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A History of Hegelianism in Golden Age Denmark, Tome I
The Heiberg Period: 1824-1836, 2nd Revised and Augmented Edition
Series: - Danish Golden Age Studies, Volume: 13
Author:
This is the first of a three-volume work dedicated to exploring the influence of G.W.F. Hegel’s philosophical thinking in Golden Age Denmark. The work demonstrates that the largely overlooked tradition of Danish Hegelianism played a profound and indeed constitutive role in many spheres of Golden Age culture.
This initial tome covers the period from the beginning of the Hegel reception in the Danish Kingdom in the 1820s until the end of 1836. The dominant figure from this period is the poet and critic Johan Ludvig Heiberg, who attended Hegel’s lectures in Berlin in 1824 and then launched a campaign to popularize Hegel’s philosophy among his fellow countrymen. Using his journal Kjøbenhavns flyvende Post as a platform, Heiberg published numerous articles containing ideas that he had borrowed from Hegel. Several readers felt provoked by Heiberg’s Hegelianism and wrote critical responses to him, many of which appeared in Kjøbenhavnsposten, the rival of Heiberg’s journal. Through these debates Hegel’s philosophy became an important part of Danish cultural life.
This initial tome covers the period from the beginning of the Hegel reception in the Danish Kingdom in the 1820s until the end of 1836. The dominant figure from this period is the poet and critic Johan Ludvig Heiberg, who attended Hegel’s lectures in Berlin in 1824 and then launched a campaign to popularize Hegel’s philosophy among his fellow countrymen. Using his journal Kjøbenhavns flyvende Post as a platform, Heiberg published numerous articles containing ideas that he had borrowed from Hegel. Several readers felt provoked by Heiberg’s Hegelianism and wrote critical responses to him, many of which appeared in Kjøbenhavnsposten, the rival of Heiberg’s journal. Through these debates Hegel’s philosophy became an important part of Danish cultural life.
Jon Stewart is a Research Fellow at the Institute of Philosophy of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. He has worked for many years in the field of nineteenth-century Continental philosophy with a specialization in Hegel and Kierkegaard.
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgments
List of Illustrations
Abbreviations
Introduction: Hegel and Hegelianism
I Hegel’s Berlin Period: 1818–1831
II The Development of so-called Right and Left Hegelianism
III Danish Hegelianism
IV Thesis and Methodology of the Present Study
1 The Earliest Danish Encounters with Hegel’s Philosophy : Before 1824
I Baggesen’s Possible Encounter with Hegel in 1794
II Johan Erik von Berger’s Relation to Hegel from circa 1797
III Steffens’ Relation to Hegel from 1801
IV Oehlenschläger’s Encounter with Hegel in Jena in 1806
V Sibbern’s Journey to Prussia and the German States from 1811–1813
VI Hans Christian Ørsted’s Encounter with Hegel in 1812
VII Clausen’s Stay in Berlin: 1818–1819
VIII Peder Hjort’s Visit to Berlin in 1821
IX Krarup’s Visit to Berlin: 1821–1822
X Sibbern’s On Knowledge and Enquiry
XI Sibbern’s Elements of Logic
XII The Announcement about Hegel’s Student, Franz Mavros
XIII Rudelbach’s Visit to Berlin
2 Heiberg and the Howitz Controversy: 1824
I Heiberg’s Trip to Berlin and His Hegelian Conversion
