Index

In: Historical Title, Self-Determination and the Kashmir Question
Author:
Fozia Nazir Lone
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Index

The following abbreviations are used in the index: COI for the Constitution of India, IOA for Instrument of Accession, IOK for Indian Occupied Kashmir, J&K for Jammu and Kashmir (Princely State) and POK for Pakistan Occupied Kashmir.
Aaland case 30
Abbas, Ghulam 70
Abdullah, Farooq 254 , 255
Abdullah, Sheikh Mohammad 55 , 67 , 68–69 , 70 , 71 , 79 , 95 , 191 , 193 , 197–98 , 244–45 , 248–49 , 251 , 252 , 254 , 259–60 , 284 , 320 , 327 , 328
Abdullah, Sheikh Muhammad 72–73
Abkhazia 33 , 146–47 , 159 , 347–49
accession
of J&K
in general 16 , 80–81 , 190–93 , 195–96
and external affairs 76–77 , 81 , 182
and Government of India Act 220
missing documents relating to 219–20
and plebiscites. See plebiscites
and Standstill Agreement 202–06 , 208 , 211 , 400
of Princely States 73 , 75 , 76 , 178–80 , 189–90 , 206 , 217–18Hyderabad; Junagadh
Acheson, Dean G. 326–27
adoption 285–86
Advisory Opinion on the Unilateral Declaration of Kosovo’s Independence 305–06
Afghanistan 14 , 20 , 108n74 , 345 , 366 , 377 , 380
Afghan war (1878) 58–59
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights 149n358 , 154
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights 149n358 , 154
Agra Summit 361
Agreement on Maintaining Peace and Tranquillity in the Border Areas along the Line of Actual Control 338
Agreement with Tibet (1852) 62
Ahmad Shah Abdali 57
Ahmed, Nazir, Baron Ahmed 367
Aksai Chin 6–7 , 19 , 84 , 241 , 333 , 334–36 , 337 , 340
Albania 113–14
Algeria 380
alien subjugation 141 , 166–67occupation/annexation
All-India Muslim League. See Muslim League
All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference (Muslim Conference). See Muslim Conference
All Jammu and Kashmir Plebiscite Front. See Plebiscite Front
All Party Hurriyat Conference (APHC) 88–89 , 361 , 413–14
All-Party Parliamentary Kashmir Group 332
Amnesty International 265 , 313
Anaya, S. James 43
Anghie, Antony 127–28 , 397–98
Annan, Kofi 23
annexation. See occupation/annexation
anti-personnel mines 92
Anzilotti, Judge 355
APHC (All Party Hurriyat Conference) 88–89 , 361 , 413–14
Arbitration Commission of the Conference on Yugoslavia (Badinter Arbitration Committee) 157
Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act (AFSPA; 1990) 22 , 268 , 269 ,   270 , 313 , 385 , 404
Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (1958) 268n195
Article 25 (UNC) 323–24 , 364
Article 35 (A)(COI) 311
Article 35 (UNC) 82 , 318 , 324
Article 39–42 (UNC) 112 , 330 , 419
Article 103 (UNC) 23 , 363–64
Article 370 (COI) 243 , 245–46 , 251 , 291 , 310–12 , 402
Arunachal Pradesh 334 , 337
Asoka 394
Association of Southeast Nations (ASEAN) 338–39
Atlantic Charter (1941) 111 , 135 , 227
Attlee, Clement 72 , 179 , 217 , 399
Auchinleck, Claude 195–96
auctions 287
Austin, Warren R. 327
Australia 150 , 283 , 322 , 352 , 359
Austria 4 , 113–14 , 115 , 116
Austro-Hungarian Empire 4 , 30
autonomy
in COI 43 , 246 , 310
and external affairs 125
of indigenous peoples 43
of IOK 16 , 43 , 312 , 315 , 359 , 404 , 408
of J&K 43 , 58 , 173
of Kosovo 301 , 308
of Poonch 66
of Princely States 16
and self-determination 24statehood
Ayyangar, Gopalaswami 244 , 320
Azad, Ghulam Nabi 256
Azad Kashmir 17
Azerbaijan 348
Al-Badar 90–91
Badinter Arbitration Committee (Arbitration Commission of the Conference on Yugoslavia) 157
Baghlihar River 279
Baig, Mirza Afzal 249 , 251 , 254 , 259–60
Bajrang Dal 256
Baker, Mr. 320
Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed 248–49 , 252–53 , 295
Balochistan 341–42
Baloch rebels 341–42
Baltic States
border disputes between 32
and Germany 288
minorities in 296
recognition of 24–25 , 101–02 , 116 , 120 , 132 , 297 , 346
replacement of government in 292
restoration of historical title in 8–9 , 24–25 , 97 , 100 , 101–02 , 288 , 395
and Russia 346
self-determination movements in 164
and Soviet Union
occupation by, of 5 , 9 , 24–25 , 102 , 116–17 , 164 , 395
Russification of 295–96
Treaty of Mutual Assistance 221
and uti possidetis principle 158
views on, of USA 24–25 , 101–02 , 162
Baltistan 13 , 17 , 57
Bandung Conference (1955) 136–37
Banerjee, N.L. 66
Bangladesh 10 , 37–38 , 83 , 162 , 304 , 345 , 362 , 415
Baramulla 80
barbed wire, electrified 272–73
Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel (1980) 297
Basques 147
Bazaz, Prem Nath 65 , 66 , 249
Beas River 278 , 281
Beg, Mirza Afzal 249 , 251 , 254 , 259–60
Belfast Agreement (1998) 229
Belgian Congo 130–31
Belize 230
Bengal 75–76 , 194 , 229
Berlin Rules on Water Resources 282
Bermuda 229 , 230
Bevin, Ernest 326
Bhakra projects 280
Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) 248 , 403n50 , 404 , 412
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 22 , 256 , 257 , 258–59 , 286 , 403–05 , 412
Bharitya Jain Sangathan (orphanage) 286
Bhawalpur (Princely State) 186
Bhimber 60
Bhutan 20 , 337
Bhutto, Benazir 363
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali 83 , 362n309
Biafra 159
Bijbehara massacre 263n159
bilateralism 38 , 83–84 , 329 , 333 , 342–43 , 346 , 360–67 , 388 , 415
Birdwood, Christopher, 2nd Baron 45 , 319
BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party). See Bharatiya Janata Party
BJS (Bharatiya Jana Sangh). See Bharatiya Jana Sangh
Blair, Tony 331 , 366 , 386
Bohemia 108n76
Bolsheviks 58–59
borders
in general 14
disputes about
between Baltic States 32
between India and China 19–20 , 84 , 333–40
between India and Pakistan 345
between Pakistan and China 20
of Palestine 110
and uti possidetis principle 31–32 , 134 , 137–38 , 140–41 , 157–58 , 234 , 421Line of Control
Bose, Sumantra 46–47
Bosnia-Herzegovina 36 , 158–59 , 162 , 304 , 379
Boundary Commissions 75–76 , 194
Bowles, Chester 327
Brazil 380
Brilmayer, Lea 26–27 , 101
British Cameroon 139 , 229
British East India Company 14–15
British India
Cabinet Mission to 72–73 , 179
Memorandum of 73–74 , 94 , 179 , 187 , 398
decolonisation process of 6 , 31–33 , 71–74 , 178–79 , 195–201 , 401
Foreign and Political Department, Document 1931 174 , 184–85 , 214 , 399
Government of 14–15
Legislative Department of 176
partition of 31–32 , 72 , 74 , 75–76 , 194–95 , 229
Penal Code of 174–75
plebiscites in 76 , 235 , 402
and Princely States, status of 41 , 72–78 , 98 , 124–26 , 186 , 206 , 227–28 , 232–33 , 397 , 398–99
status within British Empire 227–28
British Legal Department 175–76
British Mission Memorandum 73–74 , 94
British Nationality Act (1948) 124
British Togoland 139 , 229
British Virgin Islands 230
Broun-Ramsay, James, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie 15
Buchanan, Allen 35
Buchheit, Lee C. 35 , 304
Buddhism 393–94
Bulgaria 35–36
Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs (NEA) 295
Burhan aftermath 258 , 263–264n159 , 374 , 378 , 384 , 385
Burma 337
Burnow, C.J. 61
Burns Thomson, William 44
Bush, George 24–25
Butler Committee 63
Cabinet Mission (1946) 72–73 , 179
Memorandum of 73–74 , 94 , 179 , 187 , 398
Cameroon 139
Camp David Agreement 110
Canada 154 , 306 , 352
Carter, Archibald 209
Carty, Anthony 157n422
Case Concerning East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 119 , 226 , 283
Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary In and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) 119–20
Case Concerning the Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso v. Republic of Mali) 138
Catalonians 147
Cayman Islands 230
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 386
Chabahar 342
Chamba 57
Chamber of Princes 15 , 73 , 74 , 180 , 187
Chand, Diwan 57
Channel Islands 230
Chari, P.R. 47
Chatterjee, Partha 53
Chechnya 159 , 347 , 366 , 379
Chenab River 278 , 280 , 281
Chile 322
China
Constitution of 20
and India
Agreement on Maintaining Peace and Tranquillity in the Border Areas along the Line of Actual Control 338
border disputes between 19–20 , 84 , 333–40
and China-Pakistan relationship 341
Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question Agreement 339
Sino-India Agreement on Tibet 337–38
Sino-Indian War 334 , 337 , 370
and J&K, occupation of 6–7 , 19–20
and Japan, occupation of Manchuria 4 , 117–18
minorities in 147
and Pakistan
in general 333
border disputes between 20
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor 339 , 341 , 371
Sino-Pakistan Frontier Agreement 336
and Trans-Karakoram Tract 19 , 84
and Philippines, South China Sea dispute 27–28 , 105 , 161–62
and Senge-Ali dam 284
and Tibet/Xinjiang 159
views of
on Kashmir dispute 322 , 340–41 , 342–43
on Kosovo 36
and war against terrorism 375
