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In the Age of European Expansion, Dutch Reformed and Spanish Catholic missionaries attempted to win the souls of Indigenous Austronesian people in Taiwan. Christopher Joby answers the question of how the missionaries tried to overcome the gap between their own cultures and languages and those of the Indigenous Austronesians or Formosans to communicate their versions of the Christian Gospel in the contact zone of seventeenth-century Taiwan, and he analyses the consequences of these encounters. As such, this book is a reception history of the texts, beliefs, and practices that Reformed Protestant and Catholic missionaries introduced to convert the Formosans to their mode of Christianity. Using many linguistic and non-linguistic examples, this approach allows for a ‘complementary colour perspective’ by comparing the epistemic outcomes of the Dutch Reformed and Catholic missions.
In the Age of European Expansion, Dutch Reformed and Spanish Catholic missionaries attempted to win the souls of Indigenous Austronesian people in Taiwan. Christopher Joby answers the question of how the missionaries tried to overcome the gap between their own cultures and languages and those of the Indigenous Austronesians or Formosans to communicate their versions of the Christian Gospel in the contact zone of seventeenth-century Taiwan, and he analyses the consequences of these encounters. As such, this book is a reception history of the texts, beliefs, and practices that Reformed Protestant and Catholic missionaries introduced to convert the Formosans to their mode of Christianity. Using many linguistic and non-linguistic examples, this approach allows for a ‘complementary colour perspective’ by comparing the epistemic outcomes of the Dutch Reformed and Catholic missions.
The Longest Night tells the story of Chinese Trotskyism in its later years, including after Mao Zedong's capture of Beijing in 1949. It treats the three ages of Chinese Trotskyism: the founding generation around Chen Duxiu, Zheng Chaolin, Wang Fanxi, and Peng Shuzhi, who joined the Opposition after their expulsion from the Chinese Communist Party (CCP); the first generation of those who (after 1931) did not first pass through the ranks of the CCP before becoming Trotskyists; and those who became Trotskyists after 1949, mainly in Hong Kong and the diaspora.
The Longest Night tells the story of Chinese Trotskyism in its later years, including after Mao Zedong's capture of Beijing in 1949. It treats the three ages of Chinese Trotskyism: the founding generation around Chen Duxiu, Zheng Chaolin, Wang Fanxi, and Peng Shuzhi, who joined the Opposition after their expulsion from the Chinese Communist Party (CCP); the first generation of those who (after 1931) did not first pass through the ranks of the CCP before becoming Trotskyists; and those who became Trotskyists after 1949, mainly in Hong Kong and the diaspora.
Considered a modern masterpiece, it now has a secure place in the Kabuki repertoire and many of the plays are still frequently performed.
For the first time, Seika’s monumental achievement is here translated into English in its complete and original form by three experienced experts in the field.
Considered a modern masterpiece, it now has a secure place in the Kabuki repertoire and many of the plays are still frequently performed.
For the first time, Seika’s monumental achievement is here translated into English in its complete and original form by three experienced experts in the field.
Abstract
The ritual daggers or stakes known as kīla in Sanskrit and phur pa or phur bu in Tibetan are most commonly found in Himalayan Buddhism. However, several such daggers dating to the Dali 大理 kingdom (937–1253) have been recovered from pagodas in the Dali capital. The Dali kingdom ruled a large swath of territory in what is now southwest China, centred in present-day Yunnan Province. Dali’s daggers display considerable continuities with their Himalayan counterparts, but they differ in one key way: all the Dali daggers are attached to rings, meaning that they could be slipped on a finger or looped on a cord. In addition, most Dali daggers feature the top half of a deity above and a blade below, which is less common in early Himalayan phur pa. This chapter uses Dali-kingdom daggers to demonstrate that the Dali kingdom participated in transmission routes that linked them to northeastern India, especially Bihar and Bengal, and to Java. Dali-kingdom examples also constitute an important but unstudied subtype of ritual dagger that circulated between the tenth and thirteenth centuries.
Abstract
This chapter examines how users engaged with scrolls as physical objects. The chapter opens by considering the hypothetical possibilities of how scrolls can be handled. These insights are then complemented by contemporary pictorial evidence from Dunhuang of officials utilising scrolls. Finally, the scattered texts on the verso of Dunhuang manuscript Pelliot chinois 3812 are compared and contrasted with the poetry anthology recorded on the scroll’s recto. In this case study, content on the verso of this manuscript indicates usage by students with different levels of literacy, who engaged with the main text found on the recto in various ways. By examining the exact placement and writing direction of content on the verso, the different methods for handling and using the scroll can be reconstructed. This contributes to ongoing scholarship assessing whether content on the verso is related to the main text on the recto or whether these additions constitute unrelated reusage of blank space on the scroll.
Abstract
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, archaeological missions in western China (i.e., western Gansu and the Hexi Corridor) have led to the discovery of written and non-written material remains belonging to the officials and soldiers who lived along the border of China’s Han empire. Summarising the history of archaeological expeditions and excavations in western Gansu, this chapter highlights how a focus on textual remains over non-textual objects has impacted the focus of archaeological missions, research, and understanding of this region during the Han period. This chapter then unites textual and non-textual remains to present a more complete picture of how these frontiers functioned on a daily basis. These sources amply evidence the harsh desert climate endured by garrisoned soldiers as well as the administrative system which they operated within.
Abstract
Only a few of the manuscripts from the sealed Cave 17, discovered in 1900 at the Mogao Caves 莫高窟 complex near Dunhuang 敦煌, do not relate to Buddhism. Among these, about a dozen deal with funerary geomancy, a divination art relating to what is colloquially referred to as fengshui 風水. The focal point of the present chapter is the scroll S.3877, acquired by the British-Hungarian explorer Marc Aurel Stein in 1907 and now held at the British Library. This manuscript offers guidance on where best to position a grave and is likely dated to the late-ninth to tenth centuries. The drawing on the recto, spanning its entire two-metre long surface, constitutes a rare illustration of funerary divination based on hill formations. In order to understand the function (or functions) the scroll may have served before being deposited in a cave for almost a thousand years, this chapter begins by investigating its various physical characteristics before honing in on its specific content, concluding by examining the possible circumstances of its circulation at Dunhuang.
Abstract
Starting from a codex completed in Lingzhou 靈州 in 982, this chapter reconstructs the movement of manuscripts and travellers along the Silk Roads in the tenth century by examining codices recovered from the Dunhuang 敦煌 Library Cave. Manuscript paper from the ninth and tenth centuries was mostly thick and coarse, featuring uneven fibre distribution and wide laid lines. The paper of a few tenth-century codices, however, has closely-packed, thin laid lines. These codices were possibly produced outside Dunhuang using paper from other regions. They constitute a small but valuable group of artefacts which shed light on the travels of manuscripts along the trade and diplomatic routes between Dunhuang and other regions in the ninth and tenth centuries.