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Editor / Translator:
Chŏng Yagyong (1762-1836), or simply Tasan, is a prolific poet and one of the most brilliant minds in Korean history but remains unknown as a person.This book introduces his life through his own auto-biographical poems translated into English for the first time.
Here we find him struggling between love of learning and exam hell, between aristocratic pride and economic hardship, between Catholic sympathies and Confucian heritage, and finally between two women.
Astonishingly open about himself for his time and class, this vivid portrait of his is a triumph of self-expression the likes of which we have not seen in premodern Korean literature.
Author:
This book is a comparative exploration of the impact of a celebrated Chinese historical novel, the Sanguozhi yanyi (Three Kingdoms) on the popular culture of Korea since its dissemination in the sixteenth century.
It elucidates not only the reception of Chinese fiction in Chosŏn Korea (1392–1910), but also the fascinating ways in which this particular story lives on in modern Korea. The author specifically explores the dissemination, adaptations, and translations of the work to elucidate how Three Kingdoms has spoken to Korean readers. In short, this book shows how a quintessentially Chinese work equally developed into a Korean work.
Volume Editor:
Sheldon Pollock’s work on the history of literary cultures in the ‘Sanskrit Cosmopolis’ broke new ground in the theorization of historical processes of vernacularization and served as a wake-up call for comparative approaches to such processes in other translocal cultural formations. But are his characterizations of vernacularization in the Sinographic Sphere accurate, and do his ideas and framework allow us to speak of a ‘Sinographic Cosmopolis’? How do the special typology of sinographic writing and associated technologies of vernacular reading complicate comparisons between the Sankrit and Latinate cosmopoleis? Such are the questions tackled in this volume.

Contributors are Daehoe Ahn, Yufen Chang, Wiebke Denecke, Torquil Duthie, Marion Eggert, Greg Evon, Hoduk Hwang, John Jorgensen, Ross King, David Lurie, Alexey Lushchenko, Si Nae Park, John Phan, Mareshi Saito, and S. William Wells.
Building on Brill’s extensive experience and traditional strengths in the areas of Asian culture, history and society, the new Korean Studies Library invites submissions of book manuscripts on any time period of Korea, from ancient times to the present day, for consideration in this new series. Social science and humanities publications will be the focus, and the series editors particularly welcome submissions in the areas of premodern history, literature, religion, thought, society and language, and in modern history, literature, religion, political economy and society; the intent is to publish scholarship on Korea that will remain relevant for decades to come.

Author:

Abstract

This introductory chapter seeks to contextualize Sheldon Pollock’s seminal ideas about “cosmopolitan and vernacular” in history in a comparative global perspective that goes beyond just traditional East Asian literary cultures. To that end, it begins with a discussion of some of the pesky yet important terminological questions relevant to studying the language, writing, and literary culture in traditional “East Asia,” and argues against certain features of “sphere-speak” and “Sino-speak” (especially the term “Sinosphere”) before taking up working definitions of “cosmopolis,” “vernacular,” and offering a defense of the term “Sinographic Cosmopolis” as against just “Sinographic Sphere.” The remainder of the chapter attempts a comprehensive survey of the reception of Sheldon Pollock’s ideas across a variety of translocal cultures, beginning with South (and Southeast) and the ‘Sanskrit Cosmopolis’ that he famously christened, before moving on to Latinitas, the Persianate Cosmopolis, and the Babylonian Cosmopolis, all by way of prefacing an overview and critique of recent work on the histories of vernacularization and comparative literary culture in the Sinographic Cosmopolis. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of recent research in comparative and world literature that engages with Sheldon Pollock’s work and also provides brief synopses of the other chapters in the volume.

In: Cosmopolitan and Vernacular in the World of Wen 文
Author:

Abstract

This article examines an early-twentieth-century attempt to create a non-Latin phonographic script for the Vietnamese language. This alternative writing system, called “New Characters for the Nation’s Sounds,” or Quốc Âm Tân Tự, was created in rejection of the two major forms of written Vietnamese current in the early twentieth century: the Latin-based alphabet known as Quốc Ngữ, and the Sinograph-based morphosyllabary known as Chữ Nôm. I argue that the author of this alternative script was motivated by fears that participation in a broader cosmopolitan system would obliterate the Vietnamese language, and its perceived connection to a cosmological order first articulated by the classical East Asian sages. The mechanics of the script reveal the author’s hopes for the Vietnamese language as a repository for Vietnamese culture, while its preface expresses the fears that motivated the author to create it. The entire text thus provides a snapshot for the language ethics of late colonial Vietnam, as intellectuals wrestled with what they hoped Western civilization might teach them, alongside what they feared it might destroy.

In: Cosmopolitan and Vernacular in the World of Wen 文

Abstract

This chapter explores the relationship between official historical works and popular works of historical fiction produced in the early Edo period. It examines passages from the biographical text Toyotomi Hideyoshi fu 豊臣秀吉譜 written in Literary Sinitic (kanbun) by Hayashi Razan 林羅山 (1583–1657) in 1642 at the request of the Tokugawa government, with particular focus on its treatment of Hideyoshi’s early career, his personal qualities, and his negotiations and wars with Ming China and Korea. The image of Hideyoshi presented in this text deserves attention as a part of the Tokugawa historical project aimed at shaping representations of the past. Analysis of the network of texts about Hideyoshi produced in the seventeenth century, in kanbun and in Japanese, supports the claim that the divide between official and unofficial, historical and literary, cosmopolitan kanbun and vernacular Japanese, was rather fluid. Similar content appeared in works of different genres and could be recorded using multiple inscriptional styles interchangeably. At the same time, the kanbun version has its own peculiarities that supplement the content found in other versions. This chapter demonstrates that kanbun materials contain valuable data for the study of historical figures such as Hideyoshi, and for a deeper understanding of textual production and circulation in premodern Japan. I also suggest that, at least in the early Edo period, Literary Sinitic predominantly read in Japanese (by kundoku) was perceived in Japan not as “Chinese,” but as a high formal register of Japanese.

