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Index

Administration 9–10, 14, 29, 38, 42, 53, 66, 81–83, 87, 89, 92, 99–100, 106–107, 156
Aedile (Aediles) 38, 101
Augustalis (Augustales) 38–40
Bureaucracy 53, 100, 156; See Also Bureaucratization
Councilors 29–30, 34–38, 41–46, 54, 85, 90, 99, 105
Curatores Rei Publicae 94, 156
Decurion (Decuriones) 34, 38, 90–93, 99
Duovir (Duoviri) 38
Flamen (Flamines) 38
Governors 46, 138, 156
Local Officials 29, 31, 34–35, 37–41, 49, 53–54, 56, 58–59, 65, 85–86, 87, 89, 91, 94–95, 99, 101–105
Ordo 91
Procurator (Procuratores) 138
Provincial Officials 38, 46, 72, 94, 105, 107, 138–139, 156
Senators (See Elite)
See Also Municipal
Agrarian 8, 11, 42, 60, 110, 123, 126, 160
See Also Agriculture
Agriculture 11, 42, 45, 61–62, 74, 78, 96n27, 102
Farmers 11, 27, 60, 79, 123–124, 126, 131
Intensification 59, 77
Investment in 11, 45n52, 59, 61, 77, 97n29, 111, 124, 126, 155, 158
Irrigation 59n11, 77, 128
Productivity 3, 41, 45, 59–60, 75, 96n27, 111, 114, 119, 121, 151–152
See Also Land
Alimentary 56
Anthropometry 124–125
Ariminium 45
Aristocrats (See Elites)
Augustus 26, 47n60, 144
Aurelian 137, 139, 145, 149, 156
Asia Minor 55n2, 58n7, 66, 86n12, 88n13
Associations (See Collegium)
Balbinus 138
Banking
Bankers 46n64, 75
Money-Changers 75
Barracks Emperors (See Soldatenkaiser)
Bathhouse 28, 41, 47, 52, 56, 86, 88, 98
Benefaction
Cash Distributions 39, 41–42, 45, 93, 130
Entertainment (See Entertainment)
Food (See Feasts)
Oil for Bathhouse 93, 130
Bequest 103
Billon 70, 144–148
Definition of 144n12
Biological Well-Being 124–125
Bronze 18, 65, 75, 90, 144, 146
See Also Coinage
Building (See Construction)
Bureaucratization 53, 156
See Also Administration
Caliphates 53
Capital (See Money)
Capitalism 122
Caracalla 144–146
Carthage 85, 138
Cash (See Money)
Cash-Crops 111
Causality 4, 7, 18, 97n28, 128, 134–137, 143, 150, 154, 161
Ceramics (pottery) 3, 8, 13, 55
Amphora (Amphorae) 61, 151–152
As Consumer Good 60–62, 97, 119, 150–154
Fine-wares 61, 151–152
In Trade 119, 154
Kiln 62
Production of 60–62, 97, 119, 150–152
China (See East Asia)
Cirta 89–90
Citizenship 10, 23–24, 80, 85, 90, 98, 100, 102–108, 127, 160
City 22–24, 27–28, 35n33, 36, 41, 52n66, 58, 74, 78, 85, 90, 100, 103, 129, 131
City-State 22, 154
See Also Urban
Civic
Civic Life and Infrastructure 55n2, 81, 86, 103, 105
Coinage 75
Finances 58n7, 101
Officials (See Municipal)
Politics 42, 87
Prosociality 49, 51, 53, 77, 102, 105–106, 130, 154–156
Claudius II Gothicus 139
Climate (See Environment)
Coinage
As Payment for Soldiers 64–69, 76, 79, 145–146
Bimetallic 73n33
Circulation of 68–69, 72–73, 145, 148, 150, 153, 158
Debasement of 146–149, 155
Denominations
Antoninianus (Antoniniani) 68–69, 144–149
As (Asses) 65, 70
Aureus (Aurei) 65, 67, 144
Denarius (Denarii) 47, 65, 69–70, 144–146
