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International Dimensions and Trends in Higher Education in Troubled Times
Insights from Key Global Publications 2018–2023 in International Higher Education
Series: - Global Perspectives on Higher Education, Volume: 55
This book features a carefully curated collection of articles drawn from the quarterly International Higher Education (IHE). Focused on the international dimensions and trends in higher education, these articles offer valuable insights into the tumultuous events spanning from January 2018 to December 2023. This volume offers a comprehensive discussion of key international themes covering a period of great turmoil in global higher education in a series of short, targeted articles.
The five-year period is marked by the geopolitical tensions and internationalization issues at both national and international levels, in the middle of a global pandemic. We provide readers with a coherent organization of articles, grouped into ten themes that relate to the most central issues facing international(ization of) higher education, which are relevant today and in the future.
While readers of the higher education research community will find these themes familiar, this book is also tailored for a more diverse audience. Policymakers and practitioners worldwide will find this book helpful when seeking a comprehensive and approachable guide to navigating the complexities of international dimensions and trends in higher education. This collection is a valuable resource for courses worldwide that focus on global issues and the internationalization of higher education.
The five-year period is marked by the geopolitical tensions and internationalization issues at both national and international levels, in the middle of a global pandemic. We provide readers with a coherent organization of articles, grouped into ten themes that relate to the most central issues facing international(ization of) higher education, which are relevant today and in the future.
While readers of the higher education research community will find these themes familiar, this book is also tailored for a more diverse audience. Policymakers and practitioners worldwide will find this book helpful when seeking a comprehensive and approachable guide to navigating the complexities of international dimensions and trends in higher education. This collection is a valuable resource for courses worldwide that focus on global issues and the internationalization of higher education.
Lizhou Wang, Ph.D., Center for International Higher Education (CIHE), Boston College, USA, is a research associate at the University of Tokyo, Japan. She studies and publishes on the internationalization of higher education and the international mobility of students and programs.
Philip G. Altbach, Ph.D., is professor emeritus and distinguished fellow at CIHE, Boston College. He is the author of Global Perspectives on Higher Education and other books. He is the founding editor of International Higher Education.
Hans de Wit, Ph.D., is professor emeritus and distinguished fellow at CIHE, Boston College. He is co-editor of International Higher Education and Policy Reviews in Higher Education and the Brill book series Global Perspectives on Higher Education.
Philip G. Altbach, Ph.D., is professor emeritus and distinguished fellow at CIHE, Boston College. He is the author of Global Perspectives on Higher Education and other books. He is the founding editor of International Higher Education.
Hans de Wit, Ph.D., is professor emeritus and distinguished fellow at CIHE, Boston College. He is co-editor of International Higher Education and Policy Reviews in Higher Education and the Brill book series Global Perspectives on Higher Education.
Preface
Notes on Contributors
Introduction: Contemporary Crises in International Higher Education—Context and Challenges
Lizhou Wang, Philip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit
PART 1: Geopolitical Tensions and Academic (Dis)Engagement
Introduction to Part 1
1 Global Engagement in a Time of Geopolitical Tensions—A New Cold War
Philip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit
2 Safeguarding Sound International Collaboration
Ingrid d’Hooghe and Jonas Lammertink
3 Knowledge Diplomacy: Findings, Misunderstandings, and Challenges
Jane Knight
4 China–Global Relations—A Higher Education Cold War?
Lizhou Wang and Wen Wen
5 US–China Geopolitical Tensions—Implications for Universities and Science
Xiaojie Li and Jenny J. Lee
6 Decoding Discord—Paradoxes, Misperceptions and Risks in EU–China Higher Education Cooperation
Yuzhuo Cai
7 International Collaboration with Russia and China—Researchers Face Difficult Choices
Jonathan Adams, Jonathan Grant, Jo Johnson and Daniel Murphy
8 The Argument for Academic Engagement with China
William C. Kirby
PART 2: Nationalism and Populism; Threats to Autonomy and Academic Freedom in the University
