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The Dutch Rediscover the Dutch-Africans (1847–1900)
Brother Nation or Lost Colony?
Series: - European Expansion and Indigenous Response, Volume: 39
Author:
Were the Dutch-Africans in southern Africa a brother nation to the Dutch or did they simply represent a lost colony? Connecting primary sources in Dutch and Afrikaans, this work tells the story of the Dutch
stamverwantschap (kinship) movement between 1847 and 1900. The white Dutch-Africans were imagined to be the bridgehead to a broader Dutch identity – a ‘second Netherlands’ in the south. This study explores how the 19th century Dutch identified with and idealised a pastoral community operating within a racially segregated society on the edge of European civilisation. When the
stamverwantschap dream collided with British military and economic power, the belief that race, language and religion could sustain a broader Dutch identity proved to be an illusion.
Andrew Burnett, Ph.D., (2020) UWA, lives and works in Perth, Western Australia. His interests include the role of language in personal identity, and the growth of colonial nationalism in settler societies. His writing includes a study of the effect of the second Anglo-Boer War on Australian identity.
General Series Editor’s Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations, Notes on Currency Values and Translation
Relevant Dates
1 Brother Nation or Lost Colony – Dutchness Re-imagined
Introduction
Theoretical Context
Kinship
Nation and Identity
Imperialism
Nationalism
Cultural Nationalism
Colony
Colonial Nationalism
Language
Language, Literature and National Identity
The View from Europe
Imperialism and Colonialism in the Southern African Bridgeheads
2 Dutch Writing about the Dutch Role in Southern Africa
Southern Africa in General Dutch Historiography
Provincialism or Comparativism
Dutch Imperialism in the Late Nineteenth Century?
Re-thinking the Relationship between the Dutch and Their Former Colonies
Religion and National Identity
Kinship with the Dutch-Africans – Myth or Reality?
Conclusion
3 The Dutch Look Back: The Birth of the Kinship Movement
Introduction
The Netherlands between 1795 and 1875 – a Period of Upheaval
Looking Back to Past Glory
Dutch National Identity
The Liberal Decades
A Colony Lost – the View from Europe
Two groups of Dutch-Africans
Stamverwantschap—the Early Years—1840 to 1875
Ulrich Gerhard Lauts
Lauts Takes the Initiative
Lauts Lobbies the Dutch Parliament
Lauts’ Legacy
The Dutch Government Mid-1850s – Tentative Engagement
Jacobus Stuart
Child Migration 1855–1870
The links sustained by education
Hendrik Hamelberg – the Importance of Personal Experience
Conclusion
4 ‘There Exists a Second Netherlands’
Introduction
The Role of the Dutch Protestant Churches among the Dutch-Africans
Dutch Newspapers and Burgers
Burgers, the Man and His Vision
Burgers’ Vision Reinforced by a Treaty and by Hamelberg
The Unmaking of Burgers
A Dopper Pastor Pours Cold Water on Enthusiasm
Dutch-Africans Attacked from ‘the left’
Metropoles Compared
The imperious British Attitude Towards the Dutch Regarding Southern Africa
The Imbalance in Shipping and Communications
Stamverwantschap Faces the Assertion of British power
Conclusion
5 Dutch Reaction to the Annexation of the Transvaal
Introduction
A measured Initial Response to the Annexation
Pleasure over Burgers’ Demise
Sand River Convention – Sovereignty and Slavery
Slavery in the Transvaal Republic– the Evidence
The Dutch Respond to British Claims
Dutch Supporters Characterise the Allegations as Propaganda
Neo-Calvinist Development of the Kinship Ideology
Dutch Reactions Harden and Protest Begins