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) 339 , 341 , 388
Chittisinghpura massacre 263n159
Choudhry, Shabir 47 , 191–92
Churchill, Winston S. 72 , 111 , 135 , 232
Clark, Roger S. 283
Clinton, Bill 263n159 , 328–29 , 360 , 373 , 386
coercion
in signing agreements 216–17 , 292
in signing IOA 16 , 54 , 80–81 , 94 , 196 , 216–18 , 236 , 399–400
Collins, Larry 45
colonialism
eradication of 144 , 233
European view on 52 , 183–84
Nehru on 137alien subjugation; decolonisation
colonial protectorates 94 , 100 , 124international protectorates; protectorates
Committee on Foreign Affairs (of EP) 350–51
Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) 350
Commonwealth of Nations 228
communications, in IOA 185 , 220 , 243–44 , 291 , 400
communicators, in law-making process 188
Comoros Islands 140
Composite Dialogue 329
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT; 1996) 84–85 , 360 , 370 , 411
Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) 361
Congo 130–31
Constantinople Agreement (1915) 204
Constitutional Court of Russian Federation 149n360
Constitutional Framework 34–35
Constitutional Order (COI; 1950) 245–46
Constitutional Order (COI; 1954) 249–50
Constitutional Reform Commission 70
Constitution of China 20
Constitution of India (COI)
44th Amendment to 22 , 268
Article 35 (A) 311
Article 370 243 , 245–46 , 250–51 , 291 , 310–12 , 402
autonomy provisions in 43 , 246 , 310
and Constitutional Order of 1950 245–46
and Constitutional Order of 1954 249–50
on Kashmiri people 150–51
state categories in 243
status of IOK in 6 , 16–17 , 241 , 242–43 , 246 , 251
Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir (CJK; 1939) 16 , 69–70 , 173 , 199 , 242 ,   244 , 245 , 294
Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir (CJK; 1957) 242 , 250 , 291 , 294
Constitution of Pakistan 17–18
Constitution of USSR 346
Construction of a Wall case 308
continuity
identity without 115
of states. See under states
Convention on the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UN) 282
Copenhagen Criteria (1993) 292 , 302
Copenhagen Document (1990) 150
Corfield, Conrad 192 , 215 , 217–18 , 232–33 , 400
Council of Europe 150 , 289 , 375
Crawford, James 40–41 , 114 , 187 , 299n359
Crawley, Christine, Baroness 331–32
Crimea 289 , 349
Criminal Procedure Code 65–66 , 67
Cripps, Stafford 75 , 189
Croatia 158
Crown Representative Address (1947) 73–74 , 180 , 187
Cuba 322
culture
and statehood 29Kashmiriyat
Curzon, George, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston 64
Cushnahan, John 350
customary law 107–08 , 119–20 , 143 , 216 , 226 , 233 , 353–54 , 374 , 409 , 410
Cyprus 35–36
Czechoslovakia 113–14 , 116 , 157
Czech Republic 157
Dalai Lama 337 , 341
Dalhousie, James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of 15
Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States (1970) 119–20 , 145 , 154–56 , 160 , 167 , 242 ,   300–01 , 304 , 307 , 313–14 , 408
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples by GA Resolution 1514(xv) 139–40
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 276
Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (1992) 149n365
declarations (unilateral legal acts)
binding character of 355–56 , 358
definition of 354
decolonisation
of British India 6 , 31–32 , 71–74 , 178–79 , 195–201 , 401
of J&K 232 , 235–36
and occupation 109
and self-determination 134 , 136–39 , 137–38 , 166 , 300
state creation after 31–32colonialism
Decolonization Declaration (1960) 123
DeConcini, Dennis 102
defence, in IOA 185 , 220 , 243–44 , 291 , 400
Defence of India Rules (1962) 253
Definition of Aggression (Resolution 3314(XXIX)) 111 , 164–65
Delhi Agreement (1952) 16 , 242 , 247–48 , 250–51 , 268 , 291 , 402
democracy
and representative government 292–93 , 302
and self-determination 299–300
Democratic Freedom Party (DFP) 88–89 , 365
demographic composition
changes to
in general 104
in IOK 45–46 , 256 , 286–87 , 296 , 298
Denmark 109 , 354–56
deportations/displacements 82 , 86 , 156 , 259 , 265 , 285–86 , 299 , 383 , 384–85
detention/detainees 266 , 269 , 271–72 , 406
Dharma 394n7
Digby, William 58
Dillard, Judge 104
diminutio capitis maxima 115
disappearances 6 , 18 , 85 , 262 , 265 , 383 , 406
displacements. See deportations/displacements
dispute, definitions of 316
Diwan, Paras 243
Document 1931 174 , 184–85 , 214 , 399
Dogra rule
general 13 , 44–45 , 53 , 94 , 393
consolidation of power 60–62
creation of territory by 60
framing of laws by 60–61
insurrection against 65 , 66–69 , 235
repressive administration of 62–71
suppression of insurrection by 67–68
domestic courts, in Canada 306
Duff Development Co v. Kelantan case 177 , 185 , 399
earthquake (2005) 407
Eastern Greenland 354–56
Eastern Greenland case 109 , 354–56 , 369 , 410
East Pakistan 37 , 362 , 415Bangladesh
East Timor
and India 386
and Indonesia, annexation by 5 , 83–84 , 119 , 141 , 142 , 143
and Timor Gap Treaty 283
UN mission in 375 , 386 , 420
East Turkestan 19
Ebenroth, Carsten Thomas 121
effective control
and governments 130–31 , 187 , 411
and occupation 109
principle of 117 , 411
Egypt 108n78 , 110 , 377
Eirik Raudes Land 109
elections
in India 252
in IOK
in general 252 , 257–58
Lok Sabha by-election (2017) 424
parties excluded from 259–61 , 302
rigging of 252–54 , 255–56 , 292 , 302 , 403
in POK, rigging of 17 , 240 , 405–06
electricity 279
Ellice Islands 140
Elmslie, Margaret Duncan 62
Emergency Administration (of IOK) 245
erga omnes rights 110 , 119 , 299
Estonia 9 , 24–25 , 102 , 292
estoppel principle 109 , 210 , 338 , 355–57 , 358
Ethiopia 113–14
ethnic cleansing 155
ethnicity, and statehood 29
ethnic peoples/minorities
in Baltic States 296
criteria for 148–49
and democracy 292 , 300 , 302
in Finland 30 , 147
in IOK 22 , 404 , 412
as ‘people’ 149
rights of
and Kashmir dispute 43
protection of 147–48 , 150
and secession 35
violation of 160
and self-determination 145 , 149 , 152
in third world nations 150
ethnic separatism 386
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 150 , 375
European Economic Community (EEC) 36 , 157
European Parliament (EP) 350–51
European Parliament Report (2007) 313
European Union (EU) 33 , 348 , 350–52
European Union Rule of Law Mission 37
ex factis oritur ius principle 117 , 165
ex injuria ius non oritur principle 116 , 117 , 165 , 368 , 396
ex injuria non oritur jus principle 24 , 101
external affairs
and accession 76–77 , 81 , 182
authority over 125 , 201
and Gilgit Agency 59
in IOA 185 , 205 , 220 , 243–44 , 291 , 400
in Standstill Agreement 203 , 205 , 213–14
External Relations Council (of EU) 350
extra-judicial killings 6 , 85 , 262 , 267 , 378 , 383 , 384 , 406
fake encounter killings 258 , 262 , 366 , 384
Farooq, Mirvaiz Molvi Mohammed 263n159
Farrell, Brian 362
Fawcett, James Edmund Sanford 41
Federal Republic of Germany (FRD). See Germany
fencing 272–73
Finland 30 , 147
First Kashmir War. See Indo-Pakistani War (1947)
First Sikh Battalion 81 , 197 , 218
Fitzmaurice, Gerald 75 , 172 , 179 , 199–215 , 223 , 236–37 , 290 , 330 , 417 , 422
legal opinion on IOA. See Instrument of Accession
floods 280 , 282 , 284
foreign affairs. See external affairs
Foreign Enlistment Act (1870) 177
Four-Powers Resolution 322–23
Fourth Geneva Convention 107–09 , 110 , 152–53 , 273–74
Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949. See Fourth Geneva Convention
France 133 , 140 , 204 , 314 , 351 , 356 , 359 , 380
Franchise Committee 69
freedom of expression 18
freedom of movement 272–73
French Cameroun 229
Friendly Relations Declaration. See Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States
Frowein, Jochen A. 121
Gandhi, Indira 251 , 260 , 362 , 362n309
Gandhi, Mohandas 78 , 193 , 400
Ganguly, Sumit 45 , 389–90
Gawkadal massacre 263n159
Gaza Pull-Out plan 296
Gaza Strip 104 , 108n78 , 110 , 296
Geelani, Ali Shah 88 , 361
Geneva Conventions 92Fourth Geneva Convention
Georgia 33 , 146–47 , 159 , 347–48
German Democratic Republic (GDR). See Germany
German Reich. See Germany
Germany
and Baltic States 288
and concept of Volk 29
legal status of, after WWII 121–22
occupations by 4 , 113 , 288
occupations of 108n76 , 121 , 164
Al-Qaeda activities in 380
and Soviet Union 25 , 26 , 116
views of
on Kashmir dispute 351
on self-determination 314
Ghana 139 , 229
Gibraltar 229 , 230
Gilbert Islands 140 , 230
Gilgit Agency 13 , 59 , 60
Gilgit Lease (1935) 59–60 , 62
Gilgit region 13 , 17 , 57 , 59 , 60
Glancy, B.J. 69
Glancy Commission 69–70
Goa 141 , 222–23 , 345
Gold Coast (now Ghana) 139 , 229
Gong, Gerrit W. 127 , 187 , 397
Good Friday Agreement (1998) 229
Government of India (GOI)
establishment of 14–15
human rights violations by. See human rights violations
and JKCA 247 , 253 , 293