Introduction to Part 2
9 Do We Share a Common University Identity?
Akiyoshi Yonezawa
10 Higher Education in the Age of Populism—Public Good and Civic Engagement
Ellen Hazelkorn
11 Higher Education Values and Social Responsibility
Eva Egron-Polak
12 The Woke Debate in Academia—What Could Take Us Further?
Carel Stolker
13 Universities without Academic Freedom Have No Place in Rankings
Carsten A. Holz
14 Academic Freedom in Latin America and the Deceptive Comfort of Autonomy
Andrés Bernasconi
15 Speaking Out for Science and Democracy
Marcelo Knobel and Goolam Mohamedbhai
16 A New Magna Charta Universitatum
Sijbolt Noorda
PART 3: Challenges to Equity and Inclusion
Introduction to Part 3
17 Higher Education Equity Policies across the Globe
Jamil Salmi
18 What Works to Reduce Inequality in Higher Education?
Koen Geven and Estelle Herbaut
19 Gender and Higher Education—Increasing Exposure of Harassment and Pay Gaps
Ellen Hazelkorn
20 An Agenda in Motion—Women’s Issues in Latin American Higher Education
Alma Maldonado-Maldonado and Felicitas Acosta
21 The Unfinished Nature of Women’s Leadership in Higher Education
Tessa DeLaquil
22 Anti-Blackness and Racism in International Higher Education
Gerardo Blanco, Philip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit
23 Black International Student Lives Matter
Chrystal A. George Mwangi
24 Internationalization of Higher Education and the Advantage of Diaspora
Fazal Rizvi
25 The Complexities of Engaging Africa’s Academic Diaspora
Ayenachew A. Woldegiyorgis
26 International Students and Diaspora Roots/Routes
Annette Bamberger
PART 4: Private Higher Education
Introduction to Part 4
27 Private Higher Education Globally—A Distant Second Place?
Daniel C. Levy
28 The Quiet Global Revolution of Elite Private Higher Education
Philip G. Altbach
29 Family-Owned Universities: Fit for the Twenty-First Century?
Edward Choi, Philip G. Altbach, Hans de Wit and Matt R. Allen
30 Private vs. Public Funding for Higher Education
Philip G. Altbach, Hans de Wit and Ayenachew A. Woldegiyorgis
31 Private Higher Education in Egypt—From Necessary Evil to Celebrated Player
Ghada Barsoum
32 Private Higher Education in a Dominantly Public Sector—The Case of Germany
Barbara M. Kehm
33 Vietnam—Public–Private Higher Education Debates in a Communist State
Quang Chau
34 Romania—Public–Private Divide in a Dual-Track System
Georgiana Mihut
35 Argentina’s Private Universities—Stringent Regulation of a Small but Consolidated Sector
Dante J. Salto
36 For-Profit Higher Education in Latin America—Exception or Precursor?
Dante J. Salto and Daniel C. Levy
PART 5: Research, Dissemination and Doctoral Education
Introduction to Part 5
37 World Research—Networking, Growth, and Diversification
Simon Marginson
38 Missing from UNESCO’s Roadmap for the Future—The Research Mission of Universities
Philip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit
39 The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Research
Xin Xu
40 Research Evaluation—Unraveling the Metrics-Driven Pressures
Emanuel Kulczycki
41 Too Much Academic Research Is Being Published
Philip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit
42 Knowledge Production for All
Alma Maldonado-Maldonado and Jenny J. Lee
43 Publish or Perish
Maria Yudkevich