Dupondius (Dupondii) 65, 67
Quadrans 65
Sestertius (Sestertii) 18, 41, 45, 47, 55–57, 65–70, 112–117, 144, 146–149
Fiduciarity 145–146
Hoards 67–70
Imitation 73–74, 148–149
Metals used in 65–67, 71, 73, 144–145, 148
Minting 18, 63–64, 66–67, 71–76, 144–147
Reforms of 47n60, 144–145, 149
Supply of 64, 70, 73, 75–79, 148
Trimetallic 65, 73, 144
Value of 65–74, 144–149, 155
Collegium (Collegia) 30n21, 34, 39, 45, 49, 92
Colony 22, 25n13, 34n30, 35n33, 91
Colonist 22
Community 25–26, 28–31, 41, 51–52, 56, 76, 81, 98, 105, 121n17, 154
Comum 59
Conflict of the Orders 23–27
Conspicuous Consumption and Spending 47n62, 54, 56, 102, 106
Construction
As Public Good 13, 29, 52–53, 57, 60, 88–89, 127, 134, 152
Funding for 53, 62, 76–77, 82, 87–106, 127–130
Labour In 52, 61
Materials In 28, 52, 62, 15
Of Administrative Buildings 86, 94, 106
Of Housing 89
Of Monuments 41–42, 41, 86–88, 90, 106
Of Urban Infrastructure (See Infrastructure)
Consumption 11, 48, 54n1, 85, 115, 116, 126, 128, 158
Crises 138–141, 147, 153, 156
Cultural Norms 2–3, 16–17, 20–21, 26, 30, 36, 50, 82, 135–137, 154–158
Currency (See Coinage)
Demography 1, 10, 26, 141
Diocletian 139–140, 149, 152, 156
Disease 124, 140–142, 147, 153
Duncan-Jones, Richard 8, 100
Dyes 61–62, 77, 97, 150, 152
Dynamics 6n5, 10, 12, 16–17, 21, 33, 53, 119, 132–133, 137, 142, 150, 154, 157, 160–161
Early Modern Period 5, 6n5, 53, 85n11, 115, 160
East Asia 6, 160
China 2, 5, 24, 53, 85, 96n28, 100, 130, 159
Economic Growth
In Other Preindustrial States 96n28, 123
Intensive versus Extensive 5, 61, 108–111, 116–118, 120, 123
Output 5, 9, 11n17, 14–15, 48, 60–61, 82–83, 96n27, 108–109, 111–117, 120–123, 126, 130
Productivity Gains 11, 59–61, 77, 96, 98, 110–111, 119–120, 123–124, 126, 143, 158, 160
Education 82, 110, 120, 128, 131
Efflorescence 5, 143
Eisenstadt, Shmuel N. 84
Elite
Economic Interest of 3, 8–11, 44, 48–49, 51, 52, 56n5, 58, 79, 81, 83–84, 98, 101–108, 112, 115, 121n17, 124, 131–132, 155, 158
Equestrians 54
Establishing Endowment Fund 36, 39, 51, 53
Intra-elite competition 21, 26–27, 29–30, 38, 40, 47, 77, 83–85, 102–106, 154–155
Landowners 23, 36, 78, 123–124, 151, 158
Local Elites 29–31, 36, 38, 41, 51–53, 58n7, 60, 76, 80–81, 87, 101–107, 135–136, 154–156
Prosociality of 19, 21, 27–32, 36, 41, 52, 54–55, 59n10, 60, 76–78, 80, 84, 87, 88n13, 91, 97–98, 102, 106, 127, 130, 134–135, 143, 155–156, 158, 160
Senators 27, 36, 48, 56, 107, 136, 138, 155
Socio-Political Power of 23–27, 53, 79, 83, 98, 102–108, 131–134, 136, 138, 143, 154
State-Level Elites 8, 10, 21, 23, 25–26, 79–84, 87, 106–107, 134, 138, 155
Entertainment 28, 35, 37, 41–42, 55n2, 98, 106, 109, 129–130, 132
Circus 98
Games 28, 29n20, 35, 39, 56
Gladiatorial 28, 31, 35, 41
Theatrical Event 28–29, 31, 35, 41, 90
Entry Fees 35, 93, 99, 104–105
Environment 12, 60, 61n14, 111n7