II Howitz’s Article “On Madness and Ascribing Responsibility”
III Anders Sandøe Ørsted’s Response to Howitz
IV Mynster’s Response to Howitz
V Sibbern’s Response to Howitz
VI Howitz’s Response to His Critics: Determinism, or Hume against Kant
VII Heiberg’s Hegelian Response: On Human Freedom
VIII The Reception of Heiberg’s On Human Freedom
IX Heiberg’s Outline of a System of Aesthetics as a Speculative Science
X Heiberg’s Flight from Kiel
3 Heiberg’s Return to Copenhagen: 1825–1826
I Heiberg’s Contingency Regarded from the Point of View of Logic
II Sibbern’s Review of Heiberg’s Treatise on Contingency
III Poul Martin Møller’s “On the Development of Popular Ideas”
IV Mynster’s Article on the Law of Identity
V Heiberg’s Poem “Life and Death”
4 Heiberg’s Initial Attempts to Popularize Philosophy in Kjøbenhavns flyvende Post: 1827
I Heiberg’s Article, “Confessions of an English Opium Eater”
II Heiberg’s “On Solger”
III Heiberg’s “A Letter Found on the Street”
IV Heiberg’s Nemesis Essay
V Zeuthen’s Visit to Berlin
VI Heiberg’s “On the Materialist and Idealist Principle in Language”
VII Heiberg’s Review of Lucubrations of a Prisoner of the State
VIII Heiberg’s “A Letter from Baggesen”
IX Heiberg’s “On Tegnér’s Frithiof”
5 Heiberg’s Attempt to Develop a Hegelian System of Aesthetics in Kjøbenhavns flyvende Post: 1828
I Heiberg’s Taxonomy of Poetic Forms in His Polemic with Oehlenschläger
II Peder Hjort’s Response to Heiberg’s Criticism of Oehlenschläger
III Heiberg’s Taxonomy of Natural Beauty in “On Beauty in Nature”
IV Kjøbenhavnsposten’s Response to Heiberg’s Criticism of Jacob Baden
V Heiberg’s Development of Dramatic Character
VI Kjøbenhavnsposten’s “On Occasion of Flyvende post’s No. 42”
VII A Brief Article in Kjøbenhavnsposten, “Hegel’s Philosophy”
VIII Heiberg’s “Cousin’s Visits at Goethe’s”
IX Heiberg’s Account of the Bad Infinity in “A few Words about the Infinite”
6 Sibbern’s Philosophical Archive and Collection and the Resumption of the Flyvende Post: 1829–1830
I Peter Christian Kierkegaard’s Stay in Berlin
II Sibbern’s “On Abstraction and Abstract Analysis”
III Sibbern’s “On Intellectual Intuition”
IV Heiberg’s Poetical “Letter to the Magic Lantern Double in Sorø”
V Heiberg’s Review, “Bretschneider’s Defense of Rationalism”
VI Lorenzen’s Review of Heise’s Plato Edition
VII Heiberg’s Discussion of the Correspondence between Goethe and Schiller
7 Heiberg’s Promulgation of Hegelianism at the Royal Military College: 1831–1832
I Heiberg’s Overview of the Danish belles lettres
II Zeuthen’s Something about Philosophy and its Cultivation
III Zeuthen’s for Aesthetics and Philosophy
IV Hegel’s Death and the Speculation about His Successor
V Zeuthen’s On the Moral Independence of Man
VI Heiberg’s Speculative Logic
VII The Critical Reception of Heiberg’s Speculative Logic
8 The Debate about Heiberg’s On the Significance of Philosophy for the Present Age: 1833
I Zeuthen’s On the Idea of Modesty
II The Article “Hegel and Steffens”
III Heiberg’s On the Significance of Philosophy for the Present Age
IV Zeuthen’s Elucidations and Heiberg’s Response
V Mynster’s “On Religious Conviction”
VI The Review of On the Significance of Philosophy in Kjøbenhavnsposten
VII Tryde’s Review of On the Significance of Philosophy
VIII Heiberg’s Response
IX Tryde’s Rejoinder
X Møller’s Lectures on the History of Ancient Philosophy