44 Does International Publishing Still Matter for China’s Social Sciences Scholars?
Qiang Zha
45 Exponential Growth of Higher Education Research and the Challenges for Peer Review
Marco Seeber
46 Doctoral Education: Global Perspectives
Victor Rudakov and Maria Yudkevich
47 Undervaluing Doctoral Education Post COVID
Tessa DeLaquil and Lizhou Wang
48 What Is a PhD Useful for?
Cláudia S. Sarrico
49 China’s Academic Profession Hit by “Involution”
Qiang Zha
PART 6: Funding and Fees
Introduction to Part 6
50 Performance Funding as Neoliberal Policy
Rebecca S. Natow and Kevin J. Dougherty
51 Does Performance-Based Funding Work? A European Perspective
Ben Jongbloed and Ariane de Gayardon
52 Free Higher Education—On and Off the Agenda with the Political Tide
Ariane de Gayardon
53 The Allure of Free Tuition
John Aubrey Douglass
54 Rethinking International Fees and Global Partnerships
Adam Habib
55 Needed—Financing Policies That Are Both Affordable and Sustainable
Arthur M. Hauptman
PART 7: Other Trends in International Higher Education
Introduction to Part 7
56 The Widening Space of Postsecondary Education
Dirk Van Damme
57 Is Employability Displacing Higher Education?
Simon Marginson
58 North–South Cooperation in Higher Education—Revisiting International Aid Flows
Francesc Pedró
59 Can Academic Corruption Be Eradicated?
Liz Reisberg
60 Global Liberal Education: Contradictory Trends and Heightened Controversy
Mary-Ellen Boyle
61 Where Is Value in Digital Higher Education—From Commodities to Assets
Janja Komljenovic
62 Too Many People Left Behind—The Crucial Importance of TVET
Ellen Hazelkorn
63 STEERing into the Swerve—Adjusting to the Challenges and Opportunities Forced by COVID-19
Roberta Malee Bassett
64 Impact of COVID-19 on Higher Education from an Equity Perspective
Jamil Salmi
65 “Futurology” and Higher Education in the Post-COVID-19 Environment
William Locke
66 Rankings and the Public Good Role of Higher Education
Ellen Hazelkorn
67 Measuring Education Quality in Global Rankings—What’s the Likelihood?
Philip G. Altbach and Ellen Hazelkorn
68 Tertiary Education Is Indispensable to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals
Jamil Salmi
69 Can We Measure Universities’ Impact on Climate Change?
Tristan McCowan
70 Higher Education and the SDG s in Africa—More of the Same?
Damtew Teferra
PART 8: Regional Developments and Trends
Introduction to Part 8
71 Differentiation and Diversification in Emerging African Higher Education
Patrício V. Langa
72 Why Latin America Needs World-Class Universities
Philip G. Altbach and Jamil Salmi
73 Realism about Indian Higher Education
Philip G. Altbach
74 European Higher Education—Looking Back, Looking Forward
Andrée Sursock
75 The European Universities Initiative: Championing Excellence and Inclusion?
Lee Rensimer and Rachel Brooks
76 The Transformation of Post-Soviet Higher Education Systems
Dana Abdrasheva and Emma Sabzalieva
77 Many Arab Professors Lose Interest in Academia
Rasha Faek
PART 9: Mobility Trends in Transnational Education
Introduction to Part 9
78 Metatrends in Mobility—Education Hubs and the New Multipolar Structure of International Student Mobility
Chris R. Glass and Natalie I. Cruz
79 International Students in Non-Anglophone Countries: Challenges and Opportunities