Epiphenomena 19, 31–32, 38, 50–53, 88, 159
Epulum (See Feasts)
Equilibrium 30n22
Etruscan 22–24
Europe 1, 5, 53, 61n14, 67–68, 85, 114–115, 121, 123n20, 130, 132, 139–141, 143–144, 147–156, 160
Evolution 7, 17, 20, 38, 157
Cultural 16, 20–22, 25–26, 158
Exchange 9, 19, 44, 52, 65, 69, 72, 76–79, 98, 111, 118–119, 121, 123, 143, 150–151, 154
See Also Trade
Feasts
Procurement of Food for 51–52, 76
Purpose of 31, 35, 52, 56, 58
Sponsorship of 28–29, 39, 41–42, 47, 51, 52, 93
Feudalism 130
Finances
Individual 15, 40–41, 52–53, 56, 60, 67, 69, 94, 97, 99, 101, 105–109, 121–124, 127–134
Municipal 58–59, 101–102
Public 26, 102
State Budget 100–101, 156
State Expenditure 65–66, 69, 100, 112, 114, 118, 121n17
State Income 83n6, 112–113, 115, 118, 121n17, 122
Finley, Moses 21n7, 110
Fiscal (See Finance)
Fish Sauce 61–62, 97, 150–152
Free-Floating Resources 84, 101–102, 106, 134
Free-Riding 133
Gender Equality 82, 121, 124
Gallic Empire 137, 139, 144–146
Gallienus 139
Geary-Khemis 113–114
Gift-Giving (See Benefaction)
Glass 1, 61
Gold 29, 65–68, 73, 144
See Also Coinage
Goldsmith, Raymond 113, 117
Gor 47
Gordian (I, II, and III) 138
Government 9, 27, 79, 87, 99–103
Grand Bargain 27, 101–102, 106–107, 130
Grain 6, 61, 131, 152
Greek 22, 33n28, 66n25, 67, 124 f.
Hadrian 65n22
Health 15, 98, 109, 120, 124–125
Healthcare 110, 128, 131
Hegemony 119
Hobson, Matthew 123
Hopkins, Keith 8, 76, 113–116, 126n30
Human Capital 107, 123, 131
Hypothesis Testing 2, 12–14, 33, 45, 50, 52n66, 55, 65, 108, 120, 136–137, 150, 160–161
Industrialization 5, 15, 160
Inequality 26, 109, 132
Infrastructure 2, 10, 13, 28, 59, 62, 78n41, 81, 82, 86–89, 95–106, 110, 127–128, 130, 143, 151–152, 158
Aqueducts 61, 77, 86, 88, 98, 106, 134
Bridges 41, 53, 86, 104, 106
Courthouse 86
Market Space 53, 67, 78, 104, 106
Roads 28, 53, 59, 82, 86, 98, 106, 128–129, 132–134
Sewers 86, 98
Institution 1, 6, 9–10, 16, 20–25, 30, 33n29, 35n34, 42, 48, 75, 80, 82, 87, 91, 102–103, 106, 108, 111, 122, 136, 137, 142, 154, 158, 160
New Institutional Economics 9, 20–21
Interest (See Money)
Irni 34–35, 46, 76, 85, 92n25, 99, 101
See Also Municipal
Islam 91n23, 160
Justinian 37, 46
Kehoe, Dennis 124
Kron, Geoffrey 124
Labor 2, 6, 11, 16, 27, 52, 61, 76–77, 96, 98, 107, 111, 141, 160
Corvée 26, 76, 101, 134
Craft 52, 78, 86
Specialization 111, 119, 123, 160
Unskilled 6, 124, 126, 160
Wage Labour 6, 11, 27, 61, 76, 112–114, 123–124, 126, 141, 160
See Also Slavery, Wages
Lambaesis 64n22
Land
Farmland 24, 62, 41, 61–62, 102, 126
In Endowments 36, 42–46, 50
Landownership 9–11, 22–27, 35–36, 41, 48, 52n66, 79, 97n29, 123–124, 131, 134, 136, 141, 151, 154–155, 158
Profits from 42–46, 78, 111, 127, 141
Rent on 26
Tenancy 27, 45–46, 76–77, 103n40, 123–124, 126, 131
Landesque Capital 59–61
Largesse (See Benefaction)
Laum, Bernhard 42
