Index
Administration
9–10, 14, 29, 38, 42, 53, 66, 81–83, 87, 89, 92, 99–100, 106–107, 156
Aedile (Aediles)
38, 101
Augustalis (Augustales)
38–40
Bureaucracy
53, 100, 156; See Also Bureaucratization
Councilors
29–30, 34–38, 41–46, 54, 85, 90, 99, 105
Curatores Rei Publicae
94, 156
Decurion (Decuriones)
34, 38, 90–93, 99
Duovir (Duoviri)
38
Flamen (Flamines)
38
Governors
46, 138, 156
Local Officials
29, 31, 34–35, 37–41, 49, 53–54, 56, 58–59, 65, 85–86, 87, 89, 91, 94–95, 99, 101–105
Ordo
91
Procurator (Procuratores)
138
Provincial Officials
38, 46, 72, 94, 105, 107, 138–139, 156
Senators (See Elite)
See Also Municipal
Agrarian
8, 11, 42, 60, 110, 123, 126, 160
See Also Agriculture
Agriculture
11, 42, 45, 61–62, 74, 78, 96n27, 102
Farmers
11, 27, 60, 79, 123–124, 126, 131
Intensification
59, 77
Investment in
11, 45n52, 59, 61, 77, 97n29, 111, 124, 126, 155, 158
Irrigation
59n11, 77, 128
Productivity
3, 41, 45, 59–60, 75, 96n27, 111, 114, 119, 121, 151–152
See Also Land
Alimentary
56
Anthropometry
124–125
Ariminium
45
Aristocrats (See Elites)
Augustus
26, 47n60, 144
Aurelian
137, 139, 145, 149, 156
Asia Minor
55n2, 58n7, 66, 86n12, 88n13
Associations (See Collegium)
Balbinus
138
Banking
Bankers
46n64, 75
Money-Changers
75
Barracks Emperors (See Soldatenkaiser)
Bathhouse
28, 41, 47, 52, 56, 86, 88, 98
Benefaction
Cash Distributions
39, 41–42, 45, 93, 130
Entertainment (See Entertainment)
Food (See Feasts)
Oil for Bathhouse
93, 130
Bequest
103
Billon
70, 144–148
Definition of
144n12
Biological Well-Being
124–125
Bronze
18, 65, 75, 90, 144, 146
See Also Coinage
Building (See Construction)
Bureaucratization
53, 156
See Also Administration
Caliphates
53
Capital (See Money)
Capitalism
122
Caracalla
144–146
Carthage
85, 138
Cash (See Money)
Cash-Crops
111
Causality
4, 7, 18, 97n28, 128, 134–137, 143, 150, 154, 161
Ceramics (pottery)
3, 8, 13, 55
Amphora (Amphorae)
61, 151–152
As Consumer Good
60–62, 97, 119, 150–154
Fine-wares
61, 151–152
In Trade
119, 154
Kiln
62
Production of
60–62, 97, 119, 150–152
China (See East Asia)
Cirta
89–90
Citizenship
10, 23–24, 80, 85, 90, 98, 100, 102–108, 127, 160
City
22–24, 27–28, 35n33, 36, 41, 52n66, 58, 74, 78, 85, 90, 100, 103, 129, 131
City-State
22, 154
See Also Urban
Civic
Civic Life and Infrastructure
55n2, 81, 86, 103, 105
Coinage
75
Finances
58n7, 101
Officials (See Municipal)
Politics
42, 87
Prosociality
49, 51, 53, 77, 102, 105–106, 130, 154–156
Claudius II Gothicus
139
Climate (See Environment)
Coinage
As Payment for Soldiers
64–69, 76, 79, 145–146
Bimetallic
73n33
Circulation of
68–69, 72–73, 145, 148, 150, 153, 158
Debasement of
146–149, 155
Denominations
Antoninianus (Antoniniani)
68–69, 144–149
As (Asses)
65, 70
Aureus (Aurei)
65, 67, 144
Denarius (Denarii)
47, 65, 69–70, 144–146
Dupondius (Dupondii)
65, 67
