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Cognitive Critical Discourse Analysis
Author:
In this book, Christopher Hart provides a comprehensive description of an applied form of Cognitive Linguistics in Cognitive Critical Discourse Analysis (Cognitive CDA). Cognitive CDA applies frameworks in cognitive linguistics in analyses of political texts and talk to highlight the ideological qualities and legitimating functions of conceptualisations associated with dominant discourse practices. Across the ten lectures, various frameworks in cognitive linguistics are applied, including cognitive grammar, conceptual semantics, conceptual metaphor theory and discourse space theory. Texts and talk from a variety of contexts and genres are analysed. In the final two lectures, Cognitive CDA is extended to multimodal data in the form of images and gestures.
Cognitive Critical Discourse Analysis
Author:
In this book, Christopher Hart provides a comprehensive description of an applied form of Cognitive Linguistics in Cognitive Critical Discourse Analysis (Cognitive CDA). Cognitive CDA applies frameworks in cognitive linguistics in analyses of political texts and talk to highlight the ideological qualities and legitimating functions of conceptualisations associated with dominant discourse practices. Across the ten lectures, various frameworks in cognitive linguistics are applied, including cognitive grammar, conceptual semantics, conceptual metaphor theory and discourse space theory. Texts and talk from a variety of contexts and genres are analysed. In the final two lectures, Cognitive CDA is extended to multimodal data in the form of images and gestures.
Author:
When you use a metonymy to say “I’ve got a new set of wheels,” why do you refer to a car by means of the wheels rather any other part? Most cognitive linguist would agree that we prefer to talk about parts that are somehow salient, yet the seemingly simple notion of salience is entangled in a number of intricate problems related to how we understand and talk about the surrounding reality. Adopting the theoretic framework of Ronald Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar, this volume studies deep and general cognitive factors governing salience effects that influence the ways we use conceptual metonymies in phonic and sign languages.
Author:
When you use a metonymy to say “I’ve got a new set of wheels,” why do you refer to a car by means of the wheels rather any other part? Most cognitive linguist would agree that we prefer to talk about parts that are somehow salient, yet the seemingly simple notion of salience is entangled in a number of intricate problems related to how we understand and talk about the surrounding reality. Adopting the theoretic framework of Ronald Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar, this volume studies deep and general cognitive factors governing salience effects that influence the ways we use conceptual metonymies in phonic and sign languages.
Series:
Studies in Writing, Volume: 40
This book takes a fresh look at the challenge of setting up educational writing intervention studies in authentic class contexts. In four sections, the book offers innovative approaches on how to conceptualize, design, implement, and evaluate writing interventions for research purposes. Hot topics in the field such as professional development for scaling up writing interventions, building research practice partnerships, implementation variation and fidelity, and response to intervention are addressed. To illustrate the proposed approaches for writing promotion, the book showcases a wide variety of writing interventions from around the world, ranging from single-participant designs to large-scale intervention studies in writing.
Series:
Studies in Writing, Volume: 40
This book takes a fresh look at the challenge of setting up educational writing intervention studies in authentic class contexts. In four sections, the book offers innovative approaches on how to conceptualize, design, implement, and evaluate writing interventions for research purposes. Hot topics in the field such as professional development for scaling up writing interventions, building research practice partnerships, implementation variation and fidelity, and response to intervention are addressed. To illustrate the proposed approaches for writing promotion, the book showcases a wide variety of writing interventions from around the world, ranging from single-participant designs to large-scale intervention studies in writing.
The ‘Heart’
The ‘Heart’
Author:
Abstract
This chapter reports on the results of a corpus-based study of lexical substitution, which is one type of idiomatic creativity, examining which terms are utilized by speakers as creative substitutes for the lexemes heart in English idioms and kokoro and shin in Japanese idioms. I attempt to motivate the choice of these particular terms, to establish what their use reveals about the meaning of heart in these idioms, and to develop a preliminary taxonomy of the range of semantic categories of lexical substitution in idioms (in which I argue that there are five categories of lexical substitution based on the semantic relationship between the original lexeme and the lexeme that replaced it, and label these categories synonymy, antonymy, analogy, providing an alternative, and assigning a cause).
Additionally, I show that the specific meaning of an idiom employed with a lexical substitute is determined by three factors: the semantics contributed by the substituted term in the context of the idiom; the relationship of form and meaning in the idiom (based on the typology given in Nunberg et al. 1994), and the specific context of use. Finally, I note that the English results were plentiful, but the Japanese results were not, and ask why this may be the case, testing the hypothesis that heart forms a core element in the idioms in Japanese, and therefore is not easily replaced. Results provide limited support for this hypothesis.