Law 5, 9–10, 34, 37, 46, 48–49, 52–53, 57–58, 2, 85, 89, 104–105
Judiciary 26, 88, 98, 132
Jurist 36–37, 46
Legal Authorities 3, 16
Lepcis Magna 85
Liturgy 104–105
Liu, Jinyu 42–43
Loans 30–31, 44, 46–48, 50, 53–57, 60, 99, 149, 155
See Also Interest
Lo Cascio, Elio 113–115, 117
Lugdunum 74
Magistrate (See Administration)
Malanima, Paolo 113–115, 117
Mamluk 53
Manufacturing 13, 53, 60–62, 74, 78, 96, 97–98, 107–108, 111, 119, 121, 123, 126, 151–152, 158
Marcomannic War 141
Marcus Aurelius 89, 141
Markets 1, 2, 6n5, 11–12, 18, 51–53, 55, 60, 63–65, 71–79, 85, 106, 110–111, 120, 123–124, 126, 128, 129n32, 130, 132, 136–137, 143, 147, 150, 152, 159–160
Credit Markets 19, 32, 41, 46, 51, 76–78, 150
Market Integration 6
Marketization 5, 6n5, 40, 64, 77, 97n28, 107, 119, 121, 126–127
Maximinus Thrax 137–138
Medieval 53, 85, 115, 130, 140, 160
Mediterranean Triad 60
Mesopotamia (See Near East)
Military
Auxiliary 65n22
Legion 56, 64, 66, 67n26, 138, 141–142, 146n17
Legio III Augusta 64, 138
Militarization 67, 79, 142
Soldiers 8, 27n17, 56, 64–67, 72, 74–76, 138–139, 141, 143–146, 148
Salaries (See Wages, Soldiers)
Money
As Salary 64–69, 77, 79, 145–146
Capital 17, 19, 32, 35, 41, 46–49, 51, 53–54, 56–62, 77, 79, 85, 97n29, 12, 108, 127
Cash 8, 43–45, 50, 75–76
Credit 17, 19, 31–32, 41, 43–49, 51, 54, 60, 64, 74, 76–78, 108, 127, 150, 153, 156
In Endowments 8, 19, 32, 34–37, 41–59, 76–77, 79, 149
Inflation 63, 70, 73–74, 148–149
In Investment 17–19, 32, 43–51, 54, 56–59, 76–77, 79, 85, 98, 149, 150, 155, 158–159
Interest 31, 37, 42–48, 54–58, 60
Lending 30–31, 35, 44, 46–48, 49n64, 50, 53–54, 56–57, 60, 99, 149, 155
Liquidity 48, 73, 75
Monetization 3, 12, 60, 63–64, 69, 71, 77–79, 119, 123, 130, 143, 158, 159
Private 18, 28, 36, 41, 47, 89–91, 94, 98–99, 104–105
Public 10, 18, 34–37, 45–46, 56–59, 65, 89–95, 98–99, 105
Monuments (See Construction)
Municipal
Charter 34–35, 46, 76, 85, 92n25, 99, 101
Council (See Administration)
Finances (See Finances)
Officials (See Administration)
Munificence (See Benefaction)
Near East 6, 96n28, 139, 141, 160
Babylonia 5, 97, 159
Mesopotamia 97n28, 142
Persia 141–142, 159
Nomads 142
Non-Elites 21, 23–28, 66, 78, 84, 107–108, 124, 126–127, 129, 131–132, 155
Odeanthus 139
Officials (See Administration)
Olive Oil
As Commodity 1, 60–62, 104, 152
For use in Bathhouse 28, 47, 56, 130
Production of 61, 77, 119, 151
Opramoas 74–75
Ostia Antica 41
Patrons 27–28, 30, 39, 45, 52–53, 77, 127, 154
Patron-Client Relation 10, 49
Pecunia (See Money)
Persia 141–142, 159
Phalanx 25n13
Plague 112, 137, 140–143
Pliny the Younger 36, 44, 46–47, 59
Population 1, 9, 11, 16, 18, 22–23, 25–27, 56, 60–61, 84, 96–97, 101–102, 106–113, 115–118, 120–127, 130–132, 134, 141, 151, 155, 160
Plebs (See Non-Elites)
Population Growth 61, 96, 108–109, 111, 123, 126
See Also Demography
