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State practice in the law of the sea has continued to evolve since publication of the 3rd edition of Excessive Maritime Claims in 2012. In this 4th edition, J. Ashley Roach has brought the text up to date, particularly as to the provisions relating to the balance of navigational rights and freedoms with the interests of coastal and island States. Of particular interest are the more detailed explanations of the phrase “freedom of navigation”; the expanded material on baselines and on the practice of archipelagic States, the revisions of the material on the continental shelf, on marine data collection, on submarine cables and pipelines, and US Ocean Policy. A new chapter has been added on islands and other maritime features.
This edition is dedicated to Dr. Robert W. Smith, the premier marine geographer.
This edition is dedicated to Dr. Robert W. Smith, the premier marine geographer.
J. Ashley Roach, J.D., L.L.M., is a retired Captain in the U.S. Navy Judge Advocate General’s Corps and the Office of the Legal Adviser, U.S. State Department. He is the co-author of the third edition of Excessive Maritime Claims (Martinus Nijhoff, 2012).
"[T]he fourth edition maintains the high standard of its predecessors, and continues to be invaluable.…distils decades of diplomatic correspondence into a single source…replete with detail and very well researched. For scholars and practitioners with a serious interest in maritime claims, it is a must-have on the book shelf." -Stuart Kaye, in Ocean Yearbook 36, Brill Nijhoff, 2022
Contents
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Foreword to the First Edition
Figures, Tables, and Maps
Abbreviations
Table of International Agreements
Table of Cases lxxv
1 Maintaining Freedom of the Seas
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Freedom of the Seas
1.3 Importance of Freedom of the Seas
1.4 Excessive Maritime Claims
1.5 US Freedom of Navigation Program
1.6 Oppose to Avoid Acquiescence
1.7 Importance of the FON Program
1.8 The United States and the Law of the Sea
1.9 Limitations of the Study
2 Identification of Excessive Maritime Claims
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Historic Bays
2.3 Baselines
2.4 Territorial Sea Breadth
2.5 Contiguous Zones
2.6 Exclusive Economic Zones
2.7 Continental Shelves
2.8 Archipelagos
2.9 Innocent Passage in the Territorial Sea
2.10 Straits Used for International Navigation
2.11 Overflight Restrictions
2.12 Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage
2.13 Navigation in EEZ s
2.14 Marine Data Collection
2.15 Submarine Cables and Pipelines
2.16 Polar Areas
2.17 Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH)
2.18 Peaceful Purposes/Peaceful Uses of the Seas
3 Historic Bays, Historic Waters and Historic Rights
3.1 Criteria
3.2 United States Waters/Bays
3.3 Foreign Waters/Bays Considered Not to Be Historic
3.4 Historic Waters/Bays Claims Rolled Back
3.5 Historic Rights
3.6 Settlement of Disputes
4 Baselines
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Normal Baseline
4.3 Straight Baselines
4.4 Other Baseline Rules
4.5 Bays and Other Features
4.6 Excessive Straight Baseline Claims
4.7 Excessive Straight Baseline Claims Rolled Back
4.8 Non-independent (Offshore) Archipelagos
5 Territorial Sea
5.1 Maximum Permissible Breadth
5.2 United States Policy
5.3 Territorial Sea Claims
5.4 Excessive Claims Rolled Back
5.5 Territorial Sea Claims Greater than 12 Miles
5.6 Territorial Seas Measured from Non-conforming Baselines
6 Contiguous Zone
6.1 Juridical Regime
6.2 Excessive Claims
6.3 Excessive Claims Rolled Back
7 Exclusive Economic Zone
7.1 Juridical Regime
7.2 Status as Customary Law
7.3 United States Policy
7.4 Excessive Claims
7.5 Special Areas
8 Continental Shelf
8.1 Geologic Definition
8.2 Juridical Definitions
8.3 Rights and Duties
8.4 Limits of the Continental Shelf beyond 200 Miles
8.5 Excessive Claims
8.6 Continental Shelves Measured from Non-conforming Baselines
9 Archipelagos
9.1 Archipelagic States
9.2 Island-Mainland States
9.3 Baselines
9.4 Legal Status
9.5 Excessive Claims
9.6 Excessive Claims Rolled Back
9a Islands and Other Maritime Features
9a.1 Definitions
9a.2 Maritime Zones of Maritime Features
9a.3 Maritime Features Subject to Appropriation