Hans de Wit and Lizhou Wang
80 Education Agents and Their Work with Universities
Vincenzo Raimo, Iona Yuelu Huang and Eddie West
81 The Challenges of Attracting and Retaining International Faculty
Wondwosen Tamrat
82 Broadening Our Understanding of “International Academic Staff”—Nationality as a New Marker of Diversity
Giulio Marini
83 Definitions of Transnational Higher Education
Stephen Wilkins
84 Rethinking the Relevance of International Branch Campuses
Philip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit
85 International Branch Campuses—Success Factors
Richard Garrett
86 International Branch Campuses—Current Trends and Future Possibilities
Stephen Wilkins
87 The Future of UK Universities’ Transnational Education Engagement
Janet Ilieva and Vangelis Tsiligiris
PART 10: Trends in Internationalization of Higher Education
Introduction to Part 10
88 Internationalization in Higher Education—Critical Reflections on Its Conceptual Evolution
Hans de Wit
89 Not Your Parents’ Internationalization—Next Generation Perspectives
Laura E. Rumbley and Douglas Proctor
90 Globally Engaged and Locally Relevant—Revisiting Higher Education
Janet Ilieva and Vangelis Tsiligiris
91 China’s Internationalization of Higher Education—The Barrier Within
Rui Yang
92 Internationalization in Isolation: COVID-19 Implications
Daniela Crăciun and Ariane de Gayardon
93 Internationalization of Higher Education and the Future of the Planet
Laura E. Rumbley
94 Forced Internationalization of Higher Education—An Emerging Phenomenon
Hakan Ergin, Hans de Wit and Betty Leask
95 How Can We Extend the Boundaries of Our Own Knowing?
Betty Leask
96 COIL as a Way to Enhance Internationalization—Balancing Evidence and Proliferation
Maia Gelashvili and Gerardo Blanco
97 Internationalization of Medical Education—Concepts and Approaches for Action
Anette Wu
98 The Unstoppable Spread of English in the Global University
Rosemary Salomone
99 National Policies and the Role of English in Higher Education
Xinyan Liu
100 Globalization of English Language and Culture—Let’s Change English Language Instruction
Gareth Humphreys
Notes on Contributors
Introduction: Contemporary Crises in International Higher Education—Context and Challenges
Lizhou Wang, Philip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit
PART 1: Geopolitical Tensions and Academic (Dis)Engagement
Introduction to Part 1
1 Global Engagement in a Time of Geopolitical Tensions—A New Cold War
Philip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit
2 Safeguarding Sound International Collaboration
Ingrid d’Hooghe and Jonas Lammertink
3 Knowledge Diplomacy: Findings, Misunderstandings, and Challenges
Jane Knight
4 China–Global Relations—A Higher Education Cold War?
Lizhou Wang and Wen Wen
5 US–China Geopolitical Tensions—Implications for Universities and Science
Xiaojie Li and Jenny J. Lee
6 Decoding Discord—Paradoxes, Misperceptions and Risks in EU–China Higher Education Cooperation
Yuzhuo Cai
7 International Collaboration with Russia and China—Researchers Face Difficult Choices
Jonathan Adams, Jonathan Grant, Jo Johnson and Daniel Murphy
8 The Argument for Academic Engagement with China
William C. Kirby
PART 2: Nationalism and Populism; Threats to Autonomy and Academic Freedom in the University