political interference in IOK 254 , 260–61 , 266
Government of India Act (GOIA; 1935) 31 , 74–75 , 178–79 , 200 , 206 , 220 , 227 , 277
governments
effective 130–31 , 187 , 411
representative
definition of 300–02
and territorial integrity 154
unrepresentative
in general 32 , 160–61 , 162 , 164 , 299 , 305
definition of 302
in IOK 6 , 168 , 241–42 , 267–68 , 303–04 , 307 , 309 , 310 , 312 , 314 , 408
and secession 36 , 160
validity/legitimacy of 292–93 , 304
Grand Duchy of Lithuania 113
Greece 35–36
Groarke, Paul 35 , 41
Grotius, Hugo 121 , 217
guerrilla groups 382
Gulmarg 287
Gurdaspur 79–80 , 194–95 , 215
Gwadar 339
habeas corpus 22 , 268 , 385
Habibullah, Wajahat 89–90
Hall, William Edward 124
Hangloo, Rattan Lal 55
Hardinge, Charles, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst 63
Hare, William, 5th Earl of Listowel 180–81 , 217
Harkat-ul-Mujahideen 90–91
Harriman, W. Averell 327
Hawal massacre 263n159
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 126–27
Henkin, Steve 133
Heyns, Christof 265 , 267 , 270 , 313
Hezbollah 413
High Court of Kashmir 270–71
highways 19 , 84 , 339–40
Hinduism 55–56 , 393–94
Hindutva 403
‘historical ties’ argument 103–04
historical title
of J&K 60 , 94 , 162
restoration of
in general 9
in Baltic States 9 , 24–25 , 97 , 100 , 101–02 , 288 , 395
human rights violations 164
international law on 3 9–10 , 100–06 , 162
and Kashmir dispute 44
and occupation. See occupation/annexation
principles underlying 23–24
and self-determination 4–5 , 8–10 , 24 , 97 , 100–01 , 103–04 , 161–65 , 395–96
and state continuity 25–26 , 101–02
and state recognition 26
and state sovereignty 26–27
and territorial integrity 168
views on, in UNC 112–13
historic rights, and sovereignty 105
Hizbul Mujahideen 90 , 263n159 , 378 , 412–13
Hodson, Henry Vincent 45 , 189
Holmes, Randalph 20
Holy War (Jihad) 80
Hong Kong 42 , 144 , 230 , 233 , 401
Hong Kong people 147
Hoover, Herbert 117–18
Hotna Prefecture 19
House of Representatives (USA) 101
Hoyer, Steny 101
Huber, Max 103 , 124
Human Rights Commission 230
human rights law 307
human rights violations
in Crimea 289
and international community 381–87
in IOK 6–7 , 22 , 43 , 85–86 , 92–93 , 198 , 240–41 , 257 , 259 , 261–68 , 329 , 380 , 384–85 , 404–05 , 412–13 , 414
in general 309 , 312–15
of cultural rights 284–87
of economic rights 277–78 , 284
of freedom of movement 272–73
role of Indian Army in 262 , 263n159 , 265 , 384–85 , 403
USA’s views on 329
in Kosovo 36–37 , 132–33 , 155–56 , 386
against minorities 160
over territorial claims 4
in POK 18 , 240–41 , 278 , 406
and restoration of historical title 164
and secession 34 , 36 , 155–56 , 307 , 408
and self-determination 137 , 167–68
and state recognition 132–33
and terrorist groups 383–84
views on
of ICJ 382
of UN 382
in Yugoslavia 158
Human Rights Watch 265 , 313 , 407
human shields 262
Hunza 13
Hussain, Ijaz 47 , 324
Hyderabad (Princely State) 77 , 141 , 190 , 192 , 207 , 222 , 225 , 232 , 299 , 394
hydro-power projects 279
ICCPR. See International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICESCR (International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights) 145 , 151–53 , 274–75 , 314
ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross) 266 , 313
ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia) 36 , 156 , 308
identity
of states 114–15 , 121
without continuity 115
Ihlen declaration 354–55
Ikhwanis 266
independence. See autonomy; statehood
India
and Bangladesh 10 , 37–38 , 83 , 345 , 362 , 415
and China
Agreement on Maintaining Peace and Tranquillity in the Border Areas along the Line of Actual Control 338
border disputes between 19–20 , 84 , 333–40
and China-Pakistan relationship 341
Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question Agreement 339
Sino-India Agreement on Tibet 337–38
Sino-Indian War 334 , 337 , 370
Constitution of. See Constitution of India
creation of 31–32
and East Timor mission 386
election procedure in 252
and Geneva Conventions 92
and Goa, annexation by 141 , 222–23 , 345
Government of. See Government of India
and Gurdaspur 79–80 , 194–95 , 215
and Hyderabad, annexation of 77 , 141 , 222 , 225 , 232 , 299 , 394
and IOK
changing demographic composition 45–46 , 256 , 286–87 , 296 , 298
constitutional incorporation of, by 6–7 , 241 , 242–48 , 291 , 292 , 321–22 , 402
Delhi Agreement 16 , 242 , 247–48 , 250–51 , 268 , 291 , 402
Emergency Administration of 245
Governor’s rule of 254 , 257 , 303
human rights violations in, by. See human rights violations
Indianisation of 295
Interim Government of 245
Kashmir Accord 16 , 251 , 254 , 291
and Kashmiriyat 284–87
merger of 249–52
Nominated Government of. See Nominated Government
Presidential rule of 254 , 255 , 303
and J&K
accession of, to. See accession; Instrument of Accession
airlifting of troops into 81 , 197 , 219 , 237
archival documents related to 171–72
occupation of, by. See occupation/annexation
Standstill Agreements. See Standstill Agreements
and Junagadh 77 , 190 , 207 , 210 , 222 , 225 , 232 , 235 , 299
and Pakistan
border disputes between 345
disputes over Kashmir 317 , 318–20
hostilities between 6 , 21–22 , 37 , 361–62 , 388–89
Indo-Pakistani War (1947) 16 , 81–82 , 280–81
Indo-Pakistani War (1965) 83 , 345
Indo-Pakistani War (1971) 10 , 37 , 83 , 323 , 333 , 362 , 370
Kargil War (1999) 85 , 90 , 360 , 372
Lahore Declaration 85
nuclear arms race between 11 , 23 , 84–85 , 317 , 360 , 370–71 , 372–73 , 374 , 389 , 411–12
Simla Agreement 23 , 37 , 83 , 323 , 337 , 360 , 361–63 , 367 , 411 , 415
Tashkent Agreement 83 , 323 , 345
UN complaint against 82
water disputes between 279n260 , 280–81
political parties in. See political parties
status of
as dominion 228
as successor state 222
support for
Baloch rebels 341–42
guerrilla groups 382
terrorism in 373
and USA 328 , 389
views of
on Kashmir dispute 315 , 325–26
on Kosovo 36
on plebiscites 21–22 , 197 , 198 , 235 , 324 , 387 , 388
on South China Sea dispute 339British India; Indian Occupied Kashmir
Indian army
airlifting into j&k 81 , 197 , 219 , 222
role in human rights violations 262 , 263n159 , 265 , 384–85 , 403
Indian Independence Act (IIA; 1947) 16 , 31 , 41 , 74 , 76 , 125 , 172 , 181 , 187 , 227 , 231 , 233 , 398 , 401
Indian Independence Act (IIA; 1974) 200 , 206
Indianisation 295
Indian National Congress (INC) 75 , 78 , 232 , 256
Indian Native States. See Princely States
Indian Occupied Kashmir (IOK)
autonomy of 16 , 43 , 312 , 315 , 359 , 404 , 408
constitutional incorporation by India 6–7 , 241 , 242–48 , 291 , 292 , 321–22 , 402
and Delhi Agreement 16 , 242 , 247–48 , 250–51 , 268 , 291 , 402
demographic composition of, changes to 45–46 , 256 , 286–87 , 296 , 298
elections in
in general 252 , 257–58
Lok Sabha by-election (2017) 424
parties excluded from 259–61 , 302
rigging of 252–54 , 255–56 , 292 , 302 , 403
government of
Emergency Administration 245
under Governor’s rule 254 , 257 , 303
Interim Government 245
Nominated Government. See Nominated Government
under Presidential rule 254 , 255 , 303
human rights violations in. See human rights violations
Indianisation of 295
insurrections in 254–55 , 256–57 , 258–59 , 263–264n159 , 317 , 374 , 377 , 378–79 , 384 , 386 , 412–13
Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly 243 , 247
judiciary in 270–72 , 302
and Kashmir Accord 16 , 251 , 254 , 291
Kashmiriyat in. See Kashmiriyat
land transfers in 256–57 , 287 , 303
merger with India 249–52
minorities in 22 , 404 , 412
Muslims in 256–57 , 258 , 404
plebiscites in. See plebiscites
political parties in. See political parties
population of. See Kashmiri people
self-determination movements in, delegitimising of 91 , 383–84 , 386 , 413
status of 310
in COI 6 , 16–17 , 241 , 242–43 , 246 , 249–50
protectorate 94 , 171–72 , 178 , 185 , 214 , 232 , 236 , 398 , 399
statehood 184–85 , 397–98
terrorist ideologies, spread of 379 , 380–81
terrorist/militant groups in 90–92 , 377
Indian Penal Code (1860) 174–75
Indian Rebellion (1857) 15
Indian Right to Information Act (2005) 267
Indian State Human Rights Commission 92
India-Pakistan Global Conflict Prevention Pool Fund 366
indigenous peoples 43 , 276
Indira-Sheikh Accord (1975) 242
individual rights, and sovereignty 104–05
Indonesia
and Australia 283
and East Timor, annexation of 5 , 83–84 , 119 , 141 , 142 , 143
Al-Qaeda activities in 380
Indo-Pakistani War (1947) 16 , 81 , 221 , 281
Indo-Pakistani War (1965) 83 , 345
Indo-Pakistani War (1971) 10 , 37 , 83 , 323 , 333 , 370
Indus River 278 , 280 , 281
Indus Water Treaty (IWT) 280 , 284
infrastructure 19 , 84 , 339–40
Instrument of Accession (IOA)
conditional to plebiscite 16 , 81 , 94 , 196–97 , 208–09 , 220 , 399–400 , 400 , 417–18