9a.4 Distinguishing Rocks from other Islands
9a.5 Disputes over High-Tide Features
10 In the Territorial Sea
10.1 Right of Innocent Passage
10.2 Permissible Restrictions on Innocent Passage
10.3 Excessive Restrictions on Innocent Passage
10.4 Excessive Restrictions on Transport of Hazardous Waste
10.5 Places of Refuge for Ships in Distress
10.6 Assistance Entry
11 Straits Used for International Navigation
11.1 Legal Regime
11.2 Transit Passage
11.3 Innocent Passage
11.4 International Straits Not Completely Overlapped by Territorial Seas
11.5 “Straits Used for International Navigation”
11.6 Legal Status of Waters Forming International Straits
11.7 Rights and Duties of States Bordering Straits and of Ships and Aircraft during Transit Passage
11.8 Navigational Regimes of Particular Straits
12 Overflight Restrictions
12.1 Juridical Regime
12.2 Excessive Claims
13 Navigation and Overflight in Archipelagos
13.1 Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage
13.2 Rights and Duties of Ships and Aircraft during Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage and of Archipelagic States
13.3 Innocent Passage
13.4 Archipelagic Waters Not Claimed
13.5 Excessive Claims
13.6 Excessive Claims Rolled Back
14 Navigation in Exclusive Economic Zones
14.1 Criteria
14.2 Excessive Claims
14.3 Transfer of Oil between Ships at Sea
15 Marine Data Collection
15.1 Definitions
15.2 Legal Regimes of MSR and Surveys under the 1958 Geneva Conventions
15.3 Legal Regime of MSR under the LOS Convention
15.4 Conduct of MSR under the LOS Convention
15.5 US Marine Scientific Research Policy
15.6 Role of the US State Department in MSR
15.7 Coastal State Practice regarding MSR under the LOS Convention
15.8 Value of the LOS Convention Today for MSR
15.9 MSR Dispute Settlement Regime
15.10 Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS)
15.11 Operational Oceanography Systems
15.12 Coordination of Operational Oceanographic Programs
15.13 Operational Oceanography Programs
15.14 Data Collection Instruments
15.15 Data Collection Platforms
15.16 Operational Oceanography Summary
15.17 Other Vessels Engaged in Marine Data Collection
15.18 Marine Data Collection Summary
16 Submarine Cables and Pipelines
16.1 Importance of Submarine Cables and Pipelines
16.2 Legal Regime
16.3 Other Protections for Submarine Cables and Pipelines
16.4 Difficulties in Protecting Submarine Cables
16.5 Excessive Claims
16.6 Inadequate National Legislation
16.7 Improvements to COLREGS
17 Polar Areas
17.1 The Two Polar Areas
17.2 The Arctic
17.3 Antarctica
18 Environmental Protection and Resource Conservation
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Environmental Protection
18.3 Resource Conservation
18.4 UN Efforts at Conservation and Development
18.5 Summary
19 Sovereign Immunity and Sunken Ships
19.1 Sovereign Immunity of Warships and Military Aircraft
19.2 Sunken Warships and Military Aircraft
19.3 Underwater Cultural Heritage
19.4 Other Unresolved Questions
19.5 Significance
20 Maritime Law Enforcement
20.1 Maritime Law Enforcement
20.2 International Maritime Crimes
20.3 Maritime Law Enforcement Cooperation
20.4 Treatment of Seafarers
21 The Future of US Ocean Policy
21.1 Evolution of US Ocean Policy
21.2 The “Other” Excessive Maritime Claims
21.3 Implementation of US Ocean Policy
21.4 Promulgation of Policy Guidance for Maritime Forces
21.5 Development of Conventional International Law
21.6 US Oceans Policy for the 21st Century
Appendices
1 President’s Ocean Policy Statement, March 10, 1983
1A US Statement in Right of Reply, March 8, 1983
2 Proclamation 5030, Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States of America, March 10, 1983
3 Proclamation 5928, Territorial Sea of the United States of America, December 27, 1988
4 Proclamation 7219, Contiguous Zone of the United States, September 2, 1999
5 Joint Statement by the United States and Soviet Union, with Uniform Interpretation of Rules of International Law Governing Innocent Passage, September 23, 1989
6 Presidential Letter of Transmittal of the Law of the Sea Convention, October 6, 1994
7 Secretary of State’s Letter of Submittal to the President, September 23, 1994
8 Commentary – The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Agreement on Implementation of Part XI