Introduction to Part 2
9 Do We Share a Common University Identity?
Akiyoshi Yonezawa
10 Higher Education in the Age of Populism—Public Good and Civic Engagement
Ellen Hazelkorn
11 Higher Education Values and Social Responsibility
Eva Egron-Polak
12 The Woke Debate in Academia—What Could Take Us Further?
Carel Stolker
13 Universities without Academic Freedom Have No Place in Rankings
Carsten A. Holz
14 Academic Freedom in Latin America and the Deceptive Comfort of Autonomy
Andrés Bernasconi
15 Speaking Out for Science and Democracy
Marcelo Knobel and Goolam Mohamedbhai
16 A New Magna Charta Universitatum
Sijbolt Noorda
PART 3: Challenges to Equity and Inclusion
Introduction to Part 3
17 Higher Education Equity Policies across the Globe
Jamil Salmi
18 What Works to Reduce Inequality in Higher Education?
Koen Geven and Estelle Herbaut
19 Gender and Higher Education—Increasing Exposure of Harassment and Pay Gaps
Ellen Hazelkorn
20 An Agenda in Motion—Women’s Issues in Latin American Higher Education
Alma Maldonado-Maldonado and Felicitas Acosta
21 The Unfinished Nature of Women’s Leadership in Higher Education
Tessa DeLaquil
22 Anti-Blackness and Racism in International Higher Education
Gerardo Blanco, Philip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit
23 Black International Student Lives Matter
Chrystal A. George Mwangi
24 Internationalization of Higher Education and the Advantage of Diaspora
Fazal Rizvi
25 The Complexities of Engaging Africa’s Academic Diaspora
Ayenachew A. Woldegiyorgis
26 International Students and Diaspora Roots/Routes
Annette Bamberger
PART 4: Private Higher Education
Introduction to Part 4
27 Private Higher Education Globally—A Distant Second Place?
Daniel C. Levy
28 The Quiet Global Revolution of Elite Private Higher Education
Philip G. Altbach
29 Family-Owned Universities: Fit for the Twenty-First Century?
Edward Choi, Philip G. Altbach, Hans de Wit and Matt R. Allen
30 Private vs. Public Funding for Higher Education
Philip G. Altbach, Hans de Wit and Ayenachew A. Woldegiyorgis
31 Private Higher Education in Egypt—From Necessary Evil to Celebrated Player
Ghada Barsoum
32 Private Higher Education in a Dominantly Public Sector—The Case of Germany
Barbara M. Kehm
33 Vietnam—Public–Private Higher Education Debates in a Communist State
Quang Chau
34 Romania—Public–Private Divide in a Dual-Track System
Georgiana Mihut
35 Argentina’s Private Universities—Stringent Regulation of a Small but Consolidated Sector
Dante J. Salto
36 For-Profit Higher Education in Latin America—Exception or Precursor?
Dante J. Salto and Daniel C. Levy
PART 5: Research, Dissemination and Doctoral Education
Introduction to Part 5
37 World Research—Networking, Growth, and Diversification
Simon Marginson
38 Missing from UNESCO’s Roadmap for the Future—The Research Mission of Universities
Philip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit
39 The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Research
Xin Xu
40 Research Evaluation—Unraveling the Metrics-Driven Pressures
Emanuel Kulczycki
41 Too Much Academic Research Is Being Published
Philip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit
42 Knowledge Production for All
Alma Maldonado-Maldonado and Jenny J. Lee
43 Publish or Perish
Maria Yudkevich
44 Does International Publishing Still Matter for China’s Social Sciences Scholars?
Qiang Zha
45 Exponential Growth of Higher Education Research and the Challenges for Peer Review
Marco Seeber
46 Doctoral Education: Global Perspectives
Victor Rudakov and Maria Yudkevich
47 Undervaluing Doctoral Education Post COVID
Tessa DeLaquil and Lizhou Wang
48 What Is a PhD Useful for?
Cláudia S. Sarrico
49 China’s Academic Profession Hit by “Involution”
Qiang Zha
PART 6: Funding and Fees
Introduction to Part 6
50 Performance Funding as Neoliberal Policy
Rebecca S. Natow and Kevin J. Dougherty
51 Does Performance-Based Funding Work? A European Perspective
Ben Jongbloed and Ariane de Gayardon
52 Free Higher Education—On and Off the Agenda with the Political Tide
Ariane de Gayardon
53 The Allure of Free Tuition
John Aubrey Douglass
54 Rethinking International Fees and Global Partnerships
Adam Habib
55 Needed—Financing Policies That Are Both Affordable and Sustainable
Arthur M. Hauptman
PART 7: Other Trends in International Higher Education
Introduction to Part 7
56 The Widening Space of Postsecondary Education
Dirk Van Damme
57 Is Employability Displacing Higher Education?