XI Zeuthen’s Second Journey
9 The Resumption of Heiberg’s Flyvende Post: 1834–1835
I Heiberg’s “Symbolism”
II The Satirical Article, “Excerpts from Gumba’s Posthumous Manuscripts”
III Heiberg’s “Letters to a Village Pastor”
IV Heiberg’s Introductory Lecture to the Logic Course
V Møller’s Review of Sibbern’s On Poetry and Art
10 The End of an Era: 1836
I Møller’s Review of The Extremes
II Weis’ “Some Remarks on the Philosophy of Law and Positive Law”
III Peder Hjort’s “From a New Letter from the Provinces”
IV Kierkegaard and the Satirical Drama: “The Collegium Politicum of the Flyvende Post”
V Martensen’s Journey Abroad
VI Heiberg and Martensen in Paris
VII Sibbern’s Criticism of Hegel’s Account of Socrates
VIII A Response to Sibbern’s Criticism of Hegel’s Account of Socrates
IX The Transition to the Next Period of the Hegel Reception in Denmark
Bibliography
I Secondary Sources on the Danish Hegel Reception
II Primary Texts and Sources Used
III Secondary Literature and Material Used
Index of Persons
Subject Index
Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgments
List of Illustrations
Abbreviations
Introduction: Hegel and Hegelianism
I Hegel’s Berlin Period: 1818–1831
II The Development of so-called Right and Left Hegelianism
III Danish Hegelianism
IV Thesis and Methodology of the Present Study
1 The Earliest Danish Encounters with Hegel’s Philosophy : Before 1824
I Baggesen’s Possible Encounter with Hegel in 1794
II Johan Erik von Berger’s Relation to Hegel from circa 1797
III Steffens’ Relation to Hegel from 1801
IV Oehlenschläger’s Encounter with Hegel in Jena in 1806
V Sibbern’s Journey to Prussia and the German States from 1811–1813
VI Hans Christian Ørsted’s Encounter with Hegel in 1812
VII Clausen’s Stay in Berlin: 1818–1819
VIII Peder Hjort’s Visit to Berlin in 1821
IX Krarup’s Visit to Berlin: 1821–1822
X Sibbern’s On Knowledge and Enquiry
XI Sibbern’s Elements of Logic
XII The Announcement about Hegel’s Student, Franz Mavros
XIII Rudelbach’s Visit to Berlin
2 Heiberg and the Howitz Controversy: 1824
I Heiberg’s Trip to Berlin and His Hegelian Conversion
II Howitz’s Article “On Madness and Ascribing Responsibility”
III Anders Sandøe Ørsted’s Response to Howitz
IV Mynster’s Response to Howitz
V Sibbern’s Response to Howitz
VI Howitz’s Response to His Critics: Determinism, or Hume against Kant
VII Heiberg’s Hegelian Response: On Human Freedom
VIII The Reception of Heiberg’s On Human Freedom
IX Heiberg’s Outline of a System of Aesthetics as a Speculative Science
X Heiberg’s Flight from Kiel
3 Heiberg’s Return to Copenhagen: 1825–1826
I Heiberg’s Contingency Regarded from the Point of View of Logic
II Sibbern’s Review of Heiberg’s Treatise on Contingency
III Poul Martin Møller’s “On the Development of Popular Ideas”
IV Mynster’s Article on the Law of Identity
V Heiberg’s Poem “Life and Death”
4 Heiberg’s Initial Attempts to Popularize Philosophy in Kjøbenhavns flyvende Post: 1827
I Heiberg’s Article, “Confessions of an English Opium Eater”
II Heiberg’s “On Solger”
III Heiberg’s “A Letter Found on the Street”
IV Heiberg’s Nemesis Essay
V Zeuthen’s Visit to Berlin
VI Heiberg’s “On the Materialist and Idealist Principle in Language”
VII Heiberg’s Review of Lucubrations of a Prisoner of the State
VIII Heiberg’s “A Letter from Baggesen”
IX Heiberg’s “On Tegnér’s Frithiof”
5 Heiberg’s Attempt to Develop a Hegelian System of Aesthetics in Kjøbenhavns flyvende Post: 1828
