USD $159.00
Niger Delta: The Business of the Oil Curse
Series: - Youth in a Globalizing World, Volume: 22
Author:
Based on 30 years of fieldwork in the Niger Delta, this book debunks the determinism of the resource curse theory in Nigeria, Africa's leading oil producer and the most populous country on the continent. It rather shows that oil and gas production is only one element of a social problem with much deeper roots. It also investigates the role played by the youth, a key issue in a society where half of the population is under 18 years old. To understand the multiple causes of the crisis, it thus delves into the complexity of a rich history.
Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos is a Senior Researcher at the Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD) in Paris, a Doctor in political science and a specialist on armed conflicts in Africa. He graduated from the Institut d’études politiques in Paris (IEP) and lived during several years in Nigeria, South Africa and Kenya.
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Maps, Figures and Tables
Acronyms
Introduction
Part 1
From Ebony to Black Gold: A Turbulent History
1 First Stirrings Nigerian Independence and the Niger Delta Republic (1960–1966)
1 From the Slave Trade
2 To Oil Exploration
3 Isaac Boro and the Niger Delta Republic (1966)
4 Toward the Secession of Biafra
5 Controversies Surrounding the Question of Genocide.
2 Mirages in the Midst of War The Secession of Biafra (1967–1970)
1 The Great Game of Alliances
2 The Pragmatism of Oil Companies
3 Oil: A Resource for Conflict or an Obstacle to War?
4 Disagreements over Revenue Sharing
3 Boom or Doom? From Prosperity to the Economic and Social Crisis (1971–1989)
1 The Reconstruction Era
2 A Relentless Race to Create New States
3 Centralized Federalism
4 The Uprising of Evangelists, Naked Women and the Youth
4 Shell, the Dictator and the Writer The Ogoni Revolt (1990–1999)
1 The Ogoni, an Emerging Minority
2
mosop
between Contestations and Divisions
3 A Bitter Victory
4 The Odi Massacre and the Beginning of the Ijaw Rebellion
5 Militants or Pirates? The Armed Struggle of the Ijaw (2000–2009)
1 Greed or Grievance?
2 The Emergence of
mend
(2006–2008)
3 The 2009 Amnesty
6 The Gangster and the Godfather Ordinary Crime and Amnesty in a “Democracy” (2010–2020)
1 An Ijaw President: Goodluck Jonathan (2010–2015)
2 Muhammadu Buhari, or the Dashed Hopes of a Democratic Transition (2015–2020)
3 The Business of Amnesty
4 The Institutionalization of Crime
5 Bayelsa and Rivers in Troubled Waters
Part 2
And What about Oil?
7 In Search of Lost Oil Dutch Disease under the Tropics
1 Biased Analyses
2 Toward a Pluralistic Interpretation of Nigeria’s Problems
3 Godfatherism by Way of Democracy
4 Oil and Violence: A Complex Relationship
8 The End of the Trinity The State, Oil Companies, and “Civil Society”
1 Cult Societies
2 On the “Irresponsibility” of Oil Companies in the Violence
3 The Use of Militias and Security Contracts: Corporate Contributions to Crime
4 Three Divided “Blocs”
5 The Unions
9 Majors, Domestic Firms, and the National Company A Multifaceted Industry
1 Oil Production: A Wide Range of Actors
2 Transnational Corporations
3 “Independent” and “Indigenous” Operators
4 A Highly Political Nigerianization of the Industry since 1999
5 Reforms in Progress
10 Ruling without Governing The Challenges of Acephalous Societies
1 An Ethnic Puzzle
2 Warrant Chiefs and Indirect Rule
3 Political Careers and Crowns
4 The Case of Warri
11 Dividing without Ruling Beyond Ethnicity
1 The Ibo and the Ijaw: Two Different Agendas
2 Discord among the Rebels
3 Tribalism and Politics
4 Quotas, or the Illusions of Indigeneity
Part 3
The Heart of the Matter The State
12 Big Business and Political Power An Uneasy Alliance
1 Conflicts between Oil Companies and the State
2 Corporate Social Responsibility (
csr
)