In: Cosmopolitan and Vernacular in the World of Wen 文
Author:

Abstract

This chapter examines the range of cultural practices arising from the gap between Literary Sinitic and the Korean language and script—the cosmopolitan and the vernacular—beginning with the invention of the Korean alphabet in the fifteenth century and concluding with the demise of the Sinographic Cosmopolis in the twentieth century. The writing system of han’gŭl is theorized not as a form of discrete vernacularization or a tool for teaching or controlling the people, but rather as a technology-cum-strategy for controlling the relations between China and Chosŏn, Sinicization and de-Sinicization, the king and his people, and among the people themselves. At the turn of the twentieth century and into the Japanese colonial period, this writing technology aided in aurally mediating the relationship between the Latin Cosmopolis and Sinographic Cosmopolis, as bilingual dictionaries published by Western missionaries for the first time began to establish a relationship of translational equivalence between Western languages and Sino-Korean terminology. The Sinographic Cosmopolis, based in Korea on a relationship between vernacular Korean and Literary Sinitic, thus morphed into a Sinographic Mediapolis, centered on the current and potentially future cosmopolitan languages of the Latin Cosmopolis and Japanese and Korean incorporating indigenized Sino-Korean vocabulary via Japanese and sinographs as remnants of the cosmopolis. As Japan extended direct control over the Korean Peninsula, the Japanese language began to dominate the relationship between the vernacular and the cosmopolis through translation and inscriptional style (munch’e 文體). Japan usurped the status of the cosmopolitan through colonial domination, and Korean sinographic terminology previously connected to the Latin Cosmopolis through bilingual dictionary compilation came to be dictated by Imperial Japan. By the 1930s, sinographs were no longer a script that mediated “the east Asian,” but instead had come to symbolize Japanese supremacy, eventually auguring a second linguistic revolution aimed at the transliteration of loan words in the ascendant English language and the eclipsing of the Sinographic Mediapolis.

In: Cosmopolitan and Vernacular in the World of Wen 文
Author:

Abstract

Departing from the observation that teleological narratives about a unilinear development of ever more “nation”-oriented language theories and linguistic practice in Chosŏn Korea do not necessarily hold, the present chapter probes into the language ideology of Pak Chiwŏn 朴趾源 (1735–1805), who, as one of the most representative “sirhak” thinkers of Late Chosŏn, may serve as an exemplary case. His magnum opus, the Yŏrha ilgi 熱河日記 (Jehol Diary), both an intellectual milestone and a literary masterpiece, is scrutinized for its discourse on language (especially on language plurality, the relationship of Literary Sinitic to spoken languages, and the relative merits of Korean versus spoken Chinese and Literary Sinitic) as well as its linguistic and intertextual practices. It is demonstrated that the text provides neither a clear-cut hierarchization of languages nor an unequivocal valorization of Korean as a language of learning on a par with Literary Sinitic. Rather, the divide between the two linguistic media seems to go along with a differentiation of (higher) “truth” and the “veracity” of quotidian life. The fact that much of Yŏrha ilgi is devoted to an appreciation of the cultural value of the quotidian is mirrored in the multiplicity of linguistic codes employed in the text. That it stops short of using vernacular Korean in a more comprehensive way is explained by Pak Chiwŏn’s esteem for the universally communicative function of Literary Sinitic (rather than for its social corollaries), and by a desire—found to underlie some of his narrative strategies—to write in a literary space where the cosmopolitan and vernacular cultural spheres merge.

In: Cosmopolitan and Vernacular in the World of Wen 文
Author:

Abstract

Since the end of Japanese colonial rule in 1945, Koreans have been able to achieve a certain congruity between speech and writing. By contrast, for more than a millennium before the creation of the Korean alphabet, and even for centuries thereafter, people used one of a variety of vernacular Korean dialects in their everyday speech, while for inscription, government organs and the elite class adopted sinography when writing either in orthodox Literary Sinitic or in borrowed-graph inscription. Until the late nineteenth century, Korean linguistic life was characterized by this complex mix of spoken language vs. multiple inscriptional practices, which stimulated debate on the question of the discrepancy between speech and writing. Already prior to the late nineteenth-century debates, however, discussions of Korea’s complex language situation and suggestions for reforms figured prominently in discussions among the literati class about intellectual and practical desiderata from the seventeenth century onward. Yet, in sharp contrast to the great wealth of studies of the ideas and activities surrounding language reform introduced after the modern Kabo Reforms of 1894, pre-1894 language-reform debates and proposals have received only scant scholarly attention. This paper aims to supplement the history of Korean debate on language reform, including the question of the unity of speech and writing (so-called ŏnmun ilch’i 言文一致), by exploring the relevant language discourses conducted by Korean intellectuals in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

In: Cosmopolitan and Vernacular in the World of Wen 文