Quadrans
65
Sestertius (Sestertii)
18, 41, 45, 47, 55–57, 65–70, 112–117, 144, 146–149
Fiduciarity
145–146
Hoards
67–70
Imitation
73–74, 148–149
Metals used in
65–67, 71, 73, 144–145, 148
Minting
18, 63–64, 66–67, 71–76, 144–147
Reforms of
47n60, 144–145, 149
Supply of
64, 70, 73, 75–79, 148
Trimetallic
65, 73, 144
Value of
65–74, 144–149, 155
Collegium (Collegia)
30n21, 34, 39, 45, 49, 92
Colony
22, 25n13, 34n30, 35n33, 91
Colonist
22
Community
25–26, 28–31, 41, 51–52, 56, 76, 81, 98, 105, 121n17, 154
Comum
59
Conflict of the Orders
23–27
Conspicuous Consumption and Spending
47n62, 54, 56, 102, 106
Construction
As Public Good
13, 29, 52–53, 57, 60, 88–89, 127, 134, 152
Funding for
53, 62, 76–77, 82, 87–106, 127–130
Labour In
52, 61
Materials In
28, 52, 62, 15
Of Administrative Buildings
86, 94, 106
Of Housing
89
Of Monuments
41–42, 41, 86–88, 90, 106
Of Urban Infrastructure (See Infrastructure)
Consumption
11, 48, 54n1, 85, 115, 116, 126, 128, 158
Crises
138–141, 147, 153, 156
Cultural Norms
2–3, 16–17, 20–21, 26, 30, 36, 50, 82, 135–137, 154–158
Currency (See Coinage)
Demography
1, 10, 26, 141
Diocletian
139–140, 149, 152, 156
Disease
124, 140–142, 147, 153
Duncan-Jones, Richard
8, 100
Dyes
61–62, 77, 97, 150, 152
Dynamics
6n5, 10, 12, 16–17, 21, 33, 53, 119, 132–133, 137, 142, 150, 154, 157, 160–161
Early Modern Period
5, 6n5, 53, 85n11, 115, 160
East Asia
6, 160
China
2, 5, 24, 53, 85, 96n28, 100, 130, 159
Economic Growth
In Other Preindustrial States
96n28, 123
Intensive versus Extensive
5, 61, 108–111, 116–118, 120, 123
Output
5, 9, 11n17, 14–15, 48, 60–61, 82–83, 96n27, 108–109, 111–117, 120–123, 126, 130
Productivity Gains
11, 59–61, 77, 96, 98, 110–111, 119–120, 123–124, 126, 143, 158, 160
Education
82, 110, 120, 128, 131
Efflorescence
5, 143
Eisenstadt, Shmuel N.
84
Elite
Economic Interest of
3, 8–11, 44, 48–49, 51, 52, 56n5, 58, 79, 81, 83–84, 98, 101–108, 112, 115, 121n17, 124, 131–132, 155, 158
Equestrians
54
Establishing Endowment Fund
36, 39, 51, 53
Intra-elite competition
21, 26–27, 29–30, 38, 40, 47, 77, 83–85, 102–106, 154–155
Landowners
23, 36, 78, 123–124, 151, 158
Local Elites
29–31, 36, 38, 41, 51–53, 58n7, 60, 76, 80–81, 87, 101–107, 135–136, 154–156
Prosociality of
19, 21, 27–32, 36, 41, 52, 54–55, 59n10, 60, 76–78, 80, 84, 87, 88n13, 91, 97–98, 102, 106, 127, 130, 134–135, 143, 155–156, 158, 160
Senators
27, 36, 48, 56, 107, 136, 138, 155
Socio-Political Power of
23–27, 53, 79, 83, 98, 102–108, 131–134, 136, 138, 143, 154
State-Level Elites
8, 10, 21, 23, 25–26, 79–84, 87, 106–107, 134, 138, 155
Entertainment
28, 35, 37, 41–42, 55n2, 98, 106, 109, 129–130, 132
Circus
98
Games
28, 29n20, 35, 39, 56
Gladiatorial
28, 31, 35, 41
Theatrical Event
28–29, 31, 35, 41, 90
Entry Fees
35, 93, 99, 104–105
Environment
12, 60, 61n14, 111n7