3 From Collusion to Separation
13 The Leviathan of the Mangroves A Deficient, Predatory, and Contested State
1 A Sense of Alienation
2 Land as a Key Bone of Contention
3 A Deficient Judicial System
4 When Crime Pays: The Reign of Impunity
14 “Authority Stealing” Corruption as a System of Government
1 A Model of Maladministration
2 The Merits and Drawbacks of Cronyism
3 Flexible Perceptions
4 The Contradictions of the “Marginalization” Argument
15 Pollution Who Is to Blame?
1 A Degraded Environment
2 Multinationals in the Eye of the Storm
3 Shared Responsibilities
4 Between Impotence and Conflicts of Interest: The Role of the State
16 Incoherence and Fantasy A Versatile Elite
1 On Collusion with Rebels
2 Independence, Autonomy, Regionalism, Federalism: An à la Carte Menu
3 Everyday Arrangements: The Obolo between the Ocean and the Niger Delta
4 The Balkanization of the Niger Delta
Conclusion
Annex 1 Overview of “Cult” Societies in Nigeria: From Students’ Fraternities to Street Gangs
Annex 2 Three Examples of Domestic Companies
Index
Acknowledgements
List of Maps, Figures and Tables
Acronyms
Introduction
Part 1
From Ebony to Black Gold: A Turbulent History
1 First Stirrings Nigerian Independence and the Niger Delta Republic (1960–1966)
1 From the Slave Trade
2 To Oil Exploration
3 Isaac Boro and the Niger Delta Republic (1966)
4 Toward the Secession of Biafra
5 Controversies Surrounding the Question of Genocide.
2 Mirages in the Midst of War The Secession of Biafra (1967–1970)
1 The Great Game of Alliances
2 The Pragmatism of Oil Companies
3 Oil: A Resource for Conflict or an Obstacle to War?
4 Disagreements over Revenue Sharing
3 Boom or Doom? From Prosperity to the Economic and Social Crisis (1971–1989)
1 The Reconstruction Era
2 A Relentless Race to Create New States
3 Centralized Federalism
4 The Uprising of Evangelists, Naked Women and the Youth
4 Shell, the Dictator and the Writer The Ogoni Revolt (1990–1999)
1 The Ogoni, an Emerging Minority
2
3 A Bitter Victory
4 The Odi Massacre and the Beginning of the Ijaw Rebellion
5 Militants or Pirates? The Armed Struggle of the Ijaw (2000–2009)
1 Greed or Grievance?
2 The Emergence of
3 The 2009 Amnesty
6 The Gangster and the Godfather Ordinary Crime and Amnesty in a “Democracy” (2010–2020)
1 An Ijaw President: Goodluck Jonathan (2010–2015)
2 Muhammadu Buhari, or the Dashed Hopes of a Democratic Transition (2015–2020)
3 The Business of Amnesty
4 The Institutionalization of Crime
5 Bayelsa and Rivers in Troubled Waters
Part 2
And What about Oil?
7 In Search of Lost Oil Dutch Disease under the Tropics
1 Biased Analyses
2 Toward a Pluralistic Interpretation of Nigeria’s Problems
3 Godfatherism by Way of Democracy
4 Oil and Violence: A Complex Relationship
8 The End of the Trinity The State, Oil Companies, and “Civil Society”
1 Cult Societies
2 On the “Irresponsibility” of Oil Companies in the Violence
3 The Use of Militias and Security Contracts: Corporate Contributions to Crime
4 Three Divided “Blocs”
5 The Unions
9 Majors, Domestic Firms, and the National Company A Multifaceted Industry
1 Oil Production: A Wide Range of Actors
2 Transnational Corporations
3 “Independent” and “Indigenous” Operators
4 A Highly Political Nigerianization of the Industry since 1999
5 Reforms in Progress
10 Ruling without Governing The Challenges of Acephalous Societies
1 An Ethnic Puzzle
2 Warrant Chiefs and Indirect Rule
3 Political Careers and Crowns
4 The Case of Warri
11 Dividing without Ruling Beyond Ethnicity
1 The Ibo and the Ijaw: Two Different Agendas
2 Discord among the Rebels
3 Tribalism and Politics
4 Quotas, or the Illusions of Indigeneity
Part 3
The Heart of the Matter The State
12 Big Business and Political Power An Uneasy Alliance
1 Conflicts between Oil Companies and the State
2 Corporate Social Responsibility (
3 From Collusion to Separation
13 The Leviathan of the Mangroves A Deficient, Predatory, and Contested State
1 A Sense of Alienation
2 Land as a Key Bone of Contention
3 A Deficient Judicial System
4 When Crime Pays: The Reign of Impunity
14 “Authority Stealing” Corruption as a System of Government
1 A Model of Maladministration
2 The Merits and Drawbacks of Cronyism
3 Flexible Perceptions
4 The Contradictions of the “Marginalization” Argument
15 Pollution Who Is to Blame?
1 A Degraded Environment
2 Multinationals in the Eye of the Storm
3 Shared Responsibilities
4 Between Impotence and Conflicts of Interest: The Role of the State
16 Incoherence and Fantasy A Versatile Elite
1 On Collusion with Rebels
2 Independence, Autonomy, Regionalism, Federalism: An à la Carte Menu
3 Everyday Arrangements: The Obolo between the Ocean and the Niger Delta
4 The Balkanization of the Niger Delta
Conclusion
Annex 1 Overview of “Cult” Societies in Nigeria: From Students’ Fraternities to Street Gangs
Annex 2 Three Examples of Domestic Companies
Index
This book has a broad appeal for scholars in the fields of political science, history, economics, sociology, anthropology, and development studies. Beyond the issue of oil and gas, it covers a wide range of topics: youth protests, political participation, gangsterism, crime, maritime piracy, armed conflicts, pollution, chieftaincy disputes, corruption, and, of course, the governance of the extractive industry. As these subjects are widely taught, they are appropriate for academic courses. Moreover, they are relevant to researchers, undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as security practitioners and oil analysts.