9 Senate Executive Reports on the Law of the Sea Convention
10 Minority Report and Rebuttal
11 Table of Comparable Provisions 1958 Geneva Conventions and 1982 LOS Convention, Customary International Law
12 Evolution of the Modern Law of the Sea
13 Sources and Implementation of LOS Convention
14 US Arctic Policy
15 The Ilulissat Declaration, May 28, 2008
16 United States Maritime Law Enforcement Agreements (in Force or Signed Awaiting Entry into Force), and Understandings and Operational Procedures
17 Interdiction Principles for the Proliferation Security Initiative, September 4, 2003
18 Parties to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
19 US Maritime Boundaries
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Foreword to the First Edition
Figures, Tables, and Maps
Abbreviations
Table of International Agreements
Table of Cases lxxv
part 1: Introduction
1 Maintaining Freedom of the Seas
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Freedom of the Seas
1.3 Importance of Freedom of the Seas
1.4 Excessive Maritime Claims
1.5 US Freedom of Navigation Program
1.6 Oppose to Avoid Acquiescence
1.7 Importance of the FON Program
1.8 The United States and the Law of the Sea
1.9 Limitations of the Study
2 Identification of Excessive Maritime Claims
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Historic Bays
2.3 Baselines
2.4 Territorial Sea Breadth
2.5 Contiguous Zones
2.6 Exclusive Economic Zones
2.7 Continental Shelves
2.8 Archipelagos
2.9 Innocent Passage in the Territorial Sea
2.10 Straits Used for International Navigation
2.11 Overflight Restrictions
2.12 Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage
2.13 Navigation in EEZ s
2.14 Marine Data Collection
2.15 Submarine Cables and Pipelines
2.16 Polar Areas
2.17 Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH)
2.18 Peaceful Purposes/Peaceful Uses of the Seas
part 2: Legal Divisions of the Oceans and Airspace
3 Historic Bays, Historic Waters and Historic Rights
3.1 Criteria
3.2 United States Waters/Bays
3.3 Foreign Waters/Bays Considered Not to Be Historic
3.4 Historic Waters/Bays Claims Rolled Back
3.5 Historic Rights
3.6 Settlement of Disputes
4 Baselines
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Normal Baseline
4.3 Straight Baselines
4.4 Other Baseline Rules
4.5 Bays and Other Features
4.6 Excessive Straight Baseline Claims
4.7 Excessive Straight Baseline Claims Rolled Back
4.8 Non-independent (Offshore) Archipelagos
5 Territorial Sea
5.1 Maximum Permissible Breadth
5.2 United States Policy
5.3 Territorial Sea Claims
5.4 Excessive Claims Rolled Back
5.5 Territorial Sea Claims Greater than 12 Miles
5.6 Territorial Seas Measured from Non-conforming Baselines
6 Contiguous Zone
6.1 Juridical Regime
6.2 Excessive Claims
6.3 Excessive Claims Rolled Back
7 Exclusive Economic Zone
7.1 Juridical Regime
7.2 Status as Customary Law
7.3 United States Policy
7.4 Excessive Claims
7.5 Special Areas
8 Continental Shelf
8.1 Geologic Definition
8.2 Juridical Definitions
8.3 Rights and Duties
8.4 Limits of the Continental Shelf beyond 200 Miles
8.5 Excessive Claims
8.6 Continental Shelves Measured from Non-conforming Baselines
9 Archipelagos
9.1 Archipelagic States
9.2 Island-Mainland States
9.3 Baselines
9.4 Legal Status
9.5 Excessive Claims
9.6 Excessive Claims Rolled Back
9a Islands and Other Maritime Features
9a.1 Definitions
9a.2 Maritime Zones of Maritime Features
9a.3 Maritime Features Subject to Appropriation
9a.4 Distinguishing Rocks from other Islands
9a.5 Disputes over High-Tide Features
part 3: Navigation and Overflight Rights and Duties
10 In the Territorial Sea
10.1 Right of Innocent Passage
10.2 Permissible Restrictions on Innocent Passage
10.3 Excessive Restrictions on Innocent Passage
10.4 Excessive Restrictions on Transport of Hazardous Waste
10.5 Places of Refuge for Ships in Distress
10.6 Assistance Entry
11 Straits Used for International Navigation
11.1 Legal Regime
11.2 Transit Passage
11.3 Innocent Passage
11.4 International Straits Not Completely Overlapped by Territorial Seas
11.5 “Straits Used for International Navigation”
11.6 Legal Status of Waters Forming International Straits
11.7 Rights and Duties of States Bordering Straits and of Ships and Aircraft during Transit Passage
11.8 Navigational Regimes of Particular Straits
