1 Caesar, Augustus and Marcus Antonius, Schedel, 1493. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 4
2 Titus and Nerva, Ochsenbrunner, 1494. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 4
3 Iulia Drusilla, Illustrium imagines XXr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 5
4 Ianus, Illustrium imagines Vr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 23
5 Ianus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 23
6 Alexander, Illustrium imagines Vv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 27
7 Alexander the Great, Museo Capitolino. Photo: author 31
8 Alexander. © Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byzantinische Kunst, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. photo: Jörg P. Anders. Art Resource, N.Y. 33
9 Alexander/Minerva. Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington 34
10 Minerva. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 37
11 Pompeius Magnus, Illustrium imagines VIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 40
12 Lucius Aelius Caesar: Cohen, 1882, 2: 259, no. 16 42
13 Cato, Illustrium imagines IXr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 44
14 Bacchus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 44
15 Clodius, Illustrium imagines Xv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 45
16 Apollo. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 46
17 Cassius, Illustrium imagines XIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 47
18 Bonus Eventus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 47
19 Cicero, Illustrium imagines Xr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 48
20 Cicero. Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington 49
21 Giovanni dal Cavino, Cicero. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 50
22 Brutus, Illustrium imagines XIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 51
23 Brutus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 51
24 Marcus Antonius, Illustrium imagines XIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 53
25 Marcus Antonius. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 53
26 Cleopatra, Illustrium imagines XIIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 54
27 Berenike II. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 54
28 Caesar, Illustrium imagines XVIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 56
29 Julius Caesar. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 57
30 Julius Caesar. Bodleian Library Buchanan e-13. © Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford. Creative Commons license CC-BY-NC 4.0 59
31 Giovanni dal Cavino, Julius Caesar. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 60
32 Agrippina, Drusilla, and Iulia. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 63
33 Plaudilla Augusta, Illustrium imagines XXv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 65
34 Plautilla Augusta. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 65
35 Augustus, Illustrium imagines XXIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 69
36 Augustus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 70
37 Marcus Agrippa, Illustrium imagines XXVIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 71
38 Marcus Agrippa. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 71
39 Tiberius, Illustrium imagines XXIXr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 72
40 Tiberius. ANS 1944.100.39286. American Numismatic Society 72
41 Drusus, Illustrium imagines XXXr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 73
42 Drusus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 73
43 Antonia Augusta, Illustrium imagines XXXIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 75
44 Antonia Augusta. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 76
45 Germanicus, Illustrium imagines XXXIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 78
46 Germanicus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 78
47 Agrippina, Illustrium imagines XXXIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 79
48 Agrippina. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 79
49 Caius Caesar, Illustrium imagines XXXVv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 80
50 Caligula. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 80
51 Claudius, Illustrium imagines XXXIXr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 80
52 Claudius. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 80
53 Nero, Illustrium imagines XLVIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 81
54 Nero. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 81
55 Galba, Illustrium imagines LIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 82
56 Galba. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 82
57 Otho, Illustrium imagines LIIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 83
58 Otho. ANS 1967.153.121. American Numismatic Society 83
59 Vitellius, Illustrium imagines LVIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 83
60 Vitellius. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 83
61 Vespasianus, Illustrium imagines LIXv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 83
62 Vespasianus. ANS 1935.117.372. American Numismatic Society 83
63 Titus, Illustrium imagines LXIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 85
64 Titus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 85
65 Domitianus, Illustrium imagines LXIIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 87
66 Domitianus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 87
67 Iulia, Illustrium imagines LXIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 87
68 Iulia Titi. ANS 1944.100.41833. American Numismatic Society 87
69 Nerva, Illustrium imagines LXVr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 89
70 Traianus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 91
71 Traianus, Illustrium imagines LXVr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 93
72 Hadrianus. ANS 1944.100.45616. American Numismatic Society 93
73 Hadrianus, Illustrium imagines LXVIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 94
74 Hadrianus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 94
75 Sabina Augusta, Illustrium imagines LXIXr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 95
76 Sabina Augusta. ANS 1944.100.47473. American Numismatic Society 95
77 Antinous, Illustrium imagines LXIXv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 96
78 Hermes Andros, Museo Pio Clementino. Photo: author 97
79 Antinous Farnese, Museo archeologico nazionale, Naples. Photo: author 99
80 Antoninus Pius, Illustrium imagines LXXIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 102
81 Antoninus Pius. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 102
82 Faustina Augusta, Illustrium imagines LXXIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 103
83 Faustina minor. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 103
84 Faustinae Augustae, Illustrium imagines LXXIIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 103
85 Faustina minor. ANS 1956.184.56. American Numismatic Society 103
86 Crispina Augusta, Illustrium imagines LXXIVv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 104
87 Crispina. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 105
88 Marcus Aurelius, Illustrium imagines LXXVIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 106
89 Caracalla. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 106
90 Lucius Aelius Verus, Illustrium imagines LXXVIIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 109
91 Lucius Aelius Verus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 109
92 Commodus, Illustrium imagines LXXXr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 110
