Figures
1.1 “Nieuwe Aardrykskundige Kaart van het Koningryk Holland” by Jacob de Gelder, 1810. Special Collections, University of Amsterdam 3
1.2 Two nineteenth-century depictions of the Leiden Observatory. Leiden University Library and Erfgoed Leiden 7
2.1 Birds-eye view of Amsterdam drawn in 1544 by Cornelis Anthonisz. (ca. 1505–1553), as reproduced in Joh. Pontanus, Rerum et urbis Amstelodamensium historia (Amsterdam: Hondius, 1611). Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam 19
2.2 Plan for the defense works of Deventer from 1594–1595 by Adriaen Anthonisz. Deventer Stadsarchief and Athenaeumbibliotheek, 0691_808 23
2.3 Plan for the defense works of Deventer from 1594–1595 by Adriaen Anthonisz. Deventer Stadsarchief and Athenaeumbibliotheek, 0691_805 23
2.4 Plan for the defense works of Deventer from 1594–1595 by Jacob Kemp. Deventer Stadsarchief and Athenaeumbibliotheek, 1691_806 23
2.5 The defense works of Deventer as they appeared in Simon Stevin, Nieuwe Maniere van Sterctebou door Spilsluysen (Rotterdam: Jan van Waesberghe, 1617), 56. Gent University Library 24
2.6 Map of Amsterdam with the extension drawn in by Daniel Stalpaert, 1662. Map published on a later date by Nicolaes Visscher. Amsterdam University Library 34
3.1 Request by students of the Duytsche Mathematique to the curators of the University of Leiden. Leiden University Library, Universiteitsarchief Leiden, Archief van Curatoren, 1574–1815, Ms. AC 42 (Bijlagen tot de Resolutiën, 1607–1618) 41
4.1 Former entrance to the Middelburg Gasthuis hospital and the Middelburg Theatrum Anatomicum. Photo by the author, 2009 65
4.2 The painter-entomologist Johannes Goedaert (1617–1668), depicted on the frontispiece of his Metamorphosis Naturalis (1660–1663). Engraving by Reinier van Persijn after a painting of Willem Eversdijck. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam 72
4.3 Anatomische Beschrijvinge van een Wanschepsel, dissected in 1657 by Louis de Bils. Description by Franciscus de Raedt from Sluis, published by Abraham Parent in Middelburg (1659). Leiden University Library 75
4.4 Cornelis van de Voorde (1628–1678), Medical Doctor educated in Leiden, Middelburg’s first Lector in Anatomy, and the title page of Van de Voorde’s Oratie (1658). Collection Koninklijk Zeeuwsch Genootschap der
Wetenschappen – Zelandia Illustrata, Zeeuws Archief, Middelburg and Zeeuwse Bibliotheek, Middelburg 77
4.5 Medal of the Middelburg surgeons’ guild designed in 1661 by Matthijs Hooft, a sculptor working at the Mint of Zeeland. Collection Koninklijk Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen, Zeeuws Museum, Middelburg 78
4.6 Reconstruction of the former Middelburg Hospital Complex at the corner of Lange Delft and the Nieuwstraat, based on the Map of Middelburg by Cornelis Goliath (1657). From: Kool-Blokland, De zorg gewogen (1990) 80
4.7 The medical doctor Anthony Everaerts (1627–1679), founder of the Collegium Medicum Medioburgense (1668), holding a book marked ‘Helmont,’ indicating his attachment to the anti-Galenic work of Jan Baptista van Helmont (1579–1644). Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed, nr C-1577 81
4.8 Drawing by Johannes Goedaert of an anatomical disection by Anthony Everaerts of a human ‘Monstrosity.’ From: Anthonio Everardi, Lux è tenebris affulsa ex viscerum monstrosi partus enucleatione (Medioburgi, 1662). Leiden University Library 90
4.9 Antonius de Heyde’s microscopic research into mussels. From: Ontledinge des mossels (1684). Amsterdam University Library 94
4.10 Overview of the publication dates listed in the catalogue of 1746 (bundled in five-year intervals) 96
4.11 Photograph made in 1911 of a large (more than one meter high) shoulder blade of a whale, depicting a lesson in anatomy, probably painted by O.J. Steenberg. From: Schoute, Schets (1911) 100
5.1 View of Danzig and its Netherlandish architecture, with Johannes Hevelius’s house and roof-top observatory by Andreas Stech (draughtsman) and Isaak Saal (engraver). From: J. Hevelius, Machina Coelestis Pars Prior (Danzig, 1673). Special Collections, Leiden University Library 110
5.2 Page from Jacob Breyne’s Herbarius vivus (Danzig, 1659). Courtesy Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden (Botany section) 118
5.3 Page from Jacob Breyne’s Plantae rariores Borussicae et Cassubicae (Danzig, 1673). Courtesy Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden (Botany section) 120
5.4 Frontispiece by Andreas Stech (draughtsman) and Lambert Visscher (engraver) of Jacob Breyne, Exoticarum aliarumque minus cognitarum Plantarum centuria prima (Danzig, 1678). Courtesy Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden (Botany section) 125