and Constitutional Order of 1954 249–50
Fitzmaurice legal opinion on
in general 7 , 172 , 179 , 223 , 236–37 , 238
preliminary 199–201
revised and final 201–10 , 290
supplementary 210–15
provisions in, on defence, external affairs & communications 185 , 205 ,   220 , 243–44 , 291 , 400
signing of
coercion in 16 , 54 , 80–81 , 94 , 196 , 216–18 , 236 , 399–400
disagreement as to date 219
forged 218
missing original 219–20
and sovereignty over internal administration 244 , 290
validity/legality of 21 , 39 , 81–82 , 171 , 172 , 199–208 , 211 , 215–18 , 220 , 221–22 , 223 , 288–89 , 291–92 , 328 , 330 , 400–01 , 402 , 422
insurrections
in IOK 254–55 , 256–57 , 258–59 , 263–264n159 , 317 , 374 , 377 , 378–79 , 384 , 386 , 412–13
in j&k 65 , 66–69 , 235
Interim Government (of IOK) 245
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) 266 , 313
international community
and human rights violations 381–87
views of
on Abkhazia and South Ossetia 33
on Kashmir dispute 11–13 , 22–23 , 206 , 298 , 357–59 , 367–68 , 387–88 , 409–11 , 416–17
on Kosovo 35–36
and war against terrorism 374–76
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
cases of
Case Concerning East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 119 , 226 , 283
Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary In and Against Nicaragua 119–20
Case Concerning the Frontier Dispute 138
Construction of a Wall 308
Lockerbie 368
Namibia 323 , 411 , 418
Nicaragua 364
Nuclear Tests 13 , 356 , 387
Western Sahara 9 , 103–04 , 142 , 368
lex ferenda, on Kashmir dispute 421–22
opinions of
Advisory Opinion on the Unilateral Declaration of Kosovo’s Independence 305–06
Interpretation of Peace Treaties 316
Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory 273
Legality of the threat or use of Nuclear Weapons 373–74
on Namibian occupation 118 , 225–26
Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo 11 , 34 , 106n55 , 166
Statute of 117 , 226
views of, on human rights violations 382
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
adoption of 145 , 382
India and 262 , 314
views in
on freedom of movement 273
on minority rights 149n362
on self-determination 151–53 , 358
International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 145 ,   151–53 , 274–75 , 314
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 36 , 156 , 308
international law
on coercion 216–17 , 292
on concept of statehood 123–33
customary 107–08 , 119–20 , 143 , 216 , 226 , 233 , 353–54 , 374 , 409 , 411
effectiveness principle and 117 , 411
euro-centric depictions of 52
on minority rights 150
on non-recognition of occupation 117–20
on occupation 98 , 106 , 107–13 , 396
positivist 183–84 , 306
post-colonial 52–53
on restoration of historical title 3 , 9–10 , 100–06 , 163
on secession 32–33 , 146–47
on self-determination 3 , 9–10 , 30 , 135–57
on state continuity 223–24
on state recognition 112–15
International Law Association (ILA) 289
International Law Commission (ILC) 403
international protectorates 41 , 124–26colonial protectorates; protectorates
Interpretation of Peace Treaties (ICJ) 316
Inter-Service Intelligence (ISI) 19 , 326 , 414
inter-temporal principle 103
invalidity
definition of 204validity/legitimacy
invasions 108 , 345
Iran 147 , 341 , 382
Iraq 102 , 107–08 , 114 , 147 , 366 , 377
Ireland 322
irrigation schemes 280
ISIS/ISIL. See Islamic State of Iraq and Syria/Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Islam 55–56 , 393
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria/Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS/ISIL) 11 ,   376 , 379 , 381 , 412 , 413
Island of Palmas case 103 , 124 , 128 , 129–30
Ismay, Hastings, 1st Baron Ismay 192 , 194 , 400
Israel 32 , 108n78 , 110 , 153 , 296
Israeli Supreme Court 297
Italy 204
IWT (Indus Water Treaty) 280 , 284
Jagmohan Malhotra 254 , 255
Jaish-e-Muhammad 377
Jakush, Werner 114–15
Jammu 13 , 16Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference. See National Conference
Jammu and Kashmir (Princely State)
autonomy of 58 , 173
and China, occupation by, of 6–7 , 19–20
civil war in 16 , 53–54 , 80
Constitution of 16 , 69–70 , 173 , 199 , 242 , 244 , 246 , 294
creation of 57–58
decolonisation of 232 , 235–36
Dogra rule of. See Dogra rule
elections of 1947 78
famine in 63
geography of 13–14
historical title of 60 , 94 , 162
history of 58–71
and India
accession to. See accession; Instrument of Accession
airlifting of troops of, into 81 , 197 , 219 , 222
occupation by, of 6–7 , 16–17 , 81 , 141 , 188–90 , 197–99 , 221–26
Standstill Agreement with. See Standstill Agreements
insurrections in 65 , 66–69 , 235
legislations and rules of 173–74
Muslims in 63–66 , 68 , 80 , 195
and Pakistan
occupation by, of 6–7 , 17–18 , 197–98
Standstill Agreement with. See Standstill Agreements
tribal invasion from 80 , 195–96 , 199 , 318 , 325
Pakistani Constitution on 17–18
plebiscites in. See plebiscites
Poonch revolts in 60 , 66 , 80
population of. See Kashmiri people
status of
in general 72–73 , 173–78 , 231–36
NSGT 234
paramountcy 73 , 179 , 182–83
protectorate 176 , 185–86 , 214
statehood/independence of 41 , 77 , 94 , 182–83 , 184 , 187 , 223–24 , 398–401
and UK
appointment of resident by 58–59 , 64 , 173
Gilgit Lease 59–60 , 62
policies of, towards 6 , 15–16 , 31 , 41 , 63–65 , 173
Treaty of Amritsar 57–58 , 60 , 62 , 68 , 177–78 , 185–86 , 335 , 399
Treaty of Kashmir 62
visit of Nehru to 78Aksai Chin; Indian Occupied Kashmir; Pakistan Occupied Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly (JKCA) 243 , 247 , 249–50 , 293–94 , 321–22
Jammu and Kashmir Education Board 285
Jammu and Kashmir High Court 310–11
Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) 18 , 88 , 89–90 , 240
Jammu and Kashmir Protection of Human Rights Act (1997) 272
Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act (1978) 22 , 268 , 385
Jammu and Kashmir Representation of People Act (1957) 252 , 261
Jammu and Kashmir Right to Information Act (2004) 267
Jammu and Kashmir Transfer of Property Act 311
Jan Sangh. See Bharatiya Jana Sangh
Japan 4 , 117–18
Jathas 174 , 175–76 , 178
Jennings, R.Y. 103
Jerusalem Law (1980) 297
Jha, Lakshmi Kant 251
Jha, Prem Shankar 141 , 216 , 218–19 , 222 , 258
Jhelum River 278 , 280 , 281
Jihad (Holy War) 80
Jinnah, Mohammad Ali 75 , 189
JKLF (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front) 18 , 88 , 89–90 , 240
Johnson, Boris 332
Johnson- Ardagh Line 335–36
Jordan 112n106
Journey of Freedom (Safr-e-Azadi) 89–90
judiciary, in IOK 270–72 , 302
Junagadh (Princely State) 77 , 190 , 207 , 210 , 222 , 225 , 232 , 235 , 299 , 320 , 402
jus cogens norms 5 , 38 , 110 , 131 , 283 , 299 , 306 , 307 , 357 , 416
jus postliminii 115
Kabir, Ananya Jahanara 45
Kak, R.C. 78 , 190–91 , 193–94
Kamanda, Alfred M. 41
Kanj Abu Salakh v. Minister of Interior case 297
Kantagese people 149n358
Karachi Agreement (1949) 17
Karakoram Highway 19 , 339 , 340
Karakoram Tract 333 , 336
Kargil Review Committee 372
Kargil War (1999) 85 , 90 , 360 , 372
Kashmir (before 1846)
geography of 13–14
history of 54–58
religions in 55–56 , 393–94
rule of 55–57Aksai Chin; Indian Occupied Kashmir (IOK); Jammu and Kashmir; Kashmir dispute; Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK)
Kashmir Accord (1975) 16 , 251 , 254 , 291
Kashmir Centre for Social and Development Studies 277
Kashmir Constituent Assembly 243
Kashmir Constitutional Reforms Conference 69
Kashmir dispute
and bilateralism 38 , 83–84 , 329 , 333 , 342–43 , 346 , 360–67 , 388 , 415–16
and nuclear armament 372 , 373 , 389
resolutions on, of UNSC 21 , 82–83 , 91 , 223 , 247 , 291 , 293 , 294–95 , 317 , 319–24 , 330 , 351 , 357–58 , 364 , 387 , 401 , 409–10 , 419
solutions to
in general 41–44
lex ferenda on 418–21
sources 39
views on
of Australia 322 , 352 , 359
of Canada 352
of Chile 322
of China 322 , 340–41 , 342–43
of Cuba 322
of France 351 , 359
of Germany 351
of India 315 , 325–26
of international community 11–13 , 22–23 , 206 , 298 , 357–59 , 367–68 , 387–88 , 409–11 , 416–17
in international law 40–44
of Ireland 322
in literature 44–48
of militant groups 91–92
of New Zealand 352 , 359
of OIC 352–53
of Pakistan 17 , 315 , 325
of Philippines 359
of pro-independence parties 88–90
of Russia 345–46 , 349
of Soviet Union 82 , 319 , 322 , 344–45 , 358 , 359 , 410
of Thailand 359
in this study 38–44
of UK 322 , 330–33 , 359 , 366–67
in UNC 401
of USA 21 , 295 , 322 , 326–30 , 359–60 , 390
of Venezuela 322
Kashmiri, Abdul Wahid 91
Kashmiri language 14 , 284–85
Kashmiri Pandits 86 , 198 , 287–88
Kashmiri people
culture of. See Kashmiriyat
human rights violations against. See human rights violations
insurrections by. See insurrections
