.2 Focus Particle mǝ
1.3 Focus Particle sǝ ~ ⁿzǝ
1.4 Focus Particle namo
1.5 Focus Particle kǝsǝ
2 Interrogative Particles
2.1 Interrogative Particle ya
2.2 Interrogative Particle ka
3 Desiderative Particle mǝŋga ~ mǝŋgamǝ
4 Empathic Particles
4.1 Empathic Particle kamǝ
4.2 Empathic Particle si
4.3 Empathic Particle mǝ
4.4 Empathic Particle ya
4.5 Empathic Particle yǝ
4.6 Empathic Particle na
4.7 Empathic Particle wo
5 Restrictive Particles
5.1 Restrictive Particle nǝmï
5.2 Restrictive Particle ⁿdani
5.3 Restrictive Particle sura ~ sora
5.4 Restrictive Particle sapɛ
5.5 Restrictive Particle mbakari
Chapter 10: Postpositions
1 Postposition ⁿzi ~ ⁿzimənə ‘Like’
2 Postposition sambï ‘Like’
3 Postposition məkərə ‘Like’
4 Postposition pa ‘Every’
Chapter 11: Interjections
1 Interjection iⁿza
2 Interjection ina
3 Interjection wo
4 Interjection ani
5 Interjection ana
6 Interjection wasi
7 Interjection apare
8 Interjection apare
Bibliography
Index of Personal Names
Index of Terms
Index of the Examples from Texts
Index of Forms and Constructions
All those interested in Japanese studies and (historical) linguistics.