Epiphenomena
19, 31–32, 38, 50–53, 88, 159
Epulum (See Feasts)
Equilibrium
30n22
Etruscan
22–24
Europe
1, 5, 53, 61n14, 67–68, 85, 114–115, 121, 123n20, 130, 132, 139–141, 143–144, 147–156, 160
Evolution
7, 17, 20, 38, 157
Cultural
16, 20–22, 25–26, 158
Exchange
9, 19, 44, 52, 65, 69, 72, 76–79, 98, 111, 118–119, 121, 123, 143, 150–151, 154
See Also Trade
Feasts
Procurement of Food for
51–52, 76
Purpose of
31, 35, 52, 56, 58
Sponsorship of
28–29, 39, 41–42, 47, 51, 52, 93
Feudalism
130
Finances
Individual
15, 40–41, 52–53, 56, 60, 67, 69, 94, 97, 99, 101, 105–109, 121–124, 127–134
Municipal
58–59, 101–102
Public
26, 102
State Budget
100–101, 156
State Expenditure
65–66, 69, 100, 112, 114, 118, 121n17
State Income
83n6, 112–113, 115, 118, 121n17, 122
Finley, Moses
21n7, 110
Fiscal (See Finance)
Fish Sauce
61–62, 97, 150–152
Free-Floating Resources
84, 101–102, 106, 134
Free-Riding
133
Gender Equality
82, 121, 124
Gallic Empire
137, 139, 144–146
Gallienus
139
Geary-Khemis
113–114
Gift-Giving (See Benefaction)
Glass
1, 61
Gold
29, 65–68, 73, 144
See Also Coinage
Goldsmith, Raymond
113, 117
Gor
47
Gordian (I, II, and III)
138
Government
9, 27, 79, 87, 99–103
Grand Bargain
27, 101–102, 106–107, 130
Grain
6, 61, 131, 152
Greek
22, 33n28, 66n25, 67, 124 f.
Hadrian
65n22
Health
15, 98, 109, 120, 124–125
Healthcare
110, 128, 131
Hegemony
119
Hobson, Matthew
123
Hopkins, Keith
8, 76, 113–116, 126n30
Human Capital
107, 123, 131
Hypothesis Testing
2, 12–14, 33, 45, 50, 52n66, 55, 65, 108, 120, 136–137, 150, 160–161
Industrialization
5, 15, 160
Inequality
26, 109, 132
Infrastructure
2, 10, 13, 28, 59, 62, 78n41, 81, 82, 86–89, 95–106, 110, 127–128, 130, 143, 151–152, 158
Aqueducts
61, 77, 86, 88, 98, 106, 134
Bridges
41, 53, 86, 104, 106
Courthouse
86
Market Space
53, 67, 78, 104, 106
Roads
28, 53, 59, 82, 86, 98, 106, 128–129, 132–134
Sewers
86, 98
Institution
1, 6, 9–10, 16, 20–25, 30, 33n29, 35n34, 42, 48, 75, 80, 82, 87, 91, 102–103, 106, 108, 111, 122, 136, 137, 142, 154, 158, 160
New Institutional Economics
9, 20–21
Interest (See Money)
Irni
34–35, 46, 76, 85, 92n25, 99, 101
See Also Municipal
Islam
91n23, 160
Justinian
37, 46
Kehoe, Dennis
124
Kron, Geoffrey
124
Labor
2, 6, 11, 16, 27, 52, 61, 76–77, 96, 98, 107, 111, 141, 160
Corvée
26, 76, 101, 134
Craft
52, 78, 86
Specialization
111, 119, 123, 160
Unskilled
6, 124, 126, 160
Wage Labour
6, 11, 27, 61, 76, 112–114, 123–124, 126, 141, 160
See Also Slavery, Wages
Lambaesis
64n22
Land
Farmland
24, 62, 41, 61–62, 102, 126
In Endowments
36, 42–46, 50
Landownership
9–11, 22–27, 35–36, 41, 48, 52n66, 79, 97n29, 123–124, 131, 134, 136, 141, 151, 154–155, 158
Profits from
42–46, 78, 111, 127, 141
Rent on
26
Tenancy
27, 45–46, 76–77, 103n40, 123–124, 126, 131
Landesque Capital
59–61
Largesse (See Benefaction)
Laum, Bernhard