legal protection of, restrictions to 22 , 268–72
orphaned children 285–86
rights of, to self-determination 29 , 91 , 363 , 396n20 , 401 , 418
self-determination movements of, delegitimising of 91 , 366 , 383–84 , 386 , 412–13
status of 150–51 , 173–74 , 240
suppression of 65–66 , 255
youths 92 , 379 , 413
Kashmiriyat
in general 14 , 29 , 43 , 45
destruction of 255 , 284–88 , 296 , 402
development of 55–57 , 93–94
distinctiveness of 393–94
as link between pro-independence parties 90
maintenance of 86–87
as shield against terrorist ideologies 380–81Kashmiri people
Katanga 149
Katangese Peoples’ Congress v Zaire case 149 , 154
Kaufman, Gerald Bernard 331
Kaul, T.N. 83
Kellock, Tom 178
Kellogg-Briand Pact 107
Kelsen, Hans 116 , 121
Kemner, Matthew James 121
Kennedy, Duncan 183
Kennedy, John F. 372
Khan, Abdul Qadeer 376
Khan, Ayub 323 , 327
Khan, Liaquat Ali 189 , 194
Khan, Mahabhat 77
Khan, Mir Osman Ali (Nizam of Hyderabat) 206 , 239
Khan, Zufrullah 319–20
Kierkegaard, Søren 127 , 397
Kirby, Michael 148
Kirgis, F.L., Jr. 417
Kishenganga River 279
Korbel, Josef 45
Korea-Japan Agreement 216–17
Kosovar Albanians 146 , 155–56 , 308
Kosovo
autonomy of 301 , 308
human rights violations in 36–37 , 132–33 , 155–56 , 308 , 386
NATO intervention in 36–37 , 301 , 308 , 386 , 421
Al-Qaeda activities in 379
recognition of 36 , 146 , 230–31
secession of 34–36 , 37 , 106n55 , 132–33 , 146 , 155 , 158 , 304 , 305–06
UN administration of 420
views on
of China 36
of EU 35–36 , 350
of India 36
of Russia 36 , 347
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 421
Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) 380
Kosygin, Alexei 323 , 345
Kumar, Radha 46
Kunan Poshspora rape incident 262n157
Kupwara massacre 263n159
Kurds 147
Kuwait 102 , 114
Labour Party resolutions 232
Ladakh 13 , 16 , 19 , 57 , 60 , 84 , 334–35
Lahore Declaration (1999) 84–85 , 360 , 364
Lalla-Ded (Lalleshwari) 55–56
Lalleshwari (Lalla-Ded) 55–56
Lâm, M.C. 43
Lamb, Alastair 45 , 79 , 81 , 198–99 , 218
land/property
laws on 152 , 275–76 , 311
transfers of 256–57 , 287 , 303
languages 150
Lashkar-e-Taiba 19 , 90–91 , 263n159 , 377 , 414
Latimer, D.L.R 59
Latvia 9 , 24–25 , 116
Latvian Working People’s Bloc 116
law-making process 188
Lawrence, Walter R. 44 , 63
laws, on land/property 152 , 275–76 , 311
Lebanon 380
Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (ICJ) 273
Legality of the threat or use of Nuclear Weapons (ICJ) 373–74
legal positivism 183–84
Legislative Assembly (Praja Sabha) 69 , 245
Legislative Department of British India 176
Lenin, Vladimir 30
Leonard, Thomas M. 219
liberal legalism 184
liberation movements. See militant groups; self-determination movements
Libya 377
Li Kequiang 339
Line of Control (LoC) 272–73 , 323 , 341 , 361 , 362–63 , 374 , 407 , 421
Listowel, William Hare, 5th Earl of 180–81 , 217
literature, on Kashmir dispute 44–48
Lithuania 9 , 24–25 , 113
Lloyd George, David 227
Locke, John 426
Lockerbie case 368
Logistics Support Agreement 389
Lok Sabha by-election (2017) 424
MacCormick, Neil 122n164
Mahajan, Mehr Chand 196
Maintenance of Public Order Act 260
Malik, Iffat Sana 47
Malik, Mohammad Suhail 263n159
Malik, Yasin 89–90
Mälksoo, Lauri 122 , 165
Manchuria 4 , 117–18
Manekshaw, Sam 196 , 216 , 219
Manila Pact 327n76
Marek, Krystyna 114 , 116
Markaza Ssaquafathi Ssunniyya (Sunni Cultural Centre) 285
Marshall Islands 141n290
Martand 253
Martin, Gus 379
Mason, Paul 330 , 417 , 422
massacres 68 , 198 , 262 , 263n159 , 383
mass blindings 93 , 259 , 303 , 378 , 384 , 403 , 405
mass graves 92 , 262 , 264n160
Mauritania 142
Mayotte 140
Mazurov, Kirill 344–45
McMahon Line 334 , 337 , 339
Medvedev, Dmitry 347
Mehaz-e-Azadi 88
Mehta, Ashok 253
Memorandum of the Indian States People 58 , 63–64
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) 266
Menon, V.K. Krishna 181–82 , 189 , 195–96 , 216 , 218 , 222
Menzies, Robert 352
Messervy, Frank 196
methodology, of this study 48
Micronesia 141n290
Middle East Treaty Organization (METO) 327
Middleton, Mr. 68
Miéville, China 426
Mighell v. Sultan of Johur case 177 , 185 , 399
Mikoyan, Anastas 344–45
militant groups. See terrorist/militant groups
Miloševic, Slobodan 308 , 379
minorities. See ethnic peoples/minorities
Mirpur 13 , 17 , 60
Modi, Narendra 341
Moldavia 159
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 25 , 26 , 116
Monckton, Walter 232–33
Montagu, Edwin 228
Montenegro 158
Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (1933) 123 , 128–30 ,   187 , 399
Mookerjee, Syama Prasad 248 , 403n50 , 404
Moore, Robin James 45
Moravia 108n76
Morocco 103–04 , 141 , 142
Morris-Jones, W.H. 172 , 197
Mountbatten, Louis, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma 73–74 , 75 , 78–79 , 81 , 172 , 180–81 ,   187 , 189–94 , 195 , 199–200 , 208–09 , 215 ,   217–18 , 218–19 , 221 , 223 , 229 , 234 , 236 ,   291 , 358 , 399 , 400
Mukherjee, Syama Prasad 248 , 403n50 , 404
Müllerson, Rein 35 , 114 , 146n338 , 409
Mumbai terror attacks (2008) 19 , 414
Musgrave, Thomas D. 35
Musharraf, Pervez 325 , 331 , 361
Muslim Conference 67 , 70 , 71 , 78 , 79 , 252
Muslim League 75 , 79
Muslims
in IOK 256–57 , 258 , 404
in J&K 63–66 , 68 , 80 , 195
Mutiny (1857) 15
Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement (1954) 327
Muzaffarabad 13 , 17 , 197
Nagar 13
Naik, Ali Mohamed 253
Namibia 118 , 225–26 , 299n359 , 411
Namibia case 323 , 411 , 418
Nand Rishi (Sheikh-Noor-ud-din) 56
Naseema case 271–72
National Commission for Minorities Act (NCM; 1992) 267
National Committee for Commonwealth Immigration, Legal and Civil Affairs panel 178
National Conference (NC)
activities of 71
creation of 70
and elections 78 , 247 , 253 , 258
and JKCA 293
New Kashmir Manifesto of 70
mention of 322 , 401
National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism 376–77
National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) 272
National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) 279
nationalism
and political sovereignty 26–27
and self-determination 29–30 , 32 , 98–99 , 145–46
NATO-Russia Council 375
natural resources 151–52 , 274–79
Nazi Germany. See Germany
Nehru, Jawaharlal 78 , 81 , 84 , 137 , 180–81 , 189–94 , 195 , 197 , 215 , 217 , 218–19 , 236 , 245 , 253 , 324 , 335 , 400
nemo dat quod non habet principle 283
Nepal 20
Netherlands 113 , 140 , 314
Neve, Ernest F. 44
New Caledonia 144 , 233 , 401
New Kashmir Manifesto 70
New Zealand 352 , 356 , 359
Nicaragua case 364
Nicholson, Emma, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne 265 , 351
Nigeria 139 , 159 , 229 , 377
Nimitz, Chester W. 321
9/11 attacks 366 , 375–76
1970 Declaration. See Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States
Nizam of Hyderabat (Khan, Mir Osman Ali) 206 , 232
Noel-Baker, Philip 201
Nominated Government
non-recognition of 298
unrepresentativeness of 6 168 , 241–42 , 267–68 , 303–04 , 307 , 309 , 310 , 312 , 314 , 408
validity/legitimacy of 292–93Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly
non-recognition, of occupations 8 , 24–25 , 26 , 101–02 , 115–20 , 225 , 282
non-residents 104 , 248 , 256 , 287 , 311
non-self-governing territories (NSGTs)
and self-determination 140 , 141 , 163 , 227 , 233
UN list of 144 , 233 , 234 , 401
views on
of UK 228
in UNC 136 , 234
of UNGA 142–44 , 233 , 234 , 401
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Georgia joining 348
intervention in
Bosnia 36
Kosovo 36–37 , 301 , 308 , 386 , 421
Northern Ireland 46–47 , 229 , 230
North West Frontier Province (NWFP) 76 , 80 , 195 , 229
Norway 109 , 147 , 354–56
nuclear armament, in South Asia 11 , 23 , 84–85 , 317 , 360 , 369–74 , 376 , 389 , 411–12
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT; 1995) 85 , 360 , 370–71 , 411
Nuclear Tests cases (ICJ) 13 , 356 , 387
null and void, definition of 204
Nuttall, David 332–33
occupation/annexation
after decolonization 109
after WWI 107
of Baltic States 5 , 9 , 24–25 , 102 , 116–17 , 164 , 395
belligerent/quasi belligerent 115–20 , 288–89 , 314
of Crimea 289
and decolonisation 109
and effective control 109
of Goa 141 , 222 , 345
of Hyderabad 77 , 141 , 222 , 225 , 232 , 394
international law on 98 , 106 , 107–13 , 396
and inter-temporal principle 103–04
of J&K
by China 6–7 , 19–20
by India 6–7 , 16–17 , 81 , 141 , 188–90 , 197–99 , 221–26
by Pakistan 6–7 , 17–18 , 197–98
of Junagadh 222 , 225 , 232 , 235
of Manchuria 4 , 117–18
of Namibia 118 , 225–26
non-recognition of 8 , 24–25 , 26 , 101–02 , 115–20 , 282
of Pondicherry 141
and restoration of historical title
in general 97 , 101
in Baltic States 9 , 24–25 , 97 , 100 , 101–02 , 289 , 395
and secession 309
and self-determination 4 , 99
and state identity 115
and Stimson’s Doctrine 315 , 368
