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1 Caesar, Augustus and Marcus Antonius, Schedel, 1493. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 4

2 Titus and Nerva, Ochsenbrunner, 1494. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 4

3 Iulia Drusilla, Illustrium imagines XXr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 5

4 Ianus, Illustrium imagines Vr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 23

5 Ianus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 23

6 Alexander, Illustrium imagines Vv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 27

7 Alexander the Great, Museo Capitolino. Photo: author 31

8 Alexander. © Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byzantinische Kunst, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. photo: Jörg P. Anders. Art Resource, N.Y. 33

9 Alexander/Minerva. Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington 34

10 Minerva. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 37

11 Pompeius Magnus, Illustrium imagines VIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 40

12 Lucius Aelius Caesar: Cohen, 1882, 2: 259, no. 16 42

13 Cato, Illustrium imagines IXr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 44

14 Bacchus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 44

15 Clodius, Illustrium imagines Xv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 45

16 Apollo. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 46

17 Cassius, Illustrium imagines XIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 47

18 Bonus Eventus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 47

19 Cicero, Illustrium imagines Xr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 48

20 Cicero. Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington 49

21 Giovanni dal Cavino, Cicero. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 50

22 Brutus, Illustrium imagines XIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 51

23 Brutus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 51

24 Marcus Antonius, Illustrium imagines XIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 53

25 Marcus Antonius. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 53

26 Cleopatra, Illustrium imagines XIIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 54

27 Berenike II. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 54

28 Caesar, Illustrium imagines XVIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 56

29 Julius Caesar. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 57

30 Julius Caesar. Bodleian Library Buchanan e-13. © Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford. Creative Commons license CC-BY-NC 4.0 59

31 Giovanni dal Cavino, Julius Caesar. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 60

32 Agrippina, Drusilla, and Iulia. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 63

33 Plaudilla Augusta, Illustrium imagines XXv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 65

34 Plautilla Augusta. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 65

35 Augustus, Illustrium imagines XXIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 69

36 Augustus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 70

37 Marcus Agrippa, Illustrium imagines XXVIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 71

38 Marcus Agrippa. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 71

39 Tiberius, Illustrium imagines XXIXr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 72

40 Tiberius. ANS 1944.100.39286. American Numismatic Society 72

41 Drusus, Illustrium imagines XXXr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 73

42 Drusus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 73

43 Antonia Augusta, Illustrium imagines XXXIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 75

44 Antonia Augusta. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 76

45 Germanicus, Illustrium imagines XXXIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 78

46 Germanicus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 78

47 Agrippina, Illustrium imagines XXXIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 79

48 Agrippina. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 79

49 Caius Caesar, Illustrium imagines XXXVv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 80

50 Caligula. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 80

51 Claudius, Illustrium imagines XXXIXr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 80

52 Claudius. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 80

53 Nero, Illustrium imagines XLVIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 81

54 Nero. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 81

55 Galba, Illustrium imagines LIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 82

56 Galba. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 82

57 Otho, Illustrium imagines LIIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 83

58 Otho. ANS 1967.153.121. American Numismatic Society 83

59 Vitellius, Illustrium imagines LVIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 83

60 Vitellius. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 83

61 Vespasianus, Illustrium imagines LIXv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 83

62 Vespasianus. ANS 1935.117.372. American Numismatic Society 83

63 Titus, Illustrium imagines LXIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 85

64 Titus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 85

65 Domitianus, Illustrium imagines LXIIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 87

66 Domitianus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 87

67 Iulia, Illustrium imagines LXIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 87

68 Iulia Titi. ANS 1944.100.41833. American Numismatic Society 87

69 Nerva, Illustrium imagines LXVr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 89

70 Traianus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 91

71 Traianus, Illustrium imagines LXVr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 93

72 Hadrianus. ANS 1944.100.45616. American Numismatic Society 93

73 Hadrianus, Illustrium imagines LXVIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 94

74 Hadrianus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 94

75 Sabina Augusta, Illustrium imagines LXIXr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 95

76 Sabina Augusta. ANS 1944.100.47473. American Numismatic Society 95

77 Antinous, Illustrium imagines LXIXv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 96

78 Hermes Andros, Museo Pio Clementino. Photo: author 97

79 Antinous Farnese, Museo archeologico nazionale, Naples. Photo: author 99

80 Antoninus Pius, Illustrium imagines LXXIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 102

81 Antoninus Pius. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 102

82 Faustina Augusta, Illustrium imagines LXXIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 103

83 Faustina minor. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 103

84 Faustinae Augustae, Illustrium imagines LXXIIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 103

85 Faustina minor. ANS 1956.184.56. American Numismatic Society 103

86 Crispina Augusta, Illustrium imagines LXXIVv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 104

87 Crispina. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 105

88 Marcus Aurelius, Illustrium imagines LXXVIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 106

89 Caracalla. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 106

90 Lucius Aelius Verus, Illustrium imagines LXXVIIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 109

91 Lucius Aelius Verus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 109

92 Commodus, Illustrium imagines LXXXr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 110

93 Commodus. Cohen 1880–92, 3: 296, no. 507 110

94 Commodus. Cohen 1880–92, 3: 307, no. 572 111

95 Didius Iulianus, Illustrium imagines LXXXIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 112

96 Didius Iulianus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 112

97 Septimius Severus, Illustrium imagines LXXXIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 113

98 Septimius Severus. ANS 1992.122.1. American Numismatic Society 113

99 Marcia Otacilia Severa, Illustrium imagines LXXXIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 114

100 Marcia Otacilia Severa. ANS 1921.100.5. American Numismatic Society 114

101 Iulia Aquilia Severa, Illustrium imagines LXXXIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 115

102 Iulia Aquilia Severa. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 115

103 Aurelius Caesar, Illustrium imagines LXXXIIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 117

104 Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 117

105 Giovanni Boldù?, Caracalla. Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington 119

106 Iulia Mamea, Illustrium imagines LXXXIIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 120

107 Iulia Mamaea. ANS 1944.100.53325. American Numismatic Society 120

108 (Severus) Alexander, Illustrium imagines LXXXIIIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 121