Postumus 138–139, 144–146
Pottery (See Ceramics)
Predatory 79, 120, 134n43
Pre-Industrial 1–7, 18, 53, 96n27–28, 102, 108, 111, 115, 121, 123n20, 125–126, 130–131, 133, 160
Priest 29–30, 38, 90
Privatization 81
Prosociality
Altruism 73
And Charity 17, 28, 30, 41, 53–54, 60, 143, 155
And Collective Action 20, 133–135
And Competition 16, 22–29, 40, 77, 83, 85, 102–104, 106, 154–155
And Cooperation 16–17, 21, 24–25, 27, 82, 133–134, 154
Definition of 17, 20–21
Public Goods 83, 103, 128, 131, 133
Definition of 128
Pupienus 138
Quantification 8–9, 13, 83, 116, 121, 123n20, 125, 133, 159
Redistribution 16, 25, 132
Reditu (Reditu) (see Interest)
Religion 26–29, 39, 85, 98, 101, 105, 132
Gods 29, 31, 86
Religious Festival 35
Religious Officials (See Priest)
Republic 9n11, 19, 22–23, 26–27, 34n30, 73n32, 110, 112, 115–117, 119, 121n17, 123, 125–126, 131–132, 151, 154
Return (See Interest)
Revenue 35, 82, 84, 98, 100–101, 105, 112
Revolution 84
Salary (See Wages)
Samnite 22–25
Septimius Severus 146
Scaevola 36–37
Scheidel, Walter 100–101, 113–115, 117–118, 121n17, 124
Sentinum 23
Shrine 129
Sicca Veneria 56
Silver 65, 67–70, 72–73, 144–146
See Also Coinage
Skeletal 124–125
Slavery 10, 25, 27, 35, 38, 48–49, 111
Freed Slaves 38, 49, 111
Social Capital 30, 38, 40, 49, 91, 98, 102–103, 105, 134, 154, 158
Soldatenkaiser 138, 145, 155, 158
South Asia 74n34
India 2, 6, 97n28, 159
Statue 1, 28–29, 31, 41, 52, 76–77, 86, 88, 90, 129
Subsistence 66, 112, 114–115, 123, 131
Tariff 73, 144–145
Tax 8, 167, 26, 35–36, 76, 79, 84, 99, 100, 102–103, 105, 112, 129n32, 134
Tax Collection 35, 79, 82, 84, 87, 99, 134
Taxes and Trade Model 8, 79n42, 126n30
Temin, Peter 78n40, 113
Temples 28, 41, 52n66, 76–77, 86, 88, 90, 98, 106, 128
Tetricus 139
Textiles 11, 60–62, 77, 97, 150, 152
Theveste 28
Tiberius 74, 146
Trade 5, 8, 51, 60, 63, 79, 82, 107–108, 111, 118–119, 123–124, 126, 130, 143, 154, 160
Traders 10, 78
See Also Exchange
Trajan 36, 46
Transaction Cost 17, 30, 53, 66n25
Treasury 34, 42, 46, 59, 85, 90, 144
Turchin, Peter 142
Urban
Infrastructure 13, 18, 41, 60, 81, 86–89, 95–99, 101, 104–105, 123, 127–128, 143, 151
Markets 53n68, 78
Population 52, 78, 85–86, 96, 98, 102, 123
Production 8, 41, 53, 60–62, 77–78, 96–98, 126
Urbanization 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 40, 51, 67, 77–79, 85–88, 94, 96–98, 105–106, 119, 121, 127, 130–132, 143, 147, 150–152, 158–160
Urso 34n30
Usus (Usuris) (See Interest)
Valerian 139
Wages 6, 15, 27, 35, 68–69, 83, 101, 110, 112–116, 119, 123, 129, 131, 133, 141
For Soldiers 56, 64, 72, 76
Wage Labor 11, 61, 76n36, 112–114, 124, 126, 160
War 26, 137, 140, 142–143
Wealth (See Finance)
Wheat (See Grain)
Wilson, Andrew 60, 118
Wine 1, 60–62, 119, 151–152
Zuiderhoek, Arjan 56n5, 88n13, 104n42
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