before WWI 107alien subjugation
occupation bellica. see occupation/annexation, belligerent
Operation Parakram 372–73
opinio juris 119 , 163 , 172 , 233 , 356 , 374 , 410
opinio non juris 409
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) 352–53
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) 150 , 375
Ottoman Empire 4 , 4n5
outline, of this study 49–51
Oxley, Mr. 212 , 213–15
Pakistan
and Bangladesh, secession of, from 10 , 37–38 , 83 , 162 , 304 , 345 , 415
and China
in general 333
border disputes between 20
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor 339 , 341 , 371
Sino-Pakistan Frontier Agreement 336
and Trans-Karakoram Tract 19 , 84
Constitution of 17
creation of 31–32 , 75–76
and India
border disputes between 345
disputes over Kashmir 317 , 318–20
hostilities between 6 , 21–22 , 37 , 361–62 , 388–89
Indo-Pakistani War (1947) 16 , 81–82 , 280–81
Indo-Pakistani War (1965) 83 , 345
Indo-Pakistani War (1971) 10 , 37 , 83 , 323 , 333 , 362 , 370
Kargil War (1999) 85 , 90 , 360 , 372
Lahore Declaration 85
nuclear arms race between 11 , 23 , 84–85 , 317 , 360 , 370–71 , 372–73 , 374 , 389 , 411–12
Simla Agreement 23 , 37 , 83 , 323 , 337 , 360 , 361–63 , 367 , 411 , 415
Tashkent Agreement 83 , 323 , 345
UN complaint of, against 82
water disputes between 279n260 , 280–81
and J&K
occupation of, by. See occupation/annexation
Standstill Agreement with. See Standstill Agreements
tribal invasion into 80 , 195–96 , 199 , 318 , 325
and Junagadh, accession of, to 77 , 210
and POK, human rights violations in, by 18 , 240–41 , 278 , 406
Al-Qaeda activities in 380
and Russia 389
status of 228
support for
guerrilla groups 382
terrorist groups 376–77 , 388
and USA 327 , 329 , 344 , 366 , 375
views of
on Kashmir dispute 17 , 315 , 325
on plebiscites 21 , 324
Pakistani Inter-Service Intelligence spy agency 19 , 91
Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK)
in general 17–18 , 405–06
earthquake (2005) in 407
elections in, rigging of 17 , 240 , 405–06
human rights violations in 18 , 240–41 , 278 , 406
Kashmiriyat in 86
militarization of 407
population of. See Kashmiri people
spread of terrorism from 414
status of 239–40
Palestine 109–10 , 112n106 , 153 , 273 , 296 , 366 , 380
paramountcy 73 , 178–79 , 182–83 , 222 , 398
Parry, Clive 178
Partition of India 31–32 , 72 , 74 , 75–76 , 194–95 , 229
Patel, Sardar Valabhbhai 77 , 189–90
Pathan tribesmen 80 , 195
Peace of Westphalia 113
Pellet, Alain 157n422
pellet guns 93 , 259 , 303 , 333 , 378 , 384 , 403
people
and continuity of statehood 121 , 224 , 298
definitions of
under Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples 140
reinterpretations of 145–46 , 147–48
under UNC 137 , 138
under UNESCO 148
and state continuity 298
People’s Democratic Party (PDP) 255 , 258–59
Perkins, John A. 426
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) 27–28 , 104–06 , 161–62
Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) 109 , 354–56 , 369
Permanent Indus Commission 279n260
Permanent Resident Certificates 287
Peshin, S.N. 253
Pethick-Lawrence, Frederick, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence 72
Philippines 27–28 , 105 , 161–62 , 359
Physicians for Human Rights 265
Plebiscite Administrator 320 , 321 , 352
Plebiscite Commissioner in British Togoland 139
Plebiscite Front (PF) 88 , 249 , 253 , 259–61
plebiscites
in British African colonies 139 , 228–29
in British India 76 , 235 , 402
conditional to plebiscite 94
facilitating of 138–39
in J&K/IOK
IOA conditional to 16 , 81 , 196–97 , 220 , 400 , 401 , 417–18
promises to hold 81 , 82 , 234–35 , 259 , 294 , 316
views on
in IIA 231
of India 21–22 , 197 , 198 , 235 , 324–25 , 387 , 388
of Pakistan 21 , 324
of pro-independence parties 89
of UK 4
of UNGA 138–39
of UNSC 31 , 138–39 , 209 , 320–22 , 401–02
of USA 329
in Junagadh 77 , 235
in Northern Ireland 229
in occupied Soviet Bloc states 9
in Scotland 122–23 , 229–30 , 261
and self-determination 122–23 , 138–39
in UK dependencies 4 , 229
in Wales 229
Pokharan-I 373
Poland 26 , 113
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 113
Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question Agreement 339
political parties
in India
in general 403–05Bharatiya Jana Sangh; Bharatiya Janata Party; Muslim League
in IOK
in general 88–90
banned from elections 88 , 259–61 , 302Democratic Freedom Party; Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front; Mehaz-e-Azadi; Muslim Conference; National Conference; Plebiscite Front
Pomerance, Michla 35
Pondicherry 141
Poonch 13 , 66
Poonch revolts 60 , 66 , 80 , 195
Portugal 113 , 283
postliminium principle 114–15 , 166 , 224 , 396
Praja Parishad 248 , 249
Praja Sabha (Legislative Assembly) 69 , 245
Praja Socialist Party 253
Pravda 344
Prem Nath Kaul v. Jammu & Kashmir case 185–86 , 244
Present Situation and Future Prospects of Kashmir (Nicolson) 265
Princely States
accession of 73 , 75 , 76 , 178–80 , 189–90 , 206 , 217–18
autonomy of 16
and outgoing British Indian Government 211–12
status of 41 , 72–78 , 98 , 124–26 , 186 , 206 , 227–28 , 232–33 , 397 , 398–99
and UK
lapse of paramountcy over 178–79 , 398
policies of, towards 6 , 15–16 , 31 , 41 , 398Bhawalpur; Hyderabad; Jammu and Kashmir; Junagadh; Tonk
Pro-Indian Government. See Nominated Government
property destruction 264
protected/vassal states 124 , 176 , 185
Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA) 267
protectorates 124–26 , 171–72 , 178 , 185 , 214 , 232 , 236 , 338 , 397 , 398 , 399colonial protectorates; international protectorates
Public Records Rules (1997) 267
Pune 286
Punjab 75–76 , 79 , 194 , 280–81
Puri, Balraj 309
Putin, Vladimir 375
Qadeer, Abdul 67
Al-Qaeda 11 , 366 , 374–76 , 376 , 377 , 379–80 , 381 , 383 , 412 , 413
Qasim, Mir 254
Qing dynasty 334–35
Quebec 129 , 154 , 305
Québécois 154
The Queen v. Jameson & Others case 177 , 185 , 399
Quit India movement 232
Quit Kashmir movement 71
Radcliffe, Cyril 75–76
Radcliffe Commission 79 , 215
radicalisation 413
Rai, Dewan Ranjit 81 , 197
Rai, Mridu 44–48
railroads 339–40
Rainchan Shah 55 , 56
Rajasthan 243
Ram Babu Seksena v The State case 212
Ramban firing incident 263n159
Ranbir Penal Code 65 , 68
Rann of Kutch 345
rapes 6 , 258 , 262 , 262–263n157
Raphael, Robin Lynn 21 , 328 , 363n319
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) 403n50 , 404 , 412
Ratcliffe Commission 194–95
Rau, Benegal 293
Ravi River 278 , 281
Reading Room Party 66–67
rebellion. See insurrections
recognition
of Abkhazia 33 , 146–47 , 347–49
of Baltic States 24–25 , 101–02 , 116 , 120 , 132 , 297 , 346
of Bosnia 36
of Kosovo 36 , 146 , 230–31
of new states in Eastern Europe 230
of secession 32–37 , 146–47
of South Ossetia 33 , 146–47 , 347–49
and state creation 129
of states 26 , 26–27 , 112–15 , 132 , 292–93
Reference re Secession of Quebec case 149 , 154 , 166 , 304–05
religions 55–56 , 393–94
Renison, Patrick 209
Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions (Heyns) 265 , 267 , 313
Representation of the People Act (1950) 252
Representation of the People Act (1951) 252
Republic of Tatarstan 149n360
Republic of Tatarstan case 149
Resolution 24 (UNSC) 401
Resolution 47 (UNSC) 320–21 , 358 , 401 , 409
Resolution 91 (UNSC) 291 , 293 , 321–22 , 409–10
Resolution 122 (UNSC) 291 , 294 , 322 , 401 , 409–10
Resolution 1244 (UNSC) 34–35 , 36 , 305–06 , 308 , 420
Resolution 1429 (UNSC) 368
Resolution 1514(XV) (UNGA) 111 , 233
Resolution 2028(XX) (UNGA) 371
Resolution 2131(XX) (UNGA) 111
Resolution 2160(XXI) (UNGA) 111
Resolution 2625 (UNGA). See Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States
Resolution 3314(XXIX)(Definition of Aggression) (UNGA) 111 , 119 , 164–65
restitutio ad integrum principle 25 , 115 , 289–90
revolts. See insurrections
Rhineland 108n77
Riasi 13 , 17
Rippon, George Robinson, 1st Marquess of 59
Robinson, George, 1st Marquess of Rippon 59
Röder, Tilmann J. 93
Romania 35–36
Roman law 114–15
Roosevelt, Eleanor A. 327
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 111 , 135
Rumsfeld, Donald 377
Rushdie, Salman 93
Russell, Dudley 199
Russia
and Chechnya 159 , 347
and Crimea 289 , 349
and East Timor mission 375
and Pakistan 389
recognition by
of Abkhazia 33 , 146–47 , 347–49
of Baltic States 346
of South Ossetia 33 , 146–47 , 347–49
as successor state 120
views of
on Kashmir dispute 345–46 , 349
on Kosovo 36 , 347
on Transnestria 347
and war against terrorism 375Soviet Union
Russian Empires 30
Russification 295–96
Saami 147
Sadiq, S.M. 253
Saed, Hafiz 414
Saeed, Hafiz 19
Safr-e-Azadi (Journey of Freedom) 89–90
Salahuddin, Syed 90
Salal Power Station 279
Saxena, Girish Chandra 255 , 268
Sayce v. Ameer Ruler of Bhawalpur State case 186