109 Severus Alexander. © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, 2018 121

110 Maximinus, Illustrium imagines LXXXVr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 122

111 Maximinus. © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, 2018 122

112 Pipienus, Illustrium imagines LXXXVr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 123

113 Pupienus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 123

114 Balbinus, Illustrium imagines LXXXVIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 123

115 Balbinus. ANS 1944.100.12996. American Numismatic Society 123

116 Pipienus & Balbinus, Rouillé 1553, part 2: 53. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 124

117 Gordianus, Illustrium imagines LXXXVIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 126

118 Gordianus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 127

119 Philippus, Illustrium imagines LXXXVIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 128

120 Philippus II. ANS 1944.100.18423. American Numismatic Society 128

121 Traianus Decius, Illustrium imagines LXXXVIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 129

122 Traianus Decius. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 129

123 Trebonianus Gallus, Illustrium imagines LXXXVIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 129

124 Trebonianus Gallus. ANS 1944.100.27077. American Numismatic Society 129

125 Valerianus, Illustrium imagines LXXXVIIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 130

126 Flavius Valerius Severus (Severus II). ANS 1944.100.1159. American Numismatic Society 130

127 Claudius, Illustrium imagines LXXXIXr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 132

128 Claudius II (Claudius Gothicus). © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 132

129 Quintillus, Illustrium imagines LXXXIXv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 133

130 Quintillus. ANS 1935.117.324. American Numismatic Society 133

131 Aurelianus, Illustrium imagines XCr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 134

132 Aurelianus. ANS 1948.19.937. American Numismatic Society 134

133 Tacitus, Illustrium imagines XCv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 135

134 Tacitus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 135

135 Florianus, Illustrium imagines XCIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 136

136 Florianus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 136

137 Probus, Illustrium imagines XCIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 136

138 Probus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 136

139 Carus, Illustrium imagines XCIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 136

140 Carus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 136

141 Numerianus, Illustrium imagines XCIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 137

142 Numerianus. © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved 137

143 Diocletianus, Illustrium imagines XCIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 138

144 Diocletianus. ANS 1944.100.37991. American Numismatic Society 138

145 Maximianus, Illustrium imagines XCIIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 139

146 Maximianus. ANS 1989.11.87. American Numismatic Society 139

147 Magnentius, Illustrium imagines XCIIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 140

148 Magnentius. ANS 1944.100.20843. American Numismatic Society 140

149 Constantius (Chlorus), Illustrium imagines XCIIIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 142

150 Constantius Chlorus. ANS 1984.146.1894. American Numismatic Society 143

151 Crispus, Illustrium imagines XCVr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 144

152 Crispus. © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, 2018 144

153 Contantinus (I), Illustrium imagines XCVv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 145

154 Constantinopolis. ANS 1944.100.9350. American Numismatic Society 146

155 Constantinus (II), Illustrium imagines XCVIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 146

156 Constantinus (I). ANS 1944.100.13447. American Numismatic Society 147

157 Constantius, Illustrium imagines XCVIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 147

158 Constantius. ANS 1944.100.20930. American Numismatic Society 148

159 Constans, Illustrium imagines XCVIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 148

160 Constans. © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, 2018 149

161 Iulianus, Illustrium imagines XCVIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 149

162 Iulianus. © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, 2018 149

163 Iovinianus, Illustrium imagines XCVIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 150

164 Iovinianus. ANS 1992.45.24. American Numismatic Society 150

165 Valentinianus, Illustrium imagines XCVIIIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 151

166 Valentinianus. ANS 1994.123.145. American Numismatic Society 151

167 Valens, Illustrium imagines XCIXr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 152

168 Valens. © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, 2018 152

169 Gratianus, Illustrium imagines XCIXv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 152

170 Gratianus. ANS 1944.100.25476. American Numismatic Society 153

171 Valentinianus (II), Illustrium imagines Cr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 153

172 Valentinianus II. ANS 1944,100,25480. American Numismatic Society 154

173 Theodosius, Illustrium imagines Cv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 156

174 Theodosius I. © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, 2018 156

175 Valentinianus IIII, Illustrium imagines CIv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 157

176 Valentinianus III. © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, 2018 157

177 Iustinianus, Illustrium imagines CIIIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 158

178 Iustinianus. ANS 1944.100.14940. American Numismatic Society 158

179 Constantinus III, Illustrium imagines CVv. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 159

180 Constantinus I. ANS 1944.100.7388. American Numismatic Society 160

181 Maxentius, Illustrium imagines CVIr. Bayerische Staatsbibliotek, Munich 160

182 Maxentius. © The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, 2018 162

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