12 Overflight Restrictions
12.1 Juridical Regime
12.2 Excessive Claims
13 Navigation and Overflight in Archipelagos
13.1 Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage
13.2 Rights and Duties of Ships and Aircraft during Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage and of Archipelagic States
13.3 Innocent Passage
13.4 Archipelagic Waters Not Claimed
13.5 Excessive Claims
13.6 Excessive Claims Rolled Back
14 Navigation in Exclusive Economic Zones
14.1 Criteria
14.2 Excessive Claims
14.3 Transfer of Oil between Ships at Sea
15 Marine Data Collection
15.1 Definitions
15.2 Legal Regimes of MSR and Surveys under the 1958 Geneva Conventions
15.3 Legal Regime of MSR under the LOS Convention
15.4 Conduct of MSR under the LOS Convention
15.5 US Marine Scientific Research Policy
15.6 Role of the US State Department in MSR
15.7 Coastal State Practice regarding MSR under the LOS Convention
15.8 Value of the LOS Convention Today for MSR
15.9 MSR Dispute Settlement Regime
15.10 Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS)
15.11 Operational Oceanography Systems
15.12 Coordination of Operational Oceanographic Programs
15.13 Operational Oceanography Programs
15.14 Data Collection Instruments
15.15 Data Collection Platforms
15.16 Operational Oceanography Summary
15.17 Other Vessels Engaged in Marine Data Collection
15.18 Marine Data Collection Summary
16 Submarine Cables and Pipelines
16.1 Importance of Submarine Cables and Pipelines
16.2 Legal Regime
16.3 Other Protections for Submarine Cables and Pipelines
16.4 Difficulties in Protecting Submarine Cables
16.5 Excessive Claims
16.6 Inadequate National Legislation
16.7 Improvements to COLREGS
part 4: Recent Developments
17 Polar Areas
17.1 The Two Polar Areas
17.2 The Arctic
17.3 Antarctica
18 Environmental Protection and Resource Conservation
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Environmental Protection
18.3 Resource Conservation
18.4 UN Efforts at Conservation and Development
18.5 Summary
19 Sovereign Immunity and Sunken Ships
19.1 Sovereign Immunity of Warships and Military Aircraft
19.2 Sunken Warships and Military Aircraft
19.3 Underwater Cultural Heritage
19.4 Other Unresolved Questions
19.5 Significance
20 Maritime Law Enforcement
20.1 Maritime Law Enforcement
20.2 International Maritime Crimes
20.3 Maritime Law Enforcement Cooperation
20.4 Treatment of Seafarers
part 5: The Future and Conclusions
21 The Future of US Ocean Policy
21.1 Evolution of US Ocean Policy
21.2 The “Other” Excessive Maritime Claims
21.3 Implementation of US Ocean Policy
21.4 Promulgation of Policy Guidance for Maritime Forces
21.5 Development of Conventional International Law
21.6 US Oceans Policy for the 21st Century
Appendices
1 President’s Ocean Policy Statement, March 10, 1983
1A US Statement in Right of Reply, March 8, 1983
2 Proclamation 5030, Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States of America, March 10, 1983
3 Proclamation 5928, Territorial Sea of the United States of America, December 27, 1988
4 Proclamation 7219, Contiguous Zone of the United States, September 2, 1999
5 Joint Statement by the United States and Soviet Union, with Uniform Interpretation of Rules of International Law Governing Innocent Passage, September 23, 1989
6 Presidential Letter of Transmittal of the Law of the Sea Convention, October 6, 1994
7 Secretary of State’s Letter of Submittal to the President, September 23, 1994
8 Commentary – The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Agreement on Implementation of Part XI
9 Senate Executive Reports on the Law of the Sea Convention
10 Minority Report and Rebuttal
11 Table of Comparable Provisions 1958 Geneva Conventions and 1982 LOS Convention, Customary International Law
12 Evolution of the Modern Law of the Sea
13 Sources and Implementation of LOS Convention
14 US Arctic Policy
15 The Ilulissat Declaration, May 28, 2008
16 United States Maritime Law Enforcement Agreements (in Force or Signed Awaiting Entry into Force), and Understandings and Operational Procedures
17 Interdiction Principles for the Proliferation Security Initiative, September 4, 2003
18 Parties to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
19 US Maritime Boundaries
Law of the sea and maritime law specialists.