Schofield, Victoria 45 , 79–80
Scotland 122–23 , 229–30 , 230 , 261
Scotland, Patricia Janet, Baroness Scotland of Asthal 367
Scottish National Party 261
secession
of Abkhazia 33 , 146–47 , 159 , 347–48
of Bangladesh 10 , 37–38 , 83 , 162 , 304 , 345 , 415
of Biafra 159
of Bosnia 36
of Bosnia-Herzegovina 158–59 , 162
of Chechnya 159
of Crimea 289 , 349
of Croatia 158
and human rights violations 34 , 36 , 155–56 , 307 , 408
of Kosovo 34–36 , 37 , 106n55 , 132–33 , 146 , 155 , 158 , 304 , 305–06
of Montenegro 158
and occupation 309
of Quebec 129 , 149 , 154 , 166 , 304–05
recognition of 32–37 , 146–47
right to 154–55
and self-determination 305–06
of Slovenia 158
of South Ossetia 33 , 146–47 , 347–48
state creation through 131 , 157–61
and territorial separations 157–61
of Tibet/Xinjiang 159
of Transnestria 159 , 347
views on, of Soviet Union 346
Second World War 26 , 113–14 , 116 , 121 , 135 , 164
Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act (2002) 310–12
Security Council (UNSC)
complaints lodged at, of India against Pakistan 82
lex ferenda on, on Kashmir dispute 418–21
resolutions of
on East Jerusalem 297
Four-Powers Resolution 322–23
on Kashmir dispute 21 , 82–83 , 91 , 223 , 247 , 291 , 293 , 317 , 319–24 , 330 , 351 , 357 , 364 , 367 , 387 , 401 , 409–10 , 419
Resolution 24 401
Resolution 47 320–21 , 358 , 401 , 409
Resolution 91 291 , 293 , 321–22 , 409–10
Resolution 122 291 , 294–95 , 322 , 401 , 409–10
Resolution 1244 34–35 , 36 , 305–06 , 308 , 420
Resolution 1429 368
Soviet Union vetoing 82 , 319 , 322 , 344 , 358 , 359 , 410
role of 330
views of
on Kuwaitian occupation 118
on plebiscites 31 , 138–39 , 209 , 320–22 , 401–02
on validity of IOA 199–200 , 205
mention of 222
self-determination
advancements in 145
anti-colonial 136–37
of colonised peoples 30–31
and decolonisation 134 , 136–39 , 137–38 , 166 , 300
and democracy 299–300
historical lineage of 28–29
and historical title 4–5 , 8–10 , 24 , 97 , 100–01 , 103–04 , 161–65 , 395–96
history of concept 133–34
and human rights violations 137 , 167–68
as inalienable right 151–53
and independence 24
and international law 3 , 9–10
international law on 3 , 9–10 , 30 , 135–57
and nationalism 29–30 , 32 , 98–99 , 145–46
and natural resources 151–52 , 274–78
and NSGTs 140 , 141 , 163 , 227 , 233
and plebiscites 122–23 , 138–39
and realpolitik 28
rights to
of colonised peoples 30–31
of Kashmiri people 29 , 91 , 363 , 396n20 , 401 , 418
and secession 305–06
and state aggression 4 , 99
and state continuity 121–23 , 394–95
state practice on, of UK 227–31 , 237–38
and territorial integrity 104 , 139–42 , 153–56 , 165
in USA 133
views on
in Atlantic Charter 135
of France 314
of Germany 314
in ICCPR 151–53 , 358
of Netherlands 314
in UNC 28 , 136 , 227 , 358
of UNGA 104 , 129
Self-determination and Elections under Occupation Conference (2008) 303–04
self-determination movements
in Baltic States 164
in IOK, delegitimising of 91 , 383–84 , 386 , 413
Senge-Ali dam 284
Serbia 34–35 , 106n55 , 155 , 158 , 301 , 304 , 308
Shah, Ghulam Mohammad 254 , 260
Shah, Shabir Ahmed 365
Shaivite sect 55–56 , 394
Sharif, Nawaz 384
Shastri, Lal Bahadur 323 , 345
Shawcross, Hartley 82 , 202 , 206 , 208 , 213
Sheikh-Noor-ud-din (Nand Rishi) 56
Shiv Sena 256
Silk Road 339
Simla Agreement (1972) 23 , 37 , 83 , 323 , 337 , 360 , 361–63 , 367 , 411 , 415
Sind 280–81
Singh, Dhyan 60
Singh, Janak 79 , 193–94 , 211
Singh, Karan 315
Singh, Maharaja Gulab 57 , 60 , 335
Singh, Maharaja Hari 16 , 54 , 60 , 65–66 , 69–71 , 78–79 , 80–81 , 94 , 182–83 , 185–86 , 190–91 , 193–96 , 199–208 , 209 , 213–14 , 216–20 , 235 , 244–45 , 290–91 , 314
Singh, Maharaja Pratap 61 , 63–65 , 173
Singh, Maharaja Ranbir 58 , 60 , 63
Singh, Maharaja Ranjit 57 , 60
Singh, Yuvraj Karan 191 , 245 , 249
Sinha, Yashwant 371
Sino-India Agreement on Tibet 337–38
Sino-Indian Border Conflict (1962) 19–20 , 84
Sino-Indian Boundary Dispute (SIBD)
in general 19–20 , 84 , 338–39
areas involved 333–34
Eastern sector 337–38
Middle sector 338
Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question Agreement 339
Western sector 334–36
Sino-Indian War (1962) 334 , 337 , 370
Sino-Pakistan Frontier Agreement (1963) 19 , 336
Sistan province 342
Skubiszewski, Judge 119
Slomanson, William R. 146–47
Slovakia 35–36 , 157
Slovenia 158
Sobolar, Mr. 322
Sopore massacre 263n159
South Africa, Republic of 118 , 177 , 226 , 411
South Asia, nuclear armament in 11 , 23 , 84–85 , 317 , 360 , 369–74 , 376 , 389 , 411–12
South China Sea 105
South China Sea Arbitration 27–28 , 104–06 , 161–62 , 339
South China Sea Islands 105
Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty 327n76
South East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO) 327 , 344 , 359
South Ossetia 33 , 146–47 , 347–49
sovereignty
European approach to 127–28 , 186–87 , 398
and historic rights 105
inalienability of 108
and individual rights 104–05
preservation of 109
residing in people 110
and statehood 26–27 , 27
territorial 129–30 , 165
Soviet Union
and Afghanistan, invasion of 345
and Baltic States
occupation of 5 , 8–9 , 24–25 , 102 , 116–17 , 164 , 395
Russification of 295–96
Treaty of Mutual Assistance 221
disintegration of 120 , 157
and Germany 25 , 26 , 116
plebiscites in 122
and Poland, occupation of 113
and UK 336
views of
on Bangladesh 345
on Goa 345
on Kashmir dispute 82 , 319 , 322 , 344–45 , 358 , 359 , 410
on secession 346Russia
Spain 103 , 113 , 147
Special Committee regarding the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples 143–44
Special Operations Group (SOG) 266
Special Task Force (STF) 266
Spence, G.H. 175 , 176–77
Sri Amarnath Shrine Board (SASB) 256 , 287 , 303
Sri Lanka 147
Srinagar 67 , 72 , 80 , 81 , 195 , 216
Srinagar Central Jail 67
Stalin, Joseph 296
Standstill Agreements
with J&K
effect on validity accession 202–06 , 208 , 211 , 400
and existing arrangements 213
external affairs in 203 , 205 , 213–14
and India 79 , 182–83 , 190–91 , 194–95 , 202–03
and Pakistan 79 , 182–83 , 187 , 190–91 , 202–06 , 208 , 211 , 213 , 400
telegram exchange about 211–15
with Tonk 212
State Bank of India (SBI) 311
State Bank of India vs Santosh Gupta and Anr. Etc case 311–12
statehood
criteria for 8 , 123 , 129
and culture/ethnicity 29
declaration theory of 123
definition of 123
international law on 123–33
philosophical conceptualisations of 126–28 , 397–98
and sovereignty 26–27 , 27
status of
of IOK 184–85 , 397–98
of J&K 41 , 77 , 94 , 182–83 , 184 , 187 , 223–24 , 398–401
and territory 8 , 26–27 , 29
State Human Rights Commission (SHRC) 272
state practice
and customary law. See customary law
on self-determination, of UK 227–31 , 237–38
State Preventive Detention Act 249
states
categories in COI 243
continuity of
in general 24 , 25–26 , 223–24
and historical title 25–26 , 101–02
in IOK 396–97
and non-recognition of occupation 24–25 , 101–02 , 115–20
and people 121 , 224 , 298
rules governing 111–13 , 165
and self-determination 121–23 , 394–95
creation of
after decolonisation 31–33
and recognition 129
through secession 131 , 157–61
and violation 131
and culture/ethnicity 29
and democracy 292
governments of. See governments
identity of 114–15 , 120–21
and population 129
recognition of 26 , 26–27 , 112–15 , 132 , 292–93
resurrection of 113–14
and territory 129–30colonial protectorates; international protectorates; protected/vassal state; protectorates; suzerain states
State Subject Definition Notification (1927) 173–74
State v. Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah & Others 68–69
Statute of the International Court of Justice 117 , 226
Statute of Westminster Act (1931) 227
St Helena 230
Stimson, Henry L. 118
Stimson’s Doctrine 225 , 368
structure, of this study 48–49
Subordinate Services Recruitment Board 255
Sudan 380
Sufis 55–56
Sukkur Barrage 280
Supreme Court of Canada 129 , 149 , 154 , 166 , 304–05
Supreme Court of India 185–86 , 212 , 244 , 269–70 , 311–12
sustainability 279–80
Sutlej River 278 , 281
Sutlej Valley 280
suzerain states 124 , 124–26 , 176 , 177
Sweden 147
Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) 204
Sylhet 75–76 , 194 , 229 , 402
Syria 377
Tajikistan 14
Talbot, Phillips 295
Taliban 376 , 383
Tamils 147
Tashkent Agreement (1966) 83 , 323 , 345
Tawang area 334 , 337
Tehreek-e-Hurriyat 88–89 , 361 , 413–14
Tehrik-i-Jihad 90–91
territory
historical claims to, of Kashmir 60 , 94 , 162
integrity of
and historical title 168
inviolability of 3–4
and self-determination 104 , 139–42 , 153–56 , 165
separations of, and secession 157–61
and sovereignty 129–30 , 165
and statehood 8 , 26–27 , 29
and states 129–30
terrorism
Kashmiri militants and 11 , 412–13
and nuclear armament 376