5.5 Ornithogalo affinis radice tuberosa, cyclaminis folio, Capitis Bonae Spei (Eriospermum capense (L.) Thunberg), folio 41, by Stephan Cousijns (painter) and Isaak Saal (draughtsman and engraver). From: Jacob Breyne, Exoticarum aliarumque minus cognitarum Plantarum centuria prima (Danzig, 1678). Courtesy Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden (Botany section) 132
6.1 Reid’s representation of a West Indian hurricane accompanying his guidelines for manoeuvring a ship away from it. From: W. Reid, An Attempt to Develop the Law of Storms (London, 1838), 426 139
6.2 In 1864 the Dutch system of warning flags was replaced by storm signals. These signals were modelled after the British storm signals that were developed by Robert Fitzroy. Utrecht Archives, Entry 90, Inventory 1463 147
6.3 Francis Galton’s systematic representation of atmospheric air circulation. From: Francis Galton, “A Development of the Theory of Cyclones,” Proceedings of the Royal Society 12 (1863), 385–386 152
7.1 Thematic distribution of paper subjects at the meetings of the Nederlandsch Natuur- en Geneeskundig Congres, 1887 to 1915 172
7.2 Cumulative relative thematic distribution of paper subjects at the Gesellschaft deutscher Naturforscher und Ärtzte (GdNÄ) and the meetings of the Nederlandsch Natuur- en Geneeskundig Congres (NNGC) compared, 1887 to 1915 174
8.1 One of Kistemaker’s notes from the meeting with Gernot Zippe the day after the symposium. Kistemaker archive, ET-NL, Almelo 204
9.1 Details of the title pages of the two editions of Barlaeus’s Oratien en Blyde Inkomst van Maria de Medicis. Nieuwelijks met zijn gedichten verrijkt. Uit het Latyn vertolkt (Amsterdam, 1662; Amsterdam, 1689). Amsterdam University Library, shelf marks Balie 270: J and OTM: O 63-6033 224
9.2 A double cathedra, constructed in the beginning of the seventeenth century for the auditorum of Leiden University, where it still is used today. Photo by A. van Haaster, Academisch Museum, Leiden University Library 224
9.3 The cathedra of the Middelburg Athenaeum Illustre, constructed in 1650 by carpenter George Sterlin. Photo by Cornelis Henning (1906) 225
9.4 A double cathedra, built in 1729 for the University of Harderwijk. Photo by R. Ziegler (1903), Rijksdienst voor Cultureel Erfgoed 226
9.5 Design of a double cathedra made in 1777 for the Church of St John in Gouda, used since 1784 by teachers of the Latin School of Gouda. From: Bianca van den Berg, De Sint-Janskerk in Gouda: een oude stadskerk volgens een nieuw ruimtelijk plan (2008) 227
9.6 Disputation ceremony, painted entry by Johann Friedrich Winckel from Dillenburg, 2 April 1751, in the Album Amicorum of Johann Heinrich Achenbach, fol. 258r. From: Fussel, “Die Praxis der Disputation,” 39 227
10.1 Hendrik Antoon Lorentz in later years. Courtesy of Teylers Museum 233
10.2 Lorentz’ note to the curator of the art collections at Teylers, Johannes Frederik Hulk, asking whether he can visit the museum with “Mr. and Mrs. Einstein.” Courtesy of Teylers Museum 259
11.1 Postcard titled In den Potstal (“In the Deep Litter House”), sent to veterinarian H.M. Kroon in 1916 by an unknown person. Collection Veterinary Medicine, University Museum Utrecht 265
11.2 A model farm, probably ‘Oud-Bussum’ in Bussum, undated. Collection Veterinary Medicine, University Museum Utrecht 271
11.3 The cowshed of the Puritas farm in Overschie as veterinarian C.F. van Oijen found it in 1923. From: Van Oijen, “De Productie van Zuivere, Ziekte-kiemvrije, Versche Melk,” 168 282
11.4 Puritas farm, Overschie, 1924. From: Van Oijen, “De Productie van Zuivere, Ziekte-kiemvrije, Versche Melk,” 169 283
11.5 Van Oijen’s graph of the number of bacteria present in Puritas milk and model milk from model farm De Vaan, February–March 1924. From: Van Oijen, “De Productie van Zuivere, Ziekte-kiemvrije, Versche Melk,” 181 286
11.6 Advertisement of Puritas milk in response to physician G.H. Moll van Charante’s criticism, NRC, 20 May 1925 288
12.1 Equipment to make polymer fibers at the chemical technology laboratory at the Eindhoven polytechnic (later Eindhoven University of Technology). Photo by D. Heikens 300
12.2 The ‘Instituut voor Cellulose-Onderzoek’ of AKU, in the centre of Utrecht, early 1950s. From left to right: D. Vermaas, D. Heikens, P.H. Hermans, P.F. van Velden. Photo by D. Heikens 302
12.3 Hall for plastics processing at DSM, 1960. Photo: www.demijnen.nl, DSM 307
Tables
4.1 Dutch cities with an Anatomical Theatre 68
4.2 Composition of the private donors to the surgeon’s library of the Middelburg Chamber of Anatomy 97
4.3 Number of books in the surgeon’s library, sorted by genre 98
4.4 Number of books in the surgeon’s library, sorted by language 98