Simon Marginson
58 North–South Cooperation in Higher Education—Revisiting International Aid Flows
Francesc Pedró
59 Can Academic Corruption Be Eradicated?
Liz Reisberg
60 Global Liberal Education: Contradictory Trends and Heightened Controversy
Mary-Ellen Boyle
61 Where Is Value in Digital Higher Education—From Commodities to Assets
Janja Komljenovic
62 Too Many People Left Behind—The Crucial Importance of TVET
Ellen Hazelkorn
63 STEERing into the Swerve—Adjusting to the Challenges and Opportunities Forced by COVID-19
Roberta Malee Bassett
64 Impact of COVID-19 on Higher Education from an Equity Perspective
Jamil Salmi
65 “Futurology” and Higher Education in the Post-COVID-19 Environment
William Locke
66 Rankings and the Public Good Role of Higher Education
Ellen Hazelkorn
67 Measuring Education Quality in Global Rankings—What’s the Likelihood?
Philip G. Altbach and Ellen Hazelkorn
68 Tertiary Education Is Indispensable to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals
Jamil Salmi
69 Can We Measure Universities’ Impact on Climate Change?
Tristan McCowan
70 Higher Education and the SDG s in Africa—More of the Same?
Damtew Teferra
PART 8: Regional Developments and Trends
Introduction to Part 8
71 Differentiation and Diversification in Emerging African Higher Education
Patrício V. Langa
72 Why Latin America Needs World-Class Universities
Philip G. Altbach and Jamil Salmi
73 Realism about Indian Higher Education
Philip G. Altbach
74 European Higher Education—Looking Back, Looking Forward
Andrée Sursock
75 The European Universities Initiative: Championing Excellence and Inclusion?
Lee Rensimer and Rachel Brooks
76 The Transformation of Post-Soviet Higher Education Systems
Dana Abdrasheva and Emma Sabzalieva
77 Many Arab Professors Lose Interest in Academia
Rasha Faek
PART 9: Mobility Trends in Transnational Education
Introduction to Part 9
78 Metatrends in Mobility—Education Hubs and the New Multipolar Structure of International Student Mobility
Chris R. Glass and Natalie I. Cruz
79 International Students in Non-Anglophone Countries: Challenges and Opportunities
Hans de Wit and Lizhou Wang
80 Education Agents and Their Work with Universities
Vincenzo Raimo, Iona Yuelu Huang and Eddie West
81 The Challenges of Attracting and Retaining International Faculty
Wondwosen Tamrat
82 Broadening Our Understanding of “International Academic Staff”—Nationality as a New Marker of Diversity
Giulio Marini
83 Definitions of Transnational Higher Education
Stephen Wilkins
84 Rethinking the Relevance of International Branch Campuses
Philip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit
85 International Branch Campuses—Success Factors
Richard Garrett
86 International Branch Campuses—Current Trends and Future Possibilities
Stephen Wilkins
87 The Future of UK Universities’ Transnational Education Engagement
Janet Ilieva and Vangelis Tsiligiris
PART 10: Trends in Internationalization of Higher Education
Introduction to Part 10
88 Internationalization in Higher Education—Critical Reflections on Its Conceptual Evolution
Hans de Wit
89 Not Your Parents’ Internationalization—Next Generation Perspectives
Laura E. Rumbley and Douglas Proctor
90 Globally Engaged and Locally Relevant—Revisiting Higher Education
Janet Ilieva and Vangelis Tsiligiris
91 China’s Internationalization of Higher Education—The Barrier Within
Rui Yang
92 Internationalization in Isolation: COVID-19 Implications
Daniela Crăciun and Ariane de Gayardon
93 Internationalization of Higher Education and the Future of the Planet
Laura E. Rumbley
94 Forced Internationalization of Higher Education—An Emerging Phenomenon
Hakan Ergin, Hans de Wit and Betty Leask
95 How Can We Extend the Boundaries of Our Own Knowing?
Betty Leask
96 COIL as a Way to Enhance Internationalization—Balancing Evidence and Proliferation
Maia Gelashvili and Gerardo Blanco
97 Internationalization of Medical Education—Concepts and Approaches for Action
Anette Wu
98 The Unstoppable Spread of English in the Global University
Rosemary Salomone
99 National Policies and the Role of English in Higher Education
Xinyan Liu
100 Globalization of English Language and Culture—Let’s Change English Language Instruction
Gareth Humphreys
Researchers, teachers, policymakers, and practitioners worldwide will find this book helpful when seeking a comprehensive and approachable guide to navigating the complexities of international dimensions and trends in higher education.