42
Law
5, 9–10, 34, 37, 46, 48–49, 52–53, 57–58, 2, 85, 89, 104–105
Judiciary
26, 88, 98, 132
Jurist
36–37, 46
Legal Authorities
3, 16
Lepcis Magna
85
Liturgy
104–105
Liu, Jinyu
42–43
Loans
30–31, 44, 46–48, 50, 53–57, 60, 99, 149, 155
See Also Interest
Lo Cascio, Elio
113–115, 117
Lugdunum
74
Magistrate (See Administration)
Malanima, Paolo
113–115, 117
Mamluk
53
Manufacturing
13, 53, 60–62, 74, 78, 96, 97–98, 107–108, 111, 119, 121, 123, 126, 151–152, 158
Marcomannic War
141
Marcus Aurelius
89, 141
Markets
1, 2, 6n5, 11–12, 18, 51–53, 55, 60, 63–65, 71–79, 85, 106, 110–111, 120, 123–124, 126, 128, 129n32, 130, 132, 136–137, 143, 147, 150, 152, 159–160
Credit Markets
19, 32, 41, 46, 51, 76–78, 150
Market Integration
6
Marketization
5, 6n5, 40, 64, 77, 97n28, 107, 119, 121, 126–127
Maximinus Thrax
137–138
Medieval
53, 85, 115, 130, 140, 160
Mediterranean Triad
60
Mesopotamia (See Near East)
Military
Auxiliary
65n22
Legion
56, 64, 66, 67n26, 138, 141–142, 146n17
Legio III Augusta
64, 138
Militarization
67, 79, 142
Soldiers
8, 27n17, 56, 64–67, 72, 74–76, 138–139, 141, 143–146, 148
Salaries (See Wages, Soldiers)
Money
As Salary
64–69, 77, 79, 145–146
Capital
17, 19, 32, 35, 41, 46–49, 51, 53–54, 56–62, 77, 79, 85, 97n29, 12, 108, 127
Cash
8, 43–45, 50, 75–76
Credit
17, 19, 31–32, 41, 43–49, 51, 54, 60, 64, 74, 76–78, 108, 127, 150, 153, 156
In Endowments
8, 19, 32, 34–37, 41–59, 76–77, 79, 149
Inflation
63, 70, 73–74, 148–149
In Investment
17–19, 32, 43–51, 54, 56–59, 76–77, 79, 85, 98, 149, 150, 155, 158–159
Interest
31, 37, 42–48, 54–58, 60
Lending
30–31, 35, 44, 46–48, 49n64, 50, 53–54, 56–57, 60, 99, 149, 155
Liquidity
48, 73, 75
Monetization
3, 12, 60, 63–64, 69, 71, 77–79, 119, 123, 130, 143, 158, 159
Private
18, 28, 36, 41, 47, 89–91, 94, 98–99, 104–105
Public
10, 18, 34–37, 45–46, 56–59, 65, 89–95, 98–99, 105
Monuments (See Construction)
Municipal
Charter
34–35, 46, 76, 85, 92n25, 99, 101
Council (See Administration)
Finances (See Finances)
Officials (See Administration)
Munificence (See Benefaction)
Near East
6, 96n28, 139, 141, 160
Babylonia
5, 97, 159
Mesopotamia
97n28, 142
Persia
141–142, 159
Nomads
142
Non-Elites
21, 23–28, 66, 78, 84, 107–108, 124, 126–127, 129, 131–132, 155
Odeanthus
139
Officials (See Administration)
Olive Oil
As Commodity
1, 60–62, 104, 152
For use in Bathhouse
28, 47, 56, 130
Production of
61, 77, 119, 151
Opramoas
74–75
Ostia Antica
41
Patrons
27–28, 30, 39, 45, 52–53, 77, 127, 154
Patron-Client Relation
10, 49
Pecunia (See Money)
Persia
141–142, 159
Phalanx
25n13
Plague
112, 137, 140–143
Pliny the Younger
36, 44, 46–47, 59
Population
1, 9, 11, 16, 18, 22–23, 25–27, 56, 60–61, 84, 96–97, 101–102, 106–113, 115–118, 120–127, 130–132, 134, 141, 151, 155, 160
Plebs (See Non-Elites)
Population Growth
61, 96, 108–109, 111, 123, 126