spread of, from POK 18–19 , 414
war against 366 , 374–76
terrorist/militant groups
guerrilla groups turning into 383–84
and human rights violations 383–84
in IOK 90–92 , 377Al-Badar; Hizb-ul-Mujahideen; Jaish-e-Muhammad; Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front; Lashkar-e-Taiba; Tehrik-i-Jihad; United Jihad Council
in Pakistan 377Hezbollah; Hizbul Mujahideen; Islamic State of Iraq and Syria/Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant; Al-Qaeda; Taliban
Thailand 359
Thapar, Romila 394n7
The Hague Regulations (1907) 107 , 107–08 , 273–74
Third World colonies 52–53
third world nations 150
Thomson, John 230
Thornberry, Patrick 43
Thorp, Robert 62
Tibet 19 , 334–36 , 337–38 , 339
Tibet/Xinjiang 159
Tierney, Stephen 122n164
The Times of India 249
Timor Gap Treaty 283
Togoland 228–29
Tonk (Princely State) 212
torture 18 , 85 , 262 , 406
transfers, of land/property 256–57 , 287 , 303
Trans-Karakoram Tract 19 , 84
Transnestria 159 , 347
Travancore-Cochin 243
Treaty of Amritsar (TAO; 1846) 57–58 , 60 , 62 , 68 , 177–78 , 185 , 212–15 , 222 , 335 , 399
Treaty of Kashmir (1860) 62
Treaty of Münster 113n107
Treaty of Mutual Assistance 221
Treaty of Osnabrück 113n107
Treaty of Union (1707) 122–23
Treaty of Versailles 25
Treaty on European Union 350
Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany (1990) 122 , 230
tribal invasion, of J&K 80 , 195–96 , 199 , 318 , 325
Tunisia 380
Turkey 147
Turks and Caicos Islands 230
Turp, Daniel 35
2016 Kashmir unrest 258 , 263–264n159 , 374 , 378 , 384 , 385
2010 Kashmir unrest 263n159
Two Nation Theory 75–76 , 194 , 229
Ukraine 289 , 349
UNAMET (United Nations Mission in East Timor) 375 , 386 , 421
Undén, Östen 422
UNGA. See United Nations General Assembly
UNHRC (United Nations Human Rights Council) 272
Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo (ICJ) 11 , 34 , 106n55 ,   166
Union Republic of Cameroon 139
United Jihad Council (UJC) 90 , 92
United Kingdom (UK)
bankruptcy of 72
and Belize 230
and Bermuda 229 , 230
and British African colonies 139 , 228–29
and British India. See British India
and British Virgin Islands 230
and Cayman Islands 230
and Channel Islands 230
and France 204
and Gibraltar 229 , 230
and Gilbert Islands 230
and Hong Kong 144 , 230 , 233
and Iraq 108
and Italy 204
and J&K
appointment of resident to 58–59 , 64 , 173
Gilgit Lease 59–60 , 62
policies towards 6 15–16 , 31 , 41 , 63–65 , 173
Treaty of Amritsar 57–58 , 60 , 62 , 68 , 177–78 , 185–86 , 335 , 399
Treaty of Kashmir 62
and New Caledonia 144 , 233
and Northern Ireland 46–47 , 229 , 230
plebiscites organized by 4 , 122–23 , 139 , 228–30 , 261
and Princely States
lapse of paramountcy over 178–79 , 398
policies of, towards 6 15–16 , 31 , 41 , 398
status of 41 , 72–78 , 98 , 124–26 , 186 , 206 , 227–28 , 232–33 , 397 , 398–99
Al-Qaeda activities in 380
recognition by
of Kosovo 35 , 230–31
of new states in Eastern Europe 230
and Scotland 122–23 , 229 , 230
self-determination in 133
and Soviet Union 336
state practice of, on self-determination 227–31 , 237–38
and St Helena 230
and Turks and Caicos Islands 230
views of
on Kashmir dispute 322 , 330–33 , 359 , 366–67
on NSGTs 228
on plebiscites 4
and Wales 229 , 230
United Nations (UN)
Charter of. See United Nations Charter
conventions of
Convention against Torture 266
Convention on Law of the Sea 105 , 161–62
Convention on the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses 282
General Assembly. See United Nations General Assembly
intervention in
Bosnia 36
Kosovo 36–37
missions of, in East Timor 375 , 386 , 420
and non-recognition 118
special rapporteurs of 266 , 270
views of
on East Timor 83–84
on human rights violations 382Security Council (UNSR)
United Nations Charter (UNC)
Article 25 323–24 , 364
Article 35 82 , 318 , 324
Article 39–42 112 , 330 , 419
Article 103 23 , 363–64
definition of people under 137 , 138
and occupation of J&K 221–22
views in
on historical title 112–13
on illegality of war 111 , 306
on Kashmir dispute 401
on NSGTs 136 , 234
on self-determination 28 , 136 , 227 , 358
United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP) 82 , 319–20 , 322 , 323 ,   358 , 409
United Nations Convention against Torture (UNCAT) 266
United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 105 , 161–62
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 148
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)
and France 140
resolutions of
1514(XV) 111 , 233
2028(XX) 371
2131(XX) 111
2160(XXI) 111
3314(XXIX) 111 , 119 , 164–65
Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States 119–20 , 143 , 145 , 154–56 , 160 , 167 , 300–01 , 307 , 313–14
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples 139–40
Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 149n365
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 145 , 149n362 , 151–53
International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights 145 , 151–53
on natural resources 274–75
Resolution on the Definition of Aggression 119
on self-government 143–44
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 151n377
views of
on NSGT 142–44 , 233 , 234 , 401
on plebiscites 138
on representative government 300–01
on self-determination 104 , 129
United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) 272
United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) 420
United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) 321 , 364 , 420–21
United Nations Military-Political Transitional Administration for Kashmir (UNMPTAK) 420–21
United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) 375 , 386 , 421
United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) 420
United States of America (USA)
foreign policy of 359–60
and Germany 164
and India 328 , 389
and Iraq 108
and Pakistan 327 , 329 , 344 , 366 , 375
Al-Qaeda activities in 380
recognition by
of Bosnia 36
of Kosovo 35
self-determination in 133
use of guerrilla groups by 382
views of 162
on Baloch rebels 342
on Baltic States 24–25 , 101–02
on Kashmir dispute 21 , 295 , 322 , 326–30 , 359–60 , 390
on Manchurian occupation 118
on occupation 225 , 368
on plebiscites 329
and war against terrorism 374–75
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948; UDHR) 151n377 , 274–75
Unlawful Activities Prevention Act 260
UNMIK (United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo) 420
UNMOGIP (United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan) 321 , 364 ,   420–21
UNMPTAK (United Nations Military-Political Transitional Administration for Kashmir) 420–21
UNTAET (United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor) 420
uprisings. See insurrections
USSR. See Soviet Union
uti possidetis principle 31–32 , 134 , 137–38 , 140–41 , 157–58 , 234 , 401 , 421
Vajpayee, Atal Bihari 361
validity/legality
of governments 292–93 , 304
of IOA 21 , 39 , 81–82 , 171 , 172 , 199–208 , 211 , 215–18 , 220 , 221–22 , 223 , 288–89 , 291–92 , 328 , 330 , 400–01 , 402 , 422
of Nominated Government 292–93
vassal/protected state 124 , 176
Vattel, Emer de 217
Vedrine, Hubert 351
Velasco, Zoila A. 156
Venezuela 322
Verdross, Alfred 120–21 , 224
Vidmar, Jure 130 , 132
Vienna Congress (1815) 113
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) 171 , 216
Vohra, Narinder Nath 257 , 287
Volk concept 29
Wales 229 , 230
Walker, D.M. 122n164
wall construction 273–74 , 308
Wani, Burhan 258 , 263n159 , 378 , 412–13
war, illegality of 111–12
water 152 , 275–76 , 276 , 279 , 284
Wavell, Archibald, 1st Earl Wavell 188–89
Weeramantry, Judge 119
Western Sahara 9 , 103–04 , 141 , 142
Western Sahara case 9 , 103–04 , 142 , 368
West Germany. See Germany
West Irian 140
West Philippine Sea 105
Widalm, Sten 218
Wilson, Woodrow 30
Wolpert, S. 218–19
World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) 123 , 127
World Bank 280 , 282 , 284
World War I 227
World War II 26 , 113–14 , 116 , 121 , 135 , 164 , 288
Xinjiang Autonomous Region (XAR) 19 , 334 , 336
Xinjiang-Tibet national highway 19 , 84
Yeltsin, Boris 26
Yemen 377 , 380
youths, radicalisation of 92 , 379 , 413
Yugoslavia 26–27 , 301
creation of new states from 157
human rights violations in 158
Yuvak Sabha 253
Zain-ul-Abidin 56 , 394
Zaire 149 , 154
Zakoora and Tengpora massacre 263n159
Zhou Enlai 338
Ziemele, Ineta 158
Zutshi, Chitralekha 45
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Historical Title, Self-Determination and the Kashmir Question

Changing Perspectives in International Law

Series: 

Cover Historical Title, Self-Determination and the Kashmir Question
E-Book ISBN:
9789004359994
Publisher:
Brill | Nijhoff
Print Publication Date:
30 Apr 2018

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