Author:
Abstract
Metaphors are inherent in the natural structure of language; are structures shaped by cultural and experiential backgrounds. In this study, the words kalp and yürek, which refer to the same body part in Turkish, will be examined in terms of their tendency to create conceptual metaphors. In this framework, the encyclopedic configurations of two structures that are considered to have the same lexical reference is the main subject of the study. In other words, this study seeks to answer the question of “Which common and different metaphors are produced by the embodied cognitions of Turkish speakers?”. In the research, 1000 concordance views were identified for each node word randomly selected from the Turkish National Corpus as a data set. In the process of metaphor detection, the Metaphor Identification Procedure, designed by Pragglejaz Group (2007) and adapted to Turkish by Baş (2018), has been used to ensure systematicity and reliability of the data. The results of the study show that the use of denotative and figurative meanings of node kalp are close to each other, whereas the node yürek mainly appears on a linguistic platform through metaphoric uses. The findings support the assumption that although near-synonymous word pairs demonstrate common structure at the semantic level, they take place in different extensions in the Turkish speakers’ minds. As a result, although the nodes kalp and yürek in Turkish are evaluated near-synonymous and they refer to the same body part, they substantially exhibit different dispositions in creating metaphors.
Author:
Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of the body part term sim ‘heart’ in the conceptualization of emotions in the Mansi language within the framework of conceptual metaphor theory and cultural linguistics. In Mansi the heart is clearly the main site of emotions, conceptualizations of the heart play a role in the expression of the most important positive and negative emotion categories. Mansi emotional expressions show that Mansi also uses conceptual metaphors and metonymies that are common in other languages. The heart as an object can be a container of emotions, or it can appear as a moving object, as an object it can have various properties (strength, weight, size, temperature, purity, color) that are used to represent human qualities. The heart can also have anthropomorphic properties, describing human actions and states, which also serve to express emotions. In Mansi, the heart is clearly associated with emotions, and the lexeme nomt ‘thought, mind’ is used to conceptualize reasoning. However, this is not a dichotomy as is the role of the heart and the head in Western culture, in separating emotions from cognitive activities. The lexeme nomt plays as significant role in the expression of emotions as it does in thinking, and its connection to and location in the head cannot be determined from the linguistic data. The study also demonstrates that although the Mansi language is in an advanced stage of language loss, only a minor “impoverishment” in the conceptualization of the heart has been observed.
Abstract
The aim of our paper is to present the conceptualization of the word sydän ‘heart’ in the Finnish language from the viewpoint of cultural linguistics (Sharifian, 2017) and conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff and Johnson 1980, Kövecses 2005). This is a corpus-based study, for our investigations we have used five online corpuses and several additional sources (dictionaries and a phrasal dictionary). The word sydän is an important source domain for conceptual metaphors and metonyms in the Finnish language. Similarly to other languages belonging to the Western culture, it most often appears as the seat of emotions, the prototypical emotion being (romantic) love but other emotions can be connected to the word ‘heart’ as well. Sydän in Finnish conceptualizes very frequently as a container of emotions and other “things” (important or cherished persons, causes, things etc.) and it is also used regularly referring to a person as a whole, especially their moral values and personality traits. Besides, it can be extended onto external domains as well and it can often conceptualize like the central or inner part of objects or abstract entities as well as the most important part of them.
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Abstract
This chapter discusses the semantic extensions of the body part term Ɓernde ‘heart’ in Fulfulde. Semantic extensions of body part terms is a phenomenon extensively studied in various languages across the world based on the embodiment hypothesis. External and internal body part terms are used as source domains for the conceptualization and expression of abstract domains. The lexicon for “heart” is one of the most productive of such domains across languages. As shown by the data in this chapter, the term ɓernde ‘heart’ is the source domain for the expression of various target domains including emotions, thoughts, personality traits, oneself, among others.
Author:
Abstract
The paper’s attention is devoted to the conceptual metaphors constructed with Yorùbá linguistic structures, their contextual motivations and their cultural underpinning. Its data were derived from 160 retrieved structured written interviews on lexical representations of the heart in Yorùbá which were complemented with the current author’s native intuition, insights from short oral interviews with 20 competent native speakers of Yorùbá and inputs from two experts in the Yorùbá language and culture. Analysis reveals three broad conceptual metaphors: the heart as a bio-medical object, the heart as the recipient and reactive internal organ and the heart as a seat of behavioural conduct and cultural outlook. The metaphorisations indexicate the heart in Yorùbá as not only a centre for the assembly of all human emotions as most cultures demonstrate but also an active player in the coordination of the relationship between human emotions, individual preferences and culture-entrenched behaviour/character construction.