See Also Demography
Postumus
138–139, 144–146
Pottery (See Ceramics)
Predatory
79, 120, 134n43
Pre-Industrial
1–7, 18, 53, 96n27–28, 102, 108, 111, 115, 121, 123n20, 125–126, 130–131, 133, 160
Priest
29–30, 38, 90
Privatization
81
Prosociality
Altruism
73
And Charity
17, 28, 30, 41, 53–54, 60, 143, 155
And Collective Action
20, 133–135
And Competition
16, 22–29, 40, 77, 83, 85, 102–104, 106, 154–155
And Cooperation
16–17, 21, 24–25, 27, 82, 133–134, 154
Definition of
17, 20–21
Public Goods
83, 103, 128, 131, 133
Definition of
128
Pupienus
138
Quantification
8–9, 13, 83, 116, 121, 123n20, 125, 133, 159
Redistribution
16, 25, 132
Reditu (Reditu) (see Interest)
Religion
26–29, 39, 85, 98, 101, 105, 132
Gods
29, 31, 86
Religious Festival
35
Religious Officials (See Priest)
Republic
9n11, 19, 22–23, 26–27, 34n30, 73n32, 110, 112, 115–117, 119, 121n17, 123, 125–126, 131–132, 151, 154
Return (See Interest)
Revenue
35, 82, 84, 98, 100–101, 105, 112
Revolution
84
Salary (See Wages)
Samnite
22–25
Septimius Severus
146
Scaevola
36–37
Scheidel, Walter
100–101, 113–115, 117–118, 121n17, 124
Sentinum
23
Shrine
129
Sicca Veneria
56
Silver
65, 67–70, 72–73, 144–146
See Also Coinage
Skeletal
124–125
Slavery
10, 25, 27, 35, 38, 48–49, 111
Freed Slaves
38, 49, 111
Social Capital
30, 38, 40, 49, 91, 98, 102–103, 105, 134, 154, 158
Soldatenkaiser
138, 145, 155, 158
South Asia
74n34
India
2, 6, 97n28, 159
Statue
1, 28–29, 31, 41, 52, 76–77, 86, 88, 90, 129
Subsistence
66, 112, 114–115, 123, 131
Tariff
73, 144–145
Tax
8, 167, 26, 35–36, 76, 79, 84, 99, 100, 102–103, 105, 112, 129n32, 134
Tax Collection
35, 79, 82, 84, 87, 99, 134
Taxes and Trade Model
8, 79n42, 126n30
Temin, Peter
78n40, 113
Temples
28, 41, 52n66, 76–77, 86, 88, 90, 98, 106, 128
Tetricus
139
Textiles
11, 60–62, 77, 97, 150, 152
Theveste
28
Tiberius
74, 146
Trade
5, 8, 51, 60, 63, 79, 82, 107–108, 111, 118–119, 123–124, 126, 130, 143, 154, 160
Traders
10, 78
See Also Exchange
Trajan
36, 46
Transaction Cost
17, 30, 53, 66n25
Treasury
34, 42, 46, 59, 85, 90, 144
Turchin, Peter
142
Urban
Infrastructure
13, 18, 41, 60, 81, 86–89, 95–99, 101, 104–105, 123, 127–128, 143, 151
Markets
53n68, 78
Population
52, 78, 85–86, 96, 98, 102, 123
Production
8, 41, 53, 60–62, 77–78, 96–98, 126
Urbanization
1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 40, 51, 67, 77–79, 85–88, 94, 96–98, 105–106, 119, 121, 127, 130–132, 143, 147, 150–152, 158–160
Urso
34n30
Usus (Usuris) (See Interest)
Valerian
139
Wages
6, 15, 27, 35, 68–69, 83, 101, 110, 112–116, 119, 123, 129, 131, 133, 141
For Soldiers
56, 64, 72, 76
Wage Labor
11, 61, 76n36, 112–114, 124, 126, 160
War
26, 137, 140, 142–143
Wealth (See Finance)
Wheat (See Grain)
Wilson, Andrew
60, 118
Wine
1, 60–62, 119, 151–152
Zuiderhoek, Arjan
56n5, 88n13, 104n42