Dutch-Africans don’t Deserve Our Support – Another Liberal View
The Dutch Government Responds – the Neutrality Policy
The Dutch ‘Official Mind’ Remains Neutral
Conclusion
6 Transvaal Rebellion Succeeds: Greater Influence for Stamverwantschap
Introduction
The Vision Survives – Excitement Builds
New Symbols of Dutchness
Harting’s Seminal Publication
Liberal Appeals to Reason and Fairness
A Prominent Liberal Looks Back in Anger
Neutrality Trumps Stamverwantschap Again in Parliament
Attacking Neutrality in the Lower House
A New Figure in the Stamverwantschap Movement
Women and the Stamverwantschap Movement
The Creation of the Nederlandsche Zuid-Afrikaansche Vereeniging
Harting’s Vision
Conclusion
7 Rebuilding the Broken Link – the Jonkman Report
Introduction
Institutionalised Stamverwantschap – Initial Difficulties
The Liberals Require Direct Contact
The Jonkman Mission – A Divide Exposed
The Jonkman Visit
Nostalgia
Dutch Migration Needed
Connecting with Colonial Society
In the Oranje Vrijstaat
In Kruger’s Republic
Colonial Nationalism Identified
Jonkman’s Assessment of S. J. du Toit
Jonkman’s Published Conclusions
Lessons from the Jonkman Report
Conclusion
8 President Kruger visits: Dutch Capital Markets Fail Him
Introduction
Dutch National Press and English Anti-Boer Propaganda
Divisions in the Dutch Welcoming Party
Receptions for the Deputation
Controversy at Plancius – Kuyper’s Speech
A purpose and Identity for Calvinist Christians in Africa
A Liberal Response
A Declining Role for Kuyper
Inter-governmental Links with the Dutch-Africans Not Yet Established
Sobering Impact of Jorissen’s Dismissal
Jorissen’s Bold Plan
Investing in the Stamverwanten – a Bad Start by the Koch Brothers
Testing the Dutch Capital Markets
Background to Dutch Capital Raising
Harting Appeals for Support for the Capital Raising
Investors’ Questions – Meeting at the Odeon
Sovereign Risk?
Sovereign Risk Fears Stronger than Kinship
1884 – a Reality Check for the Stamverwantschap Movement
Beyond 1884 –
NZASM
Funds, Builds and Operates the
ZAR
Railways
Conclusion
9 Emigration to Southern Africa – Touchstone for Kinship?
Introduction
Part 1: Nineteenth-Century Dutch Emigration in a Northern European Context
Part 2: How the Dutch Failed Their Stamverwanten
Conclusion
10 Educating the Dutch-Africans: A Civilising Mission, or Cultural Imperialism?
Introduction
Stamverwantschap as a Vehicle for Cultural Betterment
Introducing Three Missionaries for Dutch Culture
Conclusion
11 Stamverwantschap Imagined through Language and Literature
Introduction
Language as the Conduit for Expansion of National Identity
‘A Message to the Dutch People’
Mixed Messages from the Stamverwanten
What Dutch Adults Were Reading
Cor Pama Collection
Adult Fiction and Poetry
Bitterness and Accusations
Stories for Children
Dutch Caricatures and Cartoons
Romance and Heroism
Poetry, Literary Criticism and the Boer as Symbol
Myth or an Artistic Reaction to Reality?
Conclusion
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations, Notes on Currency Values and Translation
Relevant Dates
1 Brother Nation or Lost Colony – Dutchness Re-imagined
Introduction
Theoretical Context
Kinship
Nation and Identity
Imperialism
Nationalism
Cultural Nationalism
Colony
Colonial Nationalism
Language
Language, Literature and National Identity
The View from Europe
Imperialism and Colonialism in the Southern African Bridgeheads
2 Dutch Writing about the Dutch Role in Southern Africa
Southern Africa in General Dutch Historiography
Provincialism or Comparativism
Dutch Imperialism in the Late Nineteenth Century?
Re-thinking the Relationship between the Dutch and Their Former Colonies
Religion and National Identity
Kinship with the Dutch-Africans – Myth or Reality?
