A Platonist philosopher and priest of Apollo at Delphi, Plutarch (ca. 45-120 CE) covers in his vast oeuvre of miscellaneous writings and biographies of great men virtually every aspect of ancient religion, Greek, Roman, Jewish, Egyptian, Persian. This collection of essays takes the reader on a hike through
Plutarch’s Religious Landscapes offering as a compass the philosopher’s considerations on issues of philosophical theology, cult, ethics, politics, natural sciences, hermeneutics, atheism, and life after death. Plutarch provides a unique vantage point to reconstruct and understand many of the interesting developments that were taking in the philosophical and religious world of the first centuries CE.
Rainer Hirsch-Luipold is Professor of New Testament and History of Ancient Religions, Faculty of Theology, University of Bern and Extraordinary Professor, University of Stellenbosch (SA), Department of Ancient Studies. He has published extensively on Plutarch’s religious philosophy and his use of imagery as well as the religious philosophical literature in Early Imperial times more broadly.
Lautaro Roig Lanzillotta is Professor of New Testament and Early Christianity at the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies of the University of Groningen and is currently the Director of the Koninklijk Nederlands Institute of Rome. He has published extensively on Plutarch, Early Christian apocrypha and Gnosticism.
Introduction Rainer Hirsch-Luipold and Lautaro Roig Lanzillotta
Part 1 An Introductory Survey of Plutarch’s Religious Landscape
1
Religions, Religion and Theology in Plutarch Rainer Hirsch-Luipold
Part 2 Plutarch’s Theology, Notion of Religion, and Ethics
2
Deaf to the Gods: Atheism in Plutarch’s De superstitione Inger N.I. Kuin
3
Plutarch on the Platonic Synthesis: A Synthesis Michiel Meeusen
4
Plutarch’s Monotheism and the God of Mathematics Peter Lötscher
5
Plutarch’s Theonomous Ethics and Christianity: A Few Thoughts on a Much-Discussed Problem Geert Roskam
6
An End in Itself, or a Means to an End? The Role of Ethics in the Second Century: Plutarch’s Moralia and Nag Hammadi Lautaro Roig Lanzillotta
7
Reincarnation and Other Experiences of the Soul in Plutarch’s De facie: Two Case Studies Luisa Lesage Gárriga
8
The Conception of the Last Steps towards Salvation Revisited: The Telos of the Soul in Plutarch and Its Context Israel Muñoz Gallarte
9
Gods, Impiety and Pollution in the Life and Death of Phocion Delfim Leão
10
The Religiosity of (Greek and Roman) στρατηγοί Serena Citro
11
La valeur de la tolma dans les Moralia de Plutarque Joaquim Pinheiro
Part 3 Plutarch’s Testimony of Ancient Religion
12
The Religious Landscape of Plutarch’s Quaestiones Graecae Fabio Tanga
13
Human Sacrifices: Can They Be Justified? Carlos Alcalde-Martín
14
The Conception of the Goddess Hecate in Plutarch Nerea López Garrasco
15
Plutarch and the Ambiguity of the God Dionysus Paola Volpe
16
Interpretations of Dionysus Ἰσοδαίτης in an Orphic Ritual (Plutarch, De E apud Delphos 389A) Soraya Planchas Gallarte
17
The Epiphany of Dionysus in Elis and the Miracle of the Wine (Plutarch, Quaestiones Graecae 299 B) Ana Isabel Jiménez San Cristóbal
18
Divination in Plutarch’s Life of Cicero Elsa Giovanna Simonetti
Part 4 Some Glimpses of the Reception of Plutarch’s Religion
19
The Reception of Plutarch’s Universe Christina Harker
20
Les daimons de Plutarque et leur réception dans la Renaissance française Olivier Guerrier et Sixtine Desmoulins
Index
All interested in Plutarch of Chaeronea, in ancient philosophy and in the religious views and currents of the first centuries CE.