I Heiberg’s Taxonomy of Poetic Forms in His Polemic with Oehlenschläger
II Peder Hjort’s Response to Heiberg’s Criticism of Oehlenschläger
III Heiberg’s Taxonomy of Natural Beauty in “On Beauty in Nature”
IV Kjøbenhavnsposten’s Response to Heiberg’s Criticism of Jacob Baden
V Heiberg’s Development of Dramatic Character
VI Kjøbenhavnsposten’s “On Occasion of Flyvende post’s No. 42”
VII A Brief Article in Kjøbenhavnsposten, “Hegel’s Philosophy”
VIII Heiberg’s “Cousin’s Visits at Goethe’s”
IX Heiberg’s Account of the Bad Infinity in “A few Words about the Infinite”
6 Sibbern’s Philosophical Archive and Collection and the Resumption of the Flyvende Post: 1829–1830
I Peter Christian Kierkegaard’s Stay in Berlin
II Sibbern’s “On Abstraction and Abstract Analysis”
III Sibbern’s “On Intellectual Intuition”
IV Heiberg’s Poetical “Letter to the Magic Lantern Double in Sorø”
V Heiberg’s Review, “Bretschneider’s Defense of Rationalism”
VI Lorenzen’s Review of Heise’s Plato Edition
VII Heiberg’s Discussion of the Correspondence between Goethe and Schiller
7 Heiberg’s Promulgation of Hegelianism at the Royal Military College: 1831–1832
I Heiberg’s Overview of the Danish belles lettres
II Zeuthen’s Something about Philosophy and its Cultivation
III Zeuthen’s for Aesthetics and Philosophy
IV Hegel’s Death and the Speculation about His Successor
V Zeuthen’s On the Moral Independence of Man
VI Heiberg’s Speculative Logic
VII The Critical Reception of Heiberg’s Speculative Logic
8 The Debate about Heiberg’s On the Significance of Philosophy for the Present Age: 1833
I Zeuthen’s On the Idea of Modesty
II The Article “Hegel and Steffens”
III Heiberg’s On the Significance of Philosophy for the Present Age
IV Zeuthen’s Elucidations and Heiberg’s Response
V Mynster’s “On Religious Conviction”
VI The Review of On the Significance of Philosophy in Kjøbenhavnsposten
VII Tryde’s Review of On the Significance of Philosophy
VIII Heiberg’s Response
IX Tryde’s Rejoinder
X Møller’s Lectures on the History of Ancient Philosophy
XI Zeuthen’s Second Journey
9 The Resumption of Heiberg’s Flyvende Post: 1834–1835
I Heiberg’s “Symbolism”
II The Satirical Article, “Excerpts from Gumba’s Posthumous Manuscripts”
III Heiberg’s “Letters to a Village Pastor”
IV Heiberg’s Introductory Lecture to the Logic Course
V Møller’s Review of Sibbern’s On Poetry and Art
10 The End of an Era: 1836
I Møller’s Review of The Extremes
II Weis’ “Some Remarks on the Philosophy of Law and Positive Law”
III Peder Hjort’s “From a New Letter from the Provinces”
IV Kierkegaard and the Satirical Drama: “The Collegium Politicum of the Flyvende Post”
V Martensen’s Journey Abroad
VI Heiberg and Martensen in Paris
VII Sibbern’s Criticism of Hegel’s Account of Socrates
VIII A Response to Sibbern’s Criticism of Hegel’s Account of Socrates
IX The Transition to the Next Period of the Hegel Reception in Denmark
Bibliography
I Secondary Sources on the Danish Hegel Reception
II Primary Texts and Sources Used
III Secondary Literature and Material Used
Index of Persons
Subject Index
This work will be relevant to students and scholars interested in Continental philosophy, Hegel Studies, Kierkegaard Studies, Scandinavian Studies, Danish history, and religion in the 19th century. It is suitable for classroom use in courses on philosophy in the nineteenth century.