Conclusion
3 The Dutch Look Back: The Birth of the Kinship Movement
Introduction
The Netherlands between 1795 and 1875 – a Period of Upheaval
Looking Back to Past Glory
Dutch National Identity
The Liberal Decades
A Colony Lost – the View from Europe
Two groups of Dutch-Africans
Stamverwantschap—the Early Years—1840 to 1875
Ulrich Gerhard Lauts
Lauts Takes the Initiative
Lauts Lobbies the Dutch Parliament
Lauts’ Legacy
The Dutch Government Mid-1850s – Tentative Engagement
Jacobus Stuart
Child Migration 1855–1870
The links sustained by education
Hendrik Hamelberg – the Importance of Personal Experience
Conclusion
4 ‘There Exists a Second Netherlands’
Introduction
The Role of the Dutch Protestant Churches among the Dutch-Africans
Dutch Newspapers and Burgers
Burgers, the Man and His Vision
Burgers’ Vision Reinforced by a Treaty and by Hamelberg
The Unmaking of Burgers
A Dopper Pastor Pours Cold Water on Enthusiasm
Dutch-Africans Attacked from ‘the left’
Metropoles Compared
The imperious British Attitude Towards the Dutch Regarding Southern Africa
The Imbalance in Shipping and Communications
Stamverwantschap Faces the Assertion of British power
Conclusion
5 Dutch Reaction to the Annexation of the Transvaal
Introduction
A measured Initial Response to the Annexation
Pleasure over Burgers’ Demise
Sand River Convention – Sovereignty and Slavery
Slavery in the Transvaal Republic– the Evidence
The Dutch Respond to British Claims
Dutch Supporters Characterise the Allegations as Propaganda
Neo-Calvinist Development of the Kinship Ideology
Dutch Reactions Harden and Protest Begins
Dutch-Africans don’t Deserve Our Support – Another Liberal View
The Dutch Government Responds – the Neutrality Policy
The Dutch ‘Official Mind’ Remains Neutral
Conclusion
6 Transvaal Rebellion Succeeds: Greater Influence for Stamverwantschap
Introduction
The Vision Survives – Excitement Builds
New Symbols of Dutchness
Harting’s Seminal Publication
Liberal Appeals to Reason and Fairness
A Prominent Liberal Looks Back in Anger
Neutrality Trumps Stamverwantschap Again in Parliament
Attacking Neutrality in the Lower House
A New Figure in the Stamverwantschap Movement
Women and the Stamverwantschap Movement
The Creation of the Nederlandsche Zuid-Afrikaansche Vereeniging
Harting’s Vision
Conclusion
7 Rebuilding the Broken Link – the Jonkman Report
Introduction
Institutionalised Stamverwantschap – Initial Difficulties
The Liberals Require Direct Contact
The Jonkman Mission – A Divide Exposed
The Jonkman Visit
Nostalgia
Dutch Migration Needed
Connecting with Colonial Society
In the Oranje Vrijstaat
In Kruger’s Republic
Colonial Nationalism Identified
Jonkman’s Assessment of S. J. du Toit
Jonkman’s Published Conclusions
Lessons from the Jonkman Report
Conclusion
8 President Kruger visits: Dutch Capital Markets Fail Him
Introduction
Dutch National Press and English Anti-Boer Propaganda
Divisions in the Dutch Welcoming Party
Receptions for the Deputation
Controversy at Plancius – Kuyper’s Speech
A purpose and Identity for Calvinist Christians in Africa
A Liberal Response
A Declining Role for Kuyper
Inter-governmental Links with the Dutch-Africans Not Yet Established
Sobering Impact of Jorissen’s Dismissal
Jorissen’s Bold Plan
Investing in the Stamverwanten – a Bad Start by the Koch Brothers
Testing the Dutch Capital Markets
Background to Dutch Capital Raising
Harting Appeals for Support for the Capital Raising
Investors’ Questions – Meeting at the Odeon
Sovereign Risk?
Sovereign Risk Fears Stronger than Kinship
1884 – a Reality Check for the Stamverwantschap Movement
Beyond 1884 –
Conclusion
9 Emigration to Southern Africa – Touchstone for Kinship?
Introduction
Part 1: Nineteenth-Century Dutch Emigration in a Northern European Context
Part 2: How the Dutch Failed Their Stamverwanten
Conclusion
10 Educating the Dutch-Africans: A Civilising Mission, or Cultural Imperialism?
Introduction
Stamverwantschap as a Vehicle for Cultural Betterment
Introducing Three Missionaries for Dutch Culture
Conclusion
11 Stamverwantschap Imagined through Language and Literature
Introduction
Language as the Conduit for Expansion of National Identity
‘A Message to the Dutch People’
Mixed Messages from the Stamverwanten
What Dutch Adults Were Reading
Cor Pama Collection
Adult Fiction and Poetry
Bitterness and Accusations
Stories for Children
Dutch Caricatures and Cartoons
Romance and Heroism
Poetry, Literary Criticism and the Boer as Symbol
Myth or an Artistic Reaction to Reality?
Conclusion
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
This book will be of interest to University Libraries, specialists in Dutch colonial history or Dutch cultural history, specialist institutions, Dutch and Afrikaans language scholars, and post-graduates focussed on European expansion from pre-modern times to the late nineteenth century.