93 Commodus. Cohen 1880–92, 3: 296, no. 507 110
94 Commodus. Cohen 1880–92, 3: 307, no. 572 111
95 Didius Iulianus, Illustrium imagines LXXXIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 112
96 Didius Iulianus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 112
97 Septimius Severus, Illustrium imagines LXXXIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 113
98 Septimius Severus. ANS 1992.122.1. American Numismatic Society 113
99 Marcia Otacilia Severa, Illustrium imagines LXXXIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 114
100 Marcia Otacilia Severa. ANS 1921.100.5. American Numismatic Society 114
101 Iulia Aquilia Severa, Illustrium imagines LXXXIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 115
102 Iulia Aquilia Severa. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 115
103 Aurelius Caesar, Illustrium imagines LXXXIIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 117
104 Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 117
105 Giovanni Boldù?, Caracalla. Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington 119
106 Iulia Mamea, Illustrium imagines LXXXIIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 120
107 Iulia Mamaea. ANS 1944.100.53325. American Numismatic Society 120
108 (Severus) Alexander, Illustrium imagines LXXXIIIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 121
109 Severus Alexander. © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, 2018 121
110 Maximinus, Illustrium imagines LXXXVr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 122
111 Maximinus. © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, 2018 122
112 Pipienus, Illustrium imagines LXXXVr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 123
113 Pupienus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 123
114 Balbinus, Illustrium imagines LXXXVIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 123
115 Balbinus. ANS 1944.100.12996. American Numismatic Society 123
116 Pipienus & Balbinus, Rouillé 1553, part 2: 53. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 124
117 Gordianus, Illustrium imagines LXXXVIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 126
118 Gordianus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 127
119 Philippus, Illustrium imagines LXXXVIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 128
120 Philippus II. ANS 1944.100.18423. American Numismatic Society 128
121 Traianus Decius, Illustrium imagines LXXXVIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 129
122 Traianus Decius. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 129
123 Trebonianus Gallus, Illustrium imagines LXXXVIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 129
124 Trebonianus Gallus. ANS 1944.100.27077. American Numismatic Society 129
125 Valerianus, Illustrium imagines LXXXVIIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 130
126 Flavius Valerius Severus (Severus II). ANS 1944.100.1159. American Numismatic Society 130
127 Claudius, Illustrium imagines LXXXIXr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 132
128 Claudius II (Claudius Gothicus). © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 132
129 Quintillus, Illustrium imagines LXXXIXv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 133
130 Quintillus. ANS 1935.117.324. American Numismatic Society 133
131 Aurelianus, Illustrium imagines XCr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 134
132 Aurelianus. ANS 1948.19.937. American Numismatic Society 134
133 Tacitus, Illustrium imagines XCv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 135
134 Tacitus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 135
135 Florianus, Illustrium imagines XCIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 136
136 Florianus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 136
137 Probus, Illustrium imagines XCIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 136
138 Probus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 136
139 Carus, Illustrium imagines XCIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 136
140 Carus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 136
141 Numerianus, Illustrium imagines XCIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 137
142 Numerianus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 137
143 Diocletianus, Illustrium imagines XCIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 138
144 Diocletianus. ANS 1944.100.37991. American Numismatic Society 138
145 Maximianus, Illustrium imagines XCIIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 139
146 Maximianus. ANS 1989.11.87. American Numismatic Society 139
147 Magnentius, Illustrium imagines XCIIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 140
148 Magnentius. ANS 1944.100.20843. American Numismatic Society 140
149 Constantius (Chlorus), Illustrium imagines XCIIIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 142
150 Constantius Chlorus. ANS 1984.146.1894. American Numismatic Society 143
151 Crispus, Illustrium imagines XCVr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 144
152 Crispus. © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, 2018 144
153 Contantinus (I), Illustrium imagines XCVv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 145
154 Constantinopolis. ANS 1944.100.9350. American Numismatic Society 146
155 Constantinus (II), Illustrium imagines XCVIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 146
156 Constantinus (I). ANS 1944.100.13447. American Numismatic Society 147
157 Constantius, Illustrium imagines XCVIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 147
158 Constantius. ANS 1944.100.20930. American Numismatic Society 148
159 Constans, Illustrium imagines XCVIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 148
160 Constans. © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, 2018 149
161 Iulianus, Illustrium imagines XCVIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 149
162 Iulianus. © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, 2018 149
163 Iovinianus, Illustrium imagines XCVIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 150
164 Iovinianus. ANS 1992.45.24. American Numismatic Society 150
165 Valentinianus, Illustrium imagines XCVIIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 151
166 Valentinianus. ANS 1994.123.145. American Numismatic Society 151
167 Valens, Illustrium imagines XCIXr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 152
168 Valens. © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, 2018 152
169 Gratianus, Illustrium imagines XCIXv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 152
170 Gratianus. ANS 1944.100.25476. American Numismatic Society 153
171 Valentinianus (II), Illustrium imagines Cr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 153
172 Valentinianus II. ANS 1944,100,25480. American Numismatic Society 154
173 Theodosius, Illustrium imagines Cv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 156
174 Theodosius I. © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, 2018 156
175 Valentinianus IIII, Illustrium imagines CIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 157
176 Valentinianus III. © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, 2018 157
177 Iustinianus, Illustrium imagines CIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 158
178 Iustinianus. ANS 1944.100.14940. American Numismatic Society 158
179 Constantinus III, Illustrium imagines CVv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 159
180 Constantinus I. ANS 1944.100.7388. American Numismatic Society 160
181 Maxentius, Illustrium imagines CVIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 160
182 